arsonist -підпалювач

Accomplice - співучасник                    

Bigamist - двожонець                           

Burglar - грабіжник                   

Drug dealer - наркоділок                      

6. forger - фольшивомонетник                                                                                                        

7. hijacker – викрадач, повітряний пірат

8. kidnapper –викрадач людей

9. murderer - вбивця

10.offender - злочинець

11. pickpocket – кишеньковий злодій

12. shop – lifter – магазинний злодій                

13. smuggler - контрабандист

14. spy - шпигун

15. traitor -зрадник                                                                                                                                       

 

 

Task 1. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right:

Law Breakers

An arsonist                      a. is anyone who breaks the law

A shop – lifter                 b. sets fire to property illegally                 

A kidnapper                    c. breaks into houses or other buildings to steal

An offender                    d. takes away people by force and demands money for their return

A burglar                    e. steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer

6. a murderer                      f. kills someone

7. a pickpocket              g. gets secret information from another country

8. an accomplice                 h. steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places

9. a drug dealer                  i. helps a criminal in a criminal act

10. a spy                             j. buys and sells drugs illegally

11.a forger                          k. betrays his or her country to another country

12. a smuggler                    l. brings goods into the country illegally without paying tax

13. a hijacker                     m. makes counterfeit (false money) or signatures                              

14. a bigamist                     n. marries illegally, being married already

15. a traitor                         o. takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change the course

The British Police

In Britain different areas have different police forces. For instance, the Metropolitan police operate in London, but there are different police forces in the counties outside London. The top man in each police force is the Chief Constable. He is appointed by the local Watch Committee. The Watch Committee can dismiss him, too, if the central government agrees. The Chief Constable appoints all the ranks below him in his force.

Things are slightly different in London. The top man is known as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and his appointment is arranged through the central government. British police are normally not armed. In special cases when their work becomes dangerous, they can be given weapons however.

As is well known, the uniform of the British policeman is blue, with a tall helmet. These days, though, you can see a different uniform in the streets. This is the uniform with the yellow hatband worn by traffic wardens. Their job is simply to control traffic and parking regulations. The most famous name connected with the British police is Scotland Yard. It is the headquarters of the London police force. Besides dealing with local police matters, the London police also help all over England and Wales with different crimes. They do this at the request of the local police.      

Scotland Yard

The task of organising the “New Police” was placed in the hands of Colonel Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. These two Commissioners occupied a private house at 4, Whitehall Palace, the back of which opened on to the courtyard, which had been the sight of a residence owned by the Kings of Scotland and known as “Scotland Yard”. These headquarters were removed in 1890 to premises on the Victoria Embankment and became known as “New Scotland Yard”; but in 1967, because for the need for a larger and more modern headquarters building, a further removal took place to the present sight at Victoria Street (10 Broadway), which is also known as “New Scotland Yard”.

The force suffered many trials and difficulties in overcoming public hostility and opposition. But, by their devotion to duty and constant readiness to give help and advice coupled with kindliness and good humour, they gained the approval and trust of the public. This achievement has been maintained throughout the history of the Force and today its relationship with the public is based on the foundation of mutual respect and confidence.

Legal profession in England

The court system is dependent upon the legal profession. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers. This division of the legal profession is due mainly to historical causes.

The solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. Members of the public are able to call at a solicitor's office and seek his advice in a personal interview. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court - room appearance. A barrister can only be consulted indirectly through a solicitor.

There is approximately one solicitor to every 1300 of the population, with considerable regional and local variations. There is a heavy concentration in commercial centers. The ratio for barristers is about one per every 10.000. Taking the legal profession as a whole (38.500), there is one practicing lawyer per 1200 people. This compares with about one lawyer per 600 in the USA. But a lot of work in English solicitors' offices is undertaken by managing clerks, now called “legal executives”, who are a third type of lawyers. (Legal executives now have their own professional and examining body – “the Institute of Legal Executives”).

Sentencing.

The most common sentences are fines, prison and probation. Probation is used often with more minor offences. A person on probation must report to a local police station at regular intervals, which restricts his or her movement. A sentence of community service means that the convicted person has to spend several hours a week doing useful work in his locality. Children under 10 cannot be charged with a criminal offence. Offenders between 10 and 17 are tried by special juvenile courts. The death penalty technically still exists in Britain for some rare offences, such as treason, but is not longer used. The punishment for murder is life sentence. This can be much less than a lifetime in prison, depending on factors such as good behaviour. The most common punishment for crimes – 80 per cent of the total – is a fine.