Grammar: to be in the Past Simple 


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Grammar: to be in the Past Simple



I I I?

He was He was not Was he?

She She (wasn`t) she?

It It it?

We We we?

You were You were not Were you?

They They (weren`t) they?

 

Exercise 1

1. He … a pupil.

2. She … not a doctor, she … a teacher.

3. They … workers.

4. He … ill last week. He … not at work.

5. We … at home on Sunday.

6. The weather … not cold yesterday. It … fine.

7. … he at school yesterday? No, he … not. He … ill.

8. … they students last year? No, they … pupils.

9. There … a lot of books in his room.

10. When … you at home yesterday?

11. There … newspaper on the table.

12. Why you … not at work last Friday?

13. There … a pencil in my pencil – box.

14. Where … his sister last week? – She … not at home. She … in the country.

 

Grammar: to be in the Future Simple

I/we + shall be

You/he/she/it/ they + will be

Exercise

1. He………… a student next week.

2. I…………… at home tomorrow

3. …..you be at home on Sunday?

4. She ……not to be at work on Sunday.

5. Where…. you….. in two days?

6. We….not…. be in the country.

7. He a pilot when he grows up.

8. It…. a good idea.

9. …. he…. In some months?

10. Where… we…. Next month?

11. …. they in the park?

12. They…. not…n the garden.

 

Unite 2

There are four types of questions:

General question – when we put the question to the whole sentence.

Is he here now?

Are they reading the book?

Does she like to study English?

Did you go to the seaside?

Have you done your homework?

Were they in the cinema yesterday?

 

Alternative question – when we doubt about something.

Do you like coffee or tea?

Are you a student or a pupil?

Is he at school or at home?

Has she got a car or a bus/

Did he visit his aunt or his uncle?

 

Special question – when we put the questions with the special words.

Where do you live?

What did he do yesterday?

Why have you done it?

When has he come?

 

Tag questions – we express also doubt.

He is here, isn’t he?

You are a student, aren’t you?

They went to the Crimea mountains, didn’t they?

She was not there, was she?

They don’t go in for sport, do they?

He has done the exercise, has he?

 

Exercise

Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1. They have a hamster as a pet.

2. Sonia has a new apartment in New York.

3. Tigers eat other animals.

4. We are angry with him about that.

5. My dog never barks at night.

 

Unite 3

Before you read

Discuss these questions with your partner.

-Do you have any idea where the word economics comes from?

-Do you know the names of any famous economists from the past or anything about their ideas?

 

A Vocabulary

Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box

 

abundance concept consumer

firm Industrial Revolution population

precious metals production process scarcity

profit raw materials satisfaction

 

1. The…………began in the late 18th century, when machines started to replace human workers.

2. Sand and limestone are the………..needed to make glass.

3. The…………to make a car involves many people and machines.

4. The extra money a company makes is called………….

5. People want………….from the products they buy.

6. …………… is when there is very little of something.

7. …………… is when there is lots of something.

8. Gold and silver are examples of…………….

9. Another word for idea is…………….

10. The…………….is the number of people a country has.

11. A business or company is sometimes called a…………….

12. When we buy things or use services we are a ………….

 

Reading

History of economic thought

Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotel's political writings economics, although he didn’t use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century – two and a half thousand years after Xenophon.

Early economic thought was all about the meaning of wealth or being reach. Those early thinkers asked, what makes a state or a country wealthy? For nearly 2000 years, the answer was very simple: gold. A country or nation's wealth depended on its owning precious metals. This simple view of the economy remained until medieval times.

During medieval times – roughly the period between 1100 and 1500 AD, trading between nations grew, and a new social class appeared. These were merchants, people who made their money through the buying and selling of goods, and they began to write their own thoughts on the economy. They saw the economy as a way to make the state strong. For them, the nation's wealth depended on stocks of gold and the size of the population. More people meant bigger armies and a stronger state.

These were still simple ideas. However, daily experience had also taught people many basic economic concepts. For example, they understood the importance of trade with other states. They realized that scarcity makes things more expensive and abundance makes them cheaper.

Modern economics was really born in the 19th century. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realized that a nation's wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics.

Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists' theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes.

For classical economists, the value of goods depends on the cost of production. However, the price of goods is not always the same as their real cost. Later economists developed new theories to explain this weakness in classical economics. These are known as the neoclassical economists and they were writing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In neoclassical economics, supply and demand make the economy work. In other words, the price of goods depends on how much people want them and how easily they can be found. Consumers want satisfaction from their resources (time and money). Firms want profit. In neoclassical economics, this is the basic relationship in the economy. These ideas are still the basis of economic thinking today.

 

Comprehension

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. Aristotle did not use the word economics, but he did write about economic ideas. T__F__

2. Early economists thought that a nation without gold was poor.

T__F__

3. People in medieval times didn’t understand anything about economics

T__F__

4. In classical economics, the value of something was measured in gold.

T__F__

5. Economists later found a problem with the classical model.

T__F__

6. In neoclassical economics, supply and demand control price.

T__F__

 

Before you listen

Look at this fact file about Adam Smith. Can you fill in any of the information?

Born in Scotland in (1)……………

Lost his father at the age of (2)…………….

Kidnapped at the age of (3)……………

Went to University of Glasgow at the age of (4)…………….

Went to Oxford University at the age of (5)………………

Most famous book is The Wealth of (6)…………….

Influenced Karl Marx and the founding fathers of (7)…………….

 

Listening

Now listen and complete the information about Adam Smith's life.

 



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