Model: to restore – is restoring, are restoring; was restoring, were restoring; will be restoring

 

2.2.Translate the following verbs into English using Continuous tense forms. Pay attention to the tense and person of the verbs:

Визначали, відновлюються, покращуватимуться, знижувався, знищує, боронував.

2.3. Use proper adverbial modifiers according to the tense of the verb. Choose from the following:

Within this decade, that year, from May till September, when it rains, when the growing season comes

1. … the plant is producing specialized tools for farm work.

2. … this irrigation system was supplying water to the orchards.

3. … scientific laboratories were developing new varieties of wheat and corn.

4. … strong wind and storm are heavily damaging the crops.

5. … the growers will be supplying nutrients to the crops several times.

2.4.Transform the italicised verbs into the forms of Continuous tenses. Add corresponding adverbials if necessary:

6. Weeds compete with cultivated plants for light, moisture and nutrients. (this summer)

7. When we plough in autumn, we create a condition in which the soil will remain sufficiently open.

8. It rains and the water penetrates deep into the subsoil. (now)

9. The inter-row cultivation of root crops destroys the weeds.

10. Last year it was a barley field, now wheat grows here.

 

2.5.Use the necessary Continuous tense form according to the adverbial of time:

11. Next month we (dig) potatoes.

12. Last spring farmers (use) a lot of ploughing machines at the same time.

13. The selectionists (fertilize) their crops within these two weeks.

14. Last year the selective-breeders (grow) new variety of winter wheat on this field.

15. This season we (grow) rice in this humid region.

2.6.Use the construction to be going to… in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:

16. Science … find and realise new resources and reserves for increasing yields.

17. Farmers … control fertility by meliorative methods.

18. According to the plan they … use old neglected meliorative systems and raise their efficiency.

19. Modern soil science … transform soils and create their new types.

20. In order to grow crops the farmer …cultivate the field.

2.7. Ask questions about the following sentences:

1. Farmers are restoring their soils.

2. Improper use was resulting in the deterioration of soil structure.

3. Under careful treatment this field is producing good yields.

4. At this farm they are planting crops directly into sod.

5. More and more growers are using this easy method.

 

Step 3

Project Work

(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)

3.1. Skim Text B and arrange the following points according to its contents:

– Wrong land-use practices

– New technology of tillage

– Man's strivings about improvement of farming

– Primitive agricultural instruments

– New possibilities for agriculture of the last century.

 

Text B. TILLAGE

1. The earliest efforts of people were to lift themselves from primitive cultures through better tools for tilling, better methods of using the land.

2. If we took a look of our agricultural past now, we should explain why farming as an industry hasn't reached a technological state as advanced as electronics and other industries.

3. Man required some 10,000 years to learn to make bread. And, until the 19^th century, man's tools for tilling the earth remained mainly unchanged – the sharpened stick, the crude plow.

4. Had the farmers in those days known more about land they wouldn't have continued overlooking the richer farmland, and depleting the soil's fertility. The more they overworked it, the less crop they got.

5. In the middle of the 18^th century farmers tried a device to ease their lives. That was the moldboard plow¹, which was designed to eliminate weeds, by turning over a thick layer of earth.

6. It remained unchanged for the next century, although the steel plow was introduced in 1837. The cast-iron plow would рoison the soil as some farmers thought.

7. Of greatest significance, however, was the development of mechanical power for farm work. The most far-reaching² invention for agriculture was the gasoline engine mounted on a farm tractor. This combination appeared as the 20^th century opened. Today, the farmer has a wide range of tractor makes: gasoline and diesel, with engines varying from 20 h.p. ³ to 300-400 h.p. With the efficient power, the farmer has been able to plow and disk, and harrow, and plant, and fertilize, and finally harvest faster, easier and more profitably.

Notes and Commentaries:

¹cast-iron plow – плуг, відлитий з чавуну

²far-reaching – далекосяжний

³h.p.-horse power – кінська сила

 

3.2. Make a written translation of text C:

 

Text C. NO-TILLAGE METHOD

1. Planting corn and other row crops directly into sod is a new practice. More and more growers are using this easy and economical method of planting row crops.

2. The idea of planting row crops without plowing goes back to at least 1943. But no-tillage or zero-tillage¹ remained largely experimental until several effective herbicides have been developed.

3. With the development of atrazine in the early 60s, zero-tillage system has been gradually gaining popularity.

4. Crops are planted in unprepared soil in a narrow seed furrow² opened with a coulter³. Tilled area is only 2 to 3 inches wide. Using this tillage system one should be very careful in applying the proper amount of herbicides for weed control. They should include both a contact herbicide to kill early weeds or sod, and a residual⁴ herbicide.

5. At present the scientists agree that zero-tillage is quite a promising⁵ method but it will never fit all farms and all conditions.

