We use must to say that we feel sure something is true.

You have been travelling all day. You must be tired.

We use must when we give our personal feelings.

You must do something.

You must keep it a secret.

Have to is impersonal. We use have to for facts, not for our personal feelings.

You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left.

I have to get up early tomorrow. I am going to leave.

We use had to in the past and will have to in the future.

I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I had to do a lot of work.

I will have to revise all grammar rules because I will have a test next Monday.

 

Exercises

Put in must or can’t.

1. You have been travelling all day. You….. very tired.

2. That restaurant……..be very good. It is always full of people.

3. You are going on holiday next week. You……….. be looking forward to it.

4. This restaurant………….be very good. It’s always empty.

5. It rained every day during their holiday, so they………have had a very nice time.

6. Congratulations on passing your exam. You…………be very pleased.

7. You got here very quickly. You………….have walked very fast.

8. Bill and Sue go away on holiday very often, so they……….be short of money.

 

Complete the sentences with must or have to. Sometimes it is possible to use either.

1. It’s later than I thought. I…………….go now.

2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He……………….. go home early.

3. In Britain many children……….wear uniform when they go to school.

4. When you come to London again, you………come and see us.

5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We………….call a doctor.

6. You really…….work harder if you want to pass exams.

7. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I……………work late

8. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I……………work late.

9. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he……..work at weekends.

10. Caroline may…………go away next week.

11. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We………. take it to a garage.

12. Julia wears glasses. She………….wear glasses since she was very young.

 

 

Unit 23

 

We use may or might to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future.

I haven’t decided yet where to spend my holidays. I may go to England.

Take an umbrella. It may rain.

 

Exercises.

Write sentences with may or might.

1. Where are you going for your holidays? (Ireland)

2. What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes)

3. What are you doing this week? (go to London)

4. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining-room)

5. When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday) (I don’t know yet)

6. What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university)

 

Complete the sentences using might + one of these verb.

Bite break need rain slip wake

1. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It………..later.

2. Don’t make too much noise. You…………. the baby.

3. Be careful of that dog. It………..you.

4. I don’t think we should throw that letter away. We……………..it later.

5. Be careful. The footpath is very icy. You…………….

6. I don’t want the children to play in this room. They…………. Something.

 

You can use should to give advice or to give an opinion.

You look tired. You should go to bed.

The government should do more to help homeless people.

Exercises

Read the situations and make sentences with should.

1. Liz needs a change.

2. My salary is very low.

3. Jack always has difficulty getting up.

4. What a beautiful view!

5. Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.

6. Bill’s room is not very interesting.

 

Complete the sentences using should + one of the verbs.

Ask be leave say worry

1. It’s strange that she…….. late. She is usually on time.

2. It’s funny that you…….that. I was going to say the same thing.

3. It’ only natural that parents……about their children.

4. Isn’t it typical of Ron that he ……..without saying goodbye to anybody.

5. I was surprised that he…………me for advice. What advice could I give him?

6. It’s very important that everybody….very carefully.

 

 

Unit 24

Work with the video course “Business”

 

 

Unit 25

Module 3: Accounting

Modal verbs

 

 

Unit 26

 

Before you read

Discuss this question with your partner

-What do you think makes an economy grow?

 

A Vocabulary

Choose the correct answer A, B or C from the list opposite.

1. In many ways life previous …………was much more difficult.

2. Home …………has increased in many parts of Europe.

3. When the economy grow dangerously fast, we say it ……….

4. A ………is when the economy is growing quickly.

5. …………are fairground rides like trains that go up and down very fast.

6. ………….in technology in the last 30 years has been incredible.

7. …………….is when you get better after something bad like an illness – or economic depression.

8. When you ……..you fight or work hard for something.

9. Don’t buy anymore milk. We've got ……..in the fridge.

10. A fortunate person is very ………...

11. Mountain climbers are people who enjoy a …………..

12. The ………..is the government minister responsible for the economy.

13. ………….growth is growth that can continue for a long time.

