Переведите текст 8.5. без словаря .

Т EXT

BOEING B-52 G/H STRATOFORTRESS

Primary Mission: Strategic Bombing / Sea Surveillance

 

Boeing planned to build 193 B-52Gs as the last in a run* of 603 aircraft supporting 11 45-aircraft wings. They had double the fuel capacity of the B-52A. But this ‘G’ run was extended, bringing the total aircraft in our inventory* to 642, not including the 102 new B-52Hs that were already being built.

These new B-52Hs could go to 30% farther than even the formidable B-52G. This new range of 12,5000 miles again doubled the range of earlier versions of the aircraft. In 1972, there were about 275 Boeing B-52G/Hs left. Despite constant updating, this is still the same basic plane that was developed in the 1950s.

 

· Crew: Two pilots, one navigator, one electronic warfare officer, one gunner*

· Powerplant: 8 Pratt and Whitney J57-P-443WB turbojets, each rated at 13,750 lbs       

· Max Level Speed*: 630 mph (at high altitude)

· Range: 10,130 miles (max internal fuel, internal load only)

· Armament: 0,50 caliber guns in tail

                     8 SRAMs* and free-fall bombs internally

                     12 AGM*-86B ALCMs* internally

                      G models can carry 8-12 Harpoons in underwing clusters

 

* Notes:

   run - партия (изделий)

   inventory - список, общее количество

   gunner - авиационный стрелок

   level speed - горизонтальная скорость

   SRAM = Short Range Attack Missile - управляемая ракета класса “воздух-земля”

   AGM  =  Air-to-Ground Missile - ракета класса “воздух-земля”

   ALCM = Air-Launched Cruise Missile - крылатая ракета воздушного  

                   базирования

LESSON 9

How Fast Are We Flying?

ACTIVE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS

pilot tube                                                    

fuselage                                                           

Mach                                                              

ram                                                                

port                                                                         

chart                                                              

indicated airspeed (IAS)                               

calibrated airspeed (CAS)                        

tailwind                                                       

headwind                                                     

- пилотная трубка

- фюзеляж

- Мах

- таран (авиац.), плунжер, поршень

- воздушный канал

- график, карта

- приборная воздушная скорость

- индикаторная воздушная скорость

- попутный ветер

- встречный ветер

 

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

 

Найдите в тексте эквиваленты словосочетаний.

измерять, атмосфера, сжатый воздух, плотность воздуха, высота, воздушные массы, скорость звука, скорость ветра, определять скорость, соотношение, сложный, компенсировать, воздушный поток, влиять на давление.

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why it is important how fast an aircraft is traveling?

2. Is it complex to determine the aircraft speed?

3. What types of airspeed do you know?

4. What must the pilot do when flying at high altitudes?

5. How do fast-moving aircraft express their speed?

Подберите синонимы.

 

Traveling                       

Important                       

To glance                       

To measure                    

Exterior                          

to decide

to look

significant

outer

voyage

To determine                  

Different                         

dissimilar

to find the size of

TEXT

 

HOW FAST ARE WE FLYING?

 

Knowing how fast an aircraft is traveling is as important, if not more important, than knowing how fast a car is moving. Determining the aircraft's speed, however, is a bit more complex than simply glancing at an automobile's speedometer. Let's examine the various types of airspeed and how they are measured.

Pilots speak of several types of airspeed. The value read directly from the airspeed indicator is called "indicated airspeed" (IAS). To determine the aircraft's actual speed over the ground, two types of pressure must be measured. A pitot tube is positioned on the exterior of the aircraft so that the air molecules of the atmosphere "ram" into it. The faster the aircraft is traveling, the greater this ram pressure will be. As an aircraft climbs, the atmospheric air pressure decreases, as does the ram pressure. To correct for this, the aircraft has a static air pressure port that is also connected to the airspeed indicator. The greater the difference between the ram and static pressures, the greater the indicated airspeed. When an aircraft slows down and changes its configuration, as it does by lowering its flaps and landing gear, the airflow pattern over the fuselage changes. This change of airflow will affect the pressure in the pitot tube and static port. To account for this, the pilot refers to an "Airspeed Calibration Chart." The "calibrated airspeed" (CAS) is read from this chart.

The air ahead of an aircraft flying faster than 200 knots becomes compressed, increasing the air density and the pressure in the pitot tube. To eliminate the compressibility error, the pilot refers to an "Airspeed Compressibility Chart " The greater the CAS and the higher the altitude, the more the pilot must subtract from the CAS to obtain the "equivalent airspeed" (EAS). When flying at high altitudes, the pilot must compensate for reduced air density. Imagine the space shuttle in orbit. Even though the orbital speed is more than 17,000 knots, there is virtually no atmosphere to ram into the pitot tube. The indicated airspeed would be almost zero. By knowing the air density, the pilot can calculate the actual, or "true airspeed" (TAS), at which the aircraft is moving through the airmass. It is to the TAS that the velocity of the wind is applied to determine the speed over the ground. The presence of a tailwind or headwind will increase or decrease the ground speed.

Fast-moving aircraft express their speed in Mach, the Mach number being the ratio of the TAS to the speed of sound. Mach 0.5 would be half the speed of sound. Similarly, Mach 2 would represent twice the speed of sound, and so on.

Keeping track of all of the different types of airspeed is a bit complicated. Pilots do have one thing going their way - there are not nearly as many speed limits in the air. The next time a police officer stops you and asks if you know how fast you were driving, you may want to respond by asking, "Do you mean indicated, calibrated, equivalent, true, groundspeed, or Mach?" That should just about guarantee that you'll get a ticket!

EXERCISES

 

1. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. Pilots speak of several types of airspeed.

2. To correct for this, the aircraft has a static air pressure port that is also connected to the airspeed indicator.

3. The air ahead of an aircraft flying faster than 200 knots becomes compressed.

4. When flying at high altitudes, the pilot must compensate for reduced air density.5. The presence of a tailwind or headwind will increase or decrease the ground speed.