Give your opinion on the topic.

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9. Explain in English what does the following mean:

1. automation technology

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2. fixed automation

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3. assembly machines

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4. non-productive time

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5. programmable automation

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6. computer terminal

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7. numerical-control machine-tool

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Give annotation of the text.

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Text 4

Types of Robots and their Applications

Don't look now, but you're surrounded by robots. Big ones, little ones and medium-sized. They're all around you. However, you don't have to call out the militia or go hide under the bed. These aren't mechanical monsters from the mind of a horror-story writer. These are nice, friendly robots that serve mankind in thousands of ways every day. The telephone on the stand — there is a robot. The thermostat and the clock-radio are robots, too. They are a few of the many robots that make our everyday life easier and more pleasant. You can find robots practically anywhere you look. In factories, there are giant robots with powerful mechanical muscles. They scoop up great amounts of raw materials and pass them to other robots, who mill, grind, press, stamp, and shape the raw material into a wide variety of things. Still more robots carry these things along assembly lines, where they are painted, polished, and packed in boxes.

In the air, robots keep the jetliner on course. They tell the pilot if anything goes wrong with his airplane. In some cases, by the time one robot has told the pilot something is wrong, another robot has already fixed the trouble. Robots run elevators in large buildings and also serve as watchmen. Robot janitors and furnace tenders keep the inside of the buildings warm or cool, according to the desires of the people who occupy the buildings. In research laboratories, robots help scientists probe deep into unknown areas. They go far out into space and deep under the sea to send back information from places, where man cannot yet go himself. Robots help the scientist see through to the inside of solid objects, and look far into the vast reaches of space. A robot even helps the scientist complete and interpret the data gathered for him by other robots.

Robots can teach, serving as assistants to human professors. They can even teach professors how to be better professors. Farmers use robots, too. Newly hatched chickens are kept at a safe and comfortable temperature by robots, and other robots can collect freshly laid eggs. Robots milk cows and can plow fields. The data gathered on the voyage will be a great mass of information, probably in the form of graphs and charts and magnetic tapes. The earth computer will have to do a great deal of work to analyze the data.

Scientists will study this information for a long time, possibly even for years. From all this analysis came the information they needed to design a man-carrying rocket ship. Robots have shown them many of the things they will have to watch out for.

Notes on the Text

to be surrounded by – быть окруженным

medium-sized – среднего размера

mechanical monsters – механические монстры

a horror- story – страшная история

mankind – человечество

powerful mechanical muscles – могучие механические мышцы

to scoop up – черпать, вычерпывать

raw materials – сырье

to mill – выжимать

to grind – размалывать

to press – давить

to stamp – запечатывать

to shape – фасовать, придавать форму

assembly line – конвейер

to keep the jetliner on course – указывать курс реактивному самолету

to fix the trouble – обнаружить проблему

robot janitors – роботы-уборщики

furnace tenders – определители степени нагрева

research laboratories – исследовательские лаборатории

to probe deep into unknown areas – изучать глубины неизвестной области науки

to go far out into space – лететь далеко в космос

to go deep under the sea – опускаться глубоко в море

to see through to the inside of solid objects – видеть содержимое твердых предметов

to look far into the vast reaches of space – заглядывать далеко в космос

to complete and interpret the data – анализировать и переводить полученные данные

to plow fields – пахать поля

in the form of graphs and charts – в форме графиков и диаграмм

a man- carrying rocket ship – космический корабль с человеком на борту

General understanding:

1. Are there any robot around us? _________________________________________

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2. How are they shown in horror-stories? ___________________________________

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3. What spheres are robots used? _________________________________________

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4. How do robots help in the air? _________________________________________

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5. What do robots do within the buildings? __________________________________

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6. Are they useful in research laboratories? _________________________________

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7. Can they teach people? _______________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________

8. How do robots help in agriculture? ______________________________________

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9. Do they help to analyze data and study the information? _____________________

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10. What other robots’ applications do you know? ____________________________

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Exercises

1. Complete the sentences:

1. You're surrounded___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2. The telephone on the stand_____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. The thermostat and the clock-radio______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4. In factories, there are giant robots_______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5. In the air, robots tell the pilot if_________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6. Robots run elevators in________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7. Robot janitors and furnace tenders keep___________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8. They go far out into space and deep under the sea to_________________________

____________________________________________________________________

9. Robots can teach, serving as____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

10. The data gathered on the voyage will be_________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2. Match Russian and English equivalents:

Surrounded, medium-sized, mechanical monsters, a horror-story, writer, friendly robots, thousands of ways, telephone, thermostat, the clock-radio, giant robots, great amount, a wide variety of things, painted, polished, packed, jetliner, elevator, watchmen, janitors, scientists, unknown areas, space, information, solid, vast, assistant, professors, hatch, chickens, collect, voyage, mass of information, magnetic tapes.

Магнитная лента, термостат, радио часы, механические монстры, гигантские роботы, ученые, тысячи способов, телефон, твердый, ассистент, лифт, огромное количество, покрашенный, окруженный, среднего размера, страшная история, писатель, дружелюбные роботы, большое разнообразие вещей, отполированный, упакованный, реактивный самолет, сторож, уборщики, неизвестные области, космос, информация, обширный, профессора, высиживать, цыплята, собирать, путешествие, масса информации.