 

1. A people B generations C family

2. A ownership B having C belongings

3. A boils over B overheats C warms up

4. A bang B boom C balloon

5. A roller-coasters B big wheels C bumper cars

6. A growth B increase C progress

7. A discovery B recovery C slump

8. A overheat B recover C struggle

9. A plenty B shortage C none

10.A hard-working B rich C lucky

11.A challenge B race C boom

12.A economist B prime minister C chancellor

13.A sustainable B sustained C sustaining

 

Reading 1

Economic growth

Many millions of people enjoy a quality of life today that previous generations could not have dreamed of. Home ownership, private cars and holidays are now standard for most families in industrialised countries. And yet at the same time, billions of people in other countries live without even clean drinking water. How can this be? The answer is that the fortunate few live in countries with sustained economic growth.

An economy is growing when the gross national product is increasing year after year. When economists calculate economic growth, though, they must take into account the effects of inflation. For example, imagine that the gross national product of a country increased from $500 billion to $510 billion from one year to another. That's an increase of two per cent in output. Very impressive! However, if the rate of inflation was two per cent, then there has been no real growth at all.

The other thing to remember about economic growth is that not all growth is good. Governments want steady, sustainable growth. Sudden, sharp increases in growth – a boom – can cause the economy to overheat and fall into recession. For many economies, the long run growth over many years is steady, but the short run is a roller-coaster ride of boom and depression. For instance, the long run growth of the UK economy since 1950s has been a steady 2,5% per year. However, if you look closely at any decade you'll see that there is a cycle of growth, recession and recovery. The truth is, steady growth in the short term is very hard to achieve.

Nevertheless, many countries are still struggling to achieve any kind of growth at all. Why is this? What is necessary for growth to happen? Many economists have tried to find the answer to this question, and there are plenty of theories to choose from. However, most economists agree that three things are essential for economic growth to occur: capital growth, savings and technological progress.

Capital refers to the factories and machinery that the labour force uses to turn raw materials into products. More workers and more raw materials will only lead to a certain amount of growth. Eventually, the economy needs more capital for the labour to use. Capital growth can also include training and education for the labour force. This makes the workforce more efficient, creative and productive.

Of course, someone has to pay for the new machines and training. In other words, capital growth needs investment. Money for investment needs to be borrowed from banks. Banks can only lend if customers make savings. This is why savings are so important for growth. However, the economy will not grow if everyone is saving and no one is spending. Getting the right balance between consumption and saving is another part of the challenge of economic growth.

But above all, technology is the real miracle worker of economic growth. An advance in technology can increase productivity from the same amount of capital and resources: just what the chancellor ordered!

 

B Comprehension

Now read the text again and choose the sentence which best summarises each paragraph.

PARAGRAPH 1

A. Economic growth does not happen everywhere.

B. Economic growth did not happen in the past.

C. Economic growth happens only in industrialised countries.

PARAGRAPH 2

A. GNP and economic growth are the same thing.

B. An increase in GNP always means the economy is growing.

C. An increase in GNP may not show economic growth.

PARAGRAPH 3

A. All growth is good.

B. Past growth is good.

C. Steady growth is good.

PARAGRAPH 4

A. The majority of economists believe three factors positively influence economic growth.

B. Economists are sure about what causes economic growth.

C. Economists have no idea about what causes economic growth.

PARAGRAPH 5

A. The economy needs more raw materials to grow.

B. The economy needs more machines and factories in order to grow.

C. The economy needs more labour to grow.

PARAGRAPH 6

A. For economic growth there needs to be more spending and less saving.

B. For economic growth there needs to be more saving and less spending.

C. For economic growth there needs to be the right amount of saving and spending.

PARAGRAPH 7

A. Technology creates more raw materials with less labour.

B. Technology creates greater output from the same amount of capital, labour and materials.

C. Technology creates more labour with fewer raw materials.

 

C Listening

Now listen and tick the things that helped the East Asian Tigers grow.

1. spending on education __

2. cuts in welfare benefits for unemployed __

3. high rate of savings __

4. high rate of local consumption __

5. exports to richer countries __

6. non-democratic governments __

7. democratic governments __

8. good relations between management and workers __

9. strict management rule __

 

 

Unit 27

 

Before you read

Discuss this question with your partner

-Nearly all countries trade with each other. Why do you think this is?

 

A Vocabulary

Match the words and phrases with the definitions

1. balance of trade

2. imports

3. wide range

4. trading partnerships

5. value of money

6. deficit

7. insurance

8. flow

 

A. the movement of something, like water in a river

B. big variety

C. financial protection

D. when you receive less money than you pay out

E. when something is worth the amount you pay for it

F. the difference between the total amount of exports and imports for a country in one year

G. people, companies or countries that do business together

H. goods and services a country buys from abroad

 

Reading 1

The open economy

All through history, people from one society have been trading with people from another. Three thousands years ago, for example, the Phoenicians of the Mediterranean built an economy almost completely on foreign trade. In the jargon of economics, the Phoenicians had an open economy, and almost every economy since theirs has been open too.

When an economy is open, this basically means that it imports and exports goods and services. What are the benefits of doing this? First of all, if you trade with other economies, you can import goods that do not exist in your economy. These may be products that your economy cannot manufacture, but they may also be raw materials. With a wider range of raw materials, an economy is able to use its capital and labour to produce a wider range of products. In this way, importing can actually help an economy grow. What's more, if you allow imports from other countries, then you will have trading partnerships. This means that you can export to countries. If you have customers all over the world, your economy will grow faster.

Open economies are good for consumers, too. If the economy allows imports from abroad, there will be a greater variety of goods available locally. When products are available locally, imports of the same products should help to keep prices down and quality high. This is because local companies will have to compete with foreign companies, and more competition will mean better quality and greater value for money.

Economists describe imports and exports of material goods as visible – because you can really see and touch them. Examples of visible exports and imports are food stuffs, furniture and electronic equipment. However, there are also invisible exports and imports. These are mainly services, but can include all sorts of things. Examples of invisible exports and imports include banking services, insurance products, educational courses and tourism.

Opening up economies, however, does bring problems. One of the main difficulties is keeping a good balance of trade. Every time a country manages to sell a product or service abroad, this means money will flow into the economy. On the other hand, every time someone buys from abroad, money flows out of the country. Over time, if the flow of money out of the economy is greater than the flow of money into the economy, then there is a trade deficit. This is not a good situation to be in. The challenge for governments is to keep the flow of trade equal in both directions, or to achieve a trade surplus. This is when total exports are greater than total imports.

 

B Comprehension

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it.

1 Most economies in the world were closed until very recently. T_F_

2 Open economies exchange exports and imports with each other. T_F_

3 Importing products will always make the local economy shrink. T_F_

4 Only the producer benefits from an open economy. T_F_

5 If you go abroad for a holiday, you create an invisible export for your country. T_F_

6 When exports earn more money than imports, there is a trade surplus for the economy. T_F_

 

Before you listen

Try to complete this paragraph about autarchies by using words from the box.

America China closed

Empires invade North Korea

Resources self-sufficient

 

An autarchy is another word for a completely (1) ………economy. An autarchy does not have trading partners. It is (2)…………... There are no authorities in the world today, although (3) ………..is almost an autarchy. Autarchies don’t exist because no economy has all the (4) ……….it needs. In the 19^th century, (5) ………….was an autarchy for about one year. (6) …………..was almost an autarchy in the 20^th century. The only real autarchies that have existed are (7) …………. They have tended to (8) ………..instead of trade!

 

C Listening

Now listen and check your answers.

 

UNIT 28

Before you read

Discuss this question with your partner.

Can you name the currencies that those countries use?

- USA

- Switzerland

- France

- UK

- Australia

- Japan

- India

 

A Vocabulary

Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.

 

Currency equilibrium point euro

Investors overseas sterling

Swap zone

 

1. A ……………is the kind of money used in a country.

2. The currency used in Italy, France and Greece is the …………..

3. …………..is another name for the UK's pounds and pence.

4. A ………..is an area.

5. Being …………means you are not in your own country.

6. If you're not satisfied with what you have bought, you can …..it for something else.

7. ….are people or companies that lend money to companies in order to make a profit.