1______________________________2______________________________3______________________________4______________________________5______________________________6______________________________7______________________________8______________________________9______________________________10_____________________________11_____________________________12_____________________________13_____________________________14_____________________________15_____________________________16_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17_____________________________18_____________________________19_____________________________20_____________________________21_____________________________22_____________________________23_____________________________24_____________________________25_____________________________26_____________________________27_____________________________28_____________________________29_____________________________30_____________________________31_____________________________32_____________________________33_____________________________34___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Replace the words and expressions in brackets by their English analogues, translate into Russian:

1. Today most (роботы) ____________are used in (производственные операции) ____________________.

2. The (применение) ____________________of robots can be divided into three categories material handling, processing operations, assembly and inspection.

3. Material-handling is the transfer of (материала) ______________and loading and unloading of (машин) __________________.

4. Material-transfer (применение) ______________requires the (робота) _____________to move materials or work parts from one to another.

5. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: (роботы) ______________pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another.

6. Other transfer (операции) _____________are more (сложные) ____________, such as placing parts in an (порядок) ________________ that can be calculated by the (роботом) _______________.

7. Machine loading and unloading (операции) _____________utilize a robot to (загружать и разгружать) ___________________parts.

8. This requires the robot to (быть снабженным) __________________a grip-per that can grasp parts.

9. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the (определенной) ________________ part geometry.

10. In (процессе работы робота) _____________, the robot manipulates a tool to (выполнить) __________________a process on the work part.

11. Examples of such (применения) ________________include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting.

12. Spot welding of (корпуса автомобиля) ______________is one of the most common applications of (промышленных роботов) ____________________.

13. The robot positions a spot welder against the (панели автомобиля) _______________and frames to join them.

14. Arc welding is a (продолжительный процесс) ____________________in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam.

15. Spray painting is the (действие) ______________________of a spray-painting gun over the (поверхность) __________________ of the object to be coated.

16. Other (операции) _______________in this category include grinding and (полировка) _______________ in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

17. The third (область применения) _________________of (промышленных роботов) __________________is assembly and inspection.

18. The use of robots in assembly is expected to (увеличиться) ___________because of the high cost of (человеческого) ___________labor.

19. But the design of the (продукта) ___________is an (важный аспект) ___________of robotic assembly.

20. Assembly methods that are satisfactory (для людей) ________________are not always suitable (для роботов) _________________.

21. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in (человеческом) _________ assembly, but the same (операции) _________are extremely difficult for a one-armed (робота) _________.

22. Inspection is another area of factory (операций) ____________in which the (утилизация роботов) ____________________is growing.

23. In a typical inspection job, the (робот) ________________positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications.

24. In nearly all (применение промышленных роботов) __________________, the robot provides a substitute for (труда человека) ________________.

25. There are certain (характеристики) _________________of industrial jobs (выполняемых людьми) ____________________that can be done by robots: the (операция) ________________is repetitive, involving the same (основные рабочие движения) ____________________every cycle, the operation is (опасная) ____________or uncomfortable for the (человека) ________________, the work piece or tool are too heavy and (тяжело поднять) _______________, the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

4. Translate into English:

1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.

____________________________________________________________________

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2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.

____________________________________________________________________

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3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.

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4. Станки с числовым программным управлением - это хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.

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5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.

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7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.

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5. Try to explain what do the following statements mean:

1. Robots are widely used in manufacturing.

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2. You can find robots everywhere around you.

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3. The most common application of robots is automobile industry.

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4. Robots are also used in advertising.

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5. Robots help people in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions.

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6. Translate the sentences:

1. Manufacturing is one of the most important application areas for automation technology. __________________________________________________________

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2. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. _____________________

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3. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automation» refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. ___________________________________________________________

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4. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. ___________________________________________________________

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5. They are not easily changed over from one product style to another. ____________

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6. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates.

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7. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. __________

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8. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes. ___________

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9. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. _________

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10. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. _________________________________________________________

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11. This programming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. _______

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12. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. ___________________________________________

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13. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. __________________________________________________________

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14. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer program. _______________________

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15. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. _________________

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16. Programmable automation requires time to re-program and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. _________________________

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17. This is lost production time, which is expensive. __________________________

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18. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. _____________________

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19. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. ________________

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20. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another. _____________________________________________________

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7. Fill the gaps with the proper words:

In the air, _____________________ keep the __________________ on course. They tell the ___________________ if anything goes wrong with his ____________. In some _______________, by the time one __________________ has told the pilot something is wrong, another __________________ has already fixed the trouble. Robots ________________ in large buildings and also serve as _______________. Robot ______________ and ______________ keep the inside of the buildings _____________, according to the ______________ who occupy the buildings. In _________________, robots help _______________ probe deep into unknown areas. They go far out into __________ and deep under the _______________ to send back __________________ from places, where man cannot yet go himself. _________________ help the scientist see through to the ___________, and look far into the vast reaches of______________. A _________________ even helps the _____________ complete and __________ the data gathered for him by other robots.