8. The ….is the price that sellers are happy to sell at and buyers are happy to buy it.

 

Reading

Exchange rates

The UK has sterling, the USA has dollars and Russia has the rouble. Almost every country has its own currency. Some countries in an economic zone share a currency, for example the 13 European countries that share the euro, but this is quite rare. If I live in a Eurozone country and I want to buy something from the UK, I must buy it using UK sterling. To do this I need to exchange my euros for sterling. The amount of sterling I can swap for each euro depends on the exchange rate.

For example, if the exchange rate is $1=1,5euro and the camera I want to buy is worth $100, then to buy the camera I must spend 150 euros. Similarly, if someone in the UK wants to buy something from a Eurozone country, they must exchange their sterling for euros.

Most exchange rates, however, do not stay the same. They are changing all the time. Imagine that a few days later the exchange rate changes to $1=1,45euro. This would make the camera cheaper for me. In other words, sterling has got weaker against the euro and the euro has got stronger against sterling.

But what makes the exchange rate change? To understand this, just think of the exchange rate as the price of the currency. Just like any other commodity, the price of a currency is decided by supply and demand in the market. The rate set will be the equilibrium point where supply and demand meet.

Where does demand for a currency come from? Let's take the euro, for example. Exports from the Eurozone need to be paid for in euros. This means the buyers of those exports need to buy euros to make their purchases. So the demand for euros increases. Also, investors from outside the Eurozone may want to invest their money there because they think they will make a profit. To do this, they must buy euros, and again the demand for euros increases. The supply of euros on the international money markets comes from people who want to sell euros. If people want to buy imports from countries outside the Eurozone, or if they want to invest in countries outside the Eurozone, they must sell their euros to buy other currencies. So the supply of euros increases.

A change in the exchange rate of a currency can have a big impact on the economy. For example, it can have a big impact on the economy's balance of payments. As we saw in the example earlier, when a currency gets stronger, imports become cheaper. But at the same time, exports to overseas customers get more expensive. This will probably mean that more money will flow out of the economy than in.

 

B Comprehension

Now read the text again and answer these questions in your own words in the space provided.

1. How many countries currently use the euro?

2. What must you do if you want to buy something from another country?

3. How is the exchange rate between currencies set?

4. What two things can make the demand for a currency increase?

5. What happens to exports when a currency gets stronger?

 

Before you listen

Discuss the following with your partner.

A change in the exchange rate will make a currency stronger or weaker against other currencies. How will this affect the rest of the economy? Try to put the effects under the correct heading.

- economy grows

- economy shrinks

- exports fall

- exports grow

- imports are cheaper

- rate of inflation falls

- rate of inflation increases

- workers demand higher wages

 

Effects of a strong currency: Effects of a weak currency:

 

C Listening

Now listen and check your answers.

 

Grammar: Reported speech

When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past tom said that…I told her that …etc. The rest of the sentence is usually past too

(Tom said that he was feeling ill.)

I told her that I didn’t have any money.

 

In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech:

Am is are was were do/ does did will would

have/has had can could

want wanted know knew like liked

 

Her parents are well.

Judy said that her parent were very well.

John has given up his job.

She said that John had given up his job.

I can’t come to the party on Friday.

She said that she couldn’t come to the party on Friday.

I want to go away for a holiday but I don’t know where to go.

She said that she wanted to go away for a holiday but (she) didn’t know where to go.

 

Exercises

Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things Charlie said to you:

1 I’m living in London now. Charlie said that he was living in London now.

2 My father isn’t very well.

3 Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.

4 Margaret has had a baby.

5 I don’t know what Fred is doing.

6 I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.

7 I haven’t seen Diane recently.

8 I’m not enjoying my job very much.

9 You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.

10 My car was stolen a few weeks ago.

11 I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it.

12 I’ll tell Ann I saw you.

 

It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you report something and it is still true, you do not need to change the verb:

Direct Tom said ‘New York is more lively than London.’

Reported Tom said that New York is more lively than London.

(New York is still more lively. The situation hasn’t changed)

 

 

Unit 29

 

Before you read

Discuss the following with your partner.

Do you remember how the exchange rate affects the rest of the economy? Tell your partner what you remember about these things:

- the exchange rate and interest rates

- the exchange rate and the balance of trade

 

A Vocabulary

Match the words and phrases with the definitions.

 

1. exchange

2. variations

3. floating

4. fixed exchange rate

5. extreme

6. reserves

7. constant

8. remain

9. peg

 

A. unchanging mechanism

B. different types of the same thing

C. stay

D. system for buying money

E. supplies

F. free

G. stable currency price fixed by the government

H. most absolute

I. keep two currencies at same level

 

 

Reading

Exchange rate mechanisms

If you're planning a holiday abroad, one of the things you won't forget to do is to buy some of the local currency. You will probably visit a few banks to see which one offers the best exchange rate. But holidaymakers aren’t the only ones who are interested in exchange rates. Governments are watching them all the time. This is because a change in the exchange rate of the national currency can affect the whole economy. Interest rates, balance of payments and economic growth will all feel the effects of a change in exchange rates.

But can governments do anything about exchange rates apart from watch them? Well, yes, they can. They can use something called exchange rate mechanisms. These are ways to control the value of the national currency against other currencies. There are different types of mechanism, but they are all variations on two extreme mechanisms: free floating exchange rate and fully fixed exchange rate.

When a currency's exchange rate is free floating, the government doesn’t try to control the price of the currency. Remember that, just like any other price, the exchange rate changes when demand and supply change. When governments allow the currency to be free floating, they are saying, “let the market decide the price of our currency”. In contrast, a fully fixed exchange rate is strictly controlled by the government. For example, the UK government might decide that they want sterling to remain at a constant exchange rate against the euro. This is sometimes called pegging. In this example, sterling is pegged against the euro at that time, although in actual fact sterling is a free floating currency.

However, there is a problem. If demand on the money market rises for sterling, then the exchange rate will rise also. How can the government maintain the exchange rate they want? The only way is to change the level of supply of sterling on the money market. The government can increase the amount of sterling on the international market by selling it. This means they buy foreign currencies and sell sterling. Alternatively, if they want to increase demand for sterling, the government needs to reduce the supply on the money market. To do this, they sell their reserves of foreign currencies and buy sterling. This way, they keep the exchange rate (the price) of sterling at a constant rate.

So which system is best – fixed or floating? It depends on lots of things. Each system has its benefits and drawbacks. A free floating mechanism often makes it easier to keep a steady balance of payments. Also, the government can make any changes it wants to interest rates without worrying about the exchange rate (the market looks after that). On the other hand, a fixed rate mechanism makes industry feel more secure. They know what the value of their exports will be, and so they can plan for the future more easily. This is good for the local economy and for international trade.

 

B Comprehension

Now read the text again and then read the descriptions below. Which mechanism is being described?

1. The government chooses a target rate for the currency.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both fixed and floating mechanisms

2. The government accepts the market value of the currency.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both of them

3. Supply and demand on the currency market affect the exchange rate.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both of them

4. The government doesn’t attempt to change the rate.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both of them

5. The government needs reserves of foreign currency.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both of them

6. There are advantages and disadvantages.

A. fixed exchange rate

B. floating exchange rate

C. both of them

 

Before you listen

Discuss the following with your partner.

You're going to hear someone talking about the foreign exchange market. As you listen, you will make some notes about what you hear. First, read through the headings. Do you know any of the answers?

 

Other names: (1) …………….

(2)………………

Main trading centres: (3)………………

(4)$................(5)………………

Most traded currencies: (6)…………………

(7)……………..(8)…………………

Amount traded daily: (9) ………………..

Trading hours: (10)……………

Main traders: (11)…………………

(12)………………… (13)……………….

(14)…………………

 

C Listening

Now listen and complete the notes.

 

 

UNITE 30

 

Before you read

Discuss the following with your partner

Do you remember these ideas from earlier units?

Tell your partner what you know abut these things:

- opportunity cost

- economic welfare

- the benefits of an open economy

 

A Vocabulary

Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

 

Comparative exploit incentive

Quota restrict specializes

Stimulate tariffs

 

1. All countries try to ………….the natural resources that they have.

2. …………are a kind of tax that the government puts on imported goods.

3. Low interest rates can help to ……….the economy and make it grow.

4. A rise in salary is an ………..to make people work harder.

5. The UK economy …………in services such as banking and insurance.

6. Governments sometimes need to ………..the flow of imports and exports.

7. The opposite of absolute is …………...

8. They have a ………….which must be fulfilled if they want to keep the contract.

 

 

Reading

International trade

There are plenty of incentives for a country to have an open economy. Exports increase the size of the market for producers. Imports stimulate competition in local markets and provide a wider choice for consumers. These are good reasons for international trade. However, another important reason for trading is to exploit advantages. Economists talk about two types of advantage that an economy can have over others: absolute advantage and comparative advantage.

An economy has absolute advantage when it can produce goods at a lower cost than other economies can, or they have resources that others don’t have. For example, warm Mediterranean countries have an absolute advantage in the production of olive oil. Many countries in Asia have an absolute advantage in manufacturing electronic goods. Clearly, it makes sense for countries with absolute advantages to trade with each other.

The second kind of advantage is comparative advantage. This happens when an economy can produce something at a lower opportunity cost than other economies can. Remember that the opportunity cost of something is what you have to give up in order to have it. For example, imagine that country A makes two things with its resources: clothes and furniture. If it wants to increase production of clothes, it must decrease its production of furniture. This loss is the opportunity cost.

Now imagine that country B also makes clothes and furniture, but it makes less of both than country A. In other words, country A has an absolute advantage over country B in clothes and furniture. However, country B can increase its production of clothes with only a small opportunity cost in furniture. This means that country B has a comparative advantage over country A in the production of clothes.

But why would country A want to trade with country B? What benefit would they gain? In fact, both countries can benefit by specializing. If country A produces only furniture, and country B produces only clothes, both countries will be making best use of their available resources. By trading in this way, production of both products increases. In turn, this increases the economic welfare of both countries.

Despite all the advantages of having an open economy, countries sometimes restrict trade with other countries. For example, governments may charge tariffs on imports. These are taxes which make imports more expensive than locally produced products. Governments may also restrict the amount of imports entering the country. This kind of restriction is called an import quota. Since international trade has so many benefits, why would countries want to restrict trade in this way? There must be some very good reasons!

 

B Comprehension

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it.

1. Imports can be good for an economy. T_F_

2. A country's natural resources can give it an absolute advantage over other countries. T_F_

3. A country with an absolute advantage will always have a comparative advantage, too. T_F_

4. A small economy can have a comparative advantage over a larger one. T_F_

5. Specialising in one area of trade will give a country a comparative advantage.

T_F_

6. Tariffs and quotas are used in order to increase imports into the economy.

T_F_

 

Before you listen

Discuss this question with your partner.

-Why do you think governments sometimes use tariffs and quotas to restrict free trade with other countries?

 

C Listening

You're going to listen to four people talking about trade restrictions. Match the speakers with the reasons for restricting trade. There is one extra reason that the speakers do not mention.

SPEAKER 1……………….

SPEAKER 2……………….

SPEAKER 3……………….

SPEAKER 4……………….

A. to stop imports of dangerous goods

B. to protect local jobs

C. to punish other countries who use restrictions

D. to stop the local market being flooded with cheap imports

E. to let new local industries grow

 

 

Unit 31

Module 4: Economic growth

Indirect speech

Рекомендована література

 

1. Барановська Т.В. Грамматика английского языка. Сборник упражнений: Учеб. пособие. – Язык англ., русский / Барановская Т.В. – К.: ООО “ИП Логос”, 2002. – 368 с. (Серия “Вас ждет успех”)

 

2. Гусак Т.М. Modern English Grammar in Practice. Guide book and workbook. – K.: “Фірма “Інкос””, 2002. – 308 с.

 

3. Raitskaya L. Macmillan Guide to Economics: Student’s Book / L. Raitskaya, S. Cochrane. – Macmillan, 2008. – 134 p.

 

4. Murphy R. English Grammar in USA. – Cambridge University Press. – second edition. – 1994. – 350 с.