Notes and Commentaries:

¹zero-tillage – нульовий обробіток

²furrow – борозна

³coulter – ніж плуга, різак

⁴residual – пожнивний

⁵promising – перспективний

TEST-3

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. tillage	a) cultivating land
2. fertilizer	b) a systematic change of crops
3. harvest	c) useless plant
4. crop rotation	d) material for enriching land
5. weed	e) ripe grain or fruit

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

6. The better soils are used for ….

a) management

b) organic matter

c) crops

7. When soils are used for crops or pasture their natural balance is ….

a) upset

b) avoided

c) yielded

8. … is one of the methods of soil conservation.

a) crop rotation

b) crop production

c) crop yield

9. … needs growing more than one crop on a farm.

a) farming

b) deterioration

c) rotation

10. Loss of organic matter is one of the reasons of ….

a) soil depletion

b) physical nature

c) diversification

11. Time almost doesn’t change ….

a) farming programme

b) soil fertility

c) virgin soils

12. The agricultural … remained unchanged since 19^th century.

a) tools

b) productivity

c) management

13. … method is planting row crops directly into sod.

a) a scientific approach

b) a soil conservation

c) a no-tillage

14. No-tillage cannot be used without effective ….

a) ploughing

b) herbicides

c) weeds

15. The idea of no-till appeared in ….

a) 19^th century

b) 1943

c) 18^th century

16. In India they are … new multipurpose tilling machines.

a) develop

b) developed

c) developing

17. The country is … its food production through intensive land cultivation.

a) increasing

b) increased

c) increase

18. Small farms … producing the larger part of potato.

a) is

b) are

c) being

19. In 20^th century the power tiller industry … overcoming great difficulties.

a) is

b) was

c) will

20. The second half of the last century was the time when farmers … popularising the no-till method on a large scale.

a) be

b) was

c) were

21. It is supposed that by the end of this century no-till … gaining popularity throughout the world.

a) is

b) will

c) will be

22. … the scientists continuously developing new methods of reclaiming wet soils?

a) do

b) be

c) are

23. … the productivity of farmlands increasing or decreasing during the end of the last century?

a) did

b) will be

c) was

24. The conference on raising soil productivity … this important problem for four days.

a) discuss

b) discussed

c) was discussing

25. We …ploughing for these two weeks because the soil is still too wet.

a) are not using

b) doesn’t use

c) didn’t use

Unit 4

1. Field crops 2. Wheat 3. Perfect tenses

Step 1

(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)

1.1. Read the following international words and find their Ukrainian equivalents:

application, group, benefit, principal, extract, practically, oil, cotton, practice, extensively, prehistoric, condition, adequate, correct, location, civilization, satisfied, culture.

 

1. 2. Study the new words:

gruels	рідка (вівсяна) каша
malting	пивоваріння
buckwheat	гречка
millet	просо
porrige	каша
grapes	виноград
to supply	забезпечувати
provender	фураж
cattle	худоба
clover	конюшина
timothy	тимофіївка
alfalfa	люцерна
vetch	віка
swede	брюква
mangle	кормовий буряк
flax	льон
fine fiber	тонка тканина
linen	білизна
hemp	конопля
rough cloth	груба тканина
sacking	мішковина
sowing	посів
oil-cake	жмих
tuber crop	бульбова культура
cereal crop	зернова культура
seed-bed	грядка
depth	глибина
capping	щільна поверхня
crust	кірка
drilling	посів
stiff-strawed	твердий сорт
dressing	обробка
to mature	дозрівати
shelter	притулок
to cause	спричиняти
to increase	збільшувати
timber	деревина

 

1.3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:

– to depend – dependent – depending

– prime – primary – primitive

– to cultivate – cultivation

– important – importance

– to apply – application

– significant – significantly- significance

– to prepare – preparation

– nutrient – nutritive – nutrition

1.4. Use the following word-building means to form the new words, translate the words:

-ing: plant, depend, follow, include, make, feed, return, precede, produce, grow

in-: direct, dependent

 

1.5. Read and translate Text A and find out what are the groups of plants:

 

Text A. FIELD CROPS

1. By the word "crop" we understand every useful plant cultivated for the benefit of mankind¹. Depending upon their field of application², crops can be subdivided into the following four groups:

2. Food crops³, including mainly cereals, or grain crops. The most important of them is wheat, which is grown practically at all latitudes. Wheat is followed by⁴ rye grown essentially in Northern countries. Next to rye in significance comes barley used for the preparation of gruels and for malting. Buckwheat and millet serve principally for making gruels. Oats belong both to the group of food and feed crops. Porridge made of it is a highly nutritive food for man, but oats are practically widely used for feeding domestic animals. To the group of food crops also belong rice, tea, coffee, cocoa, grapes, etc.

3. Feed crops⁵ are those, the main purpose of which is to supply provender to cattle. Many varieties of grasses belong to this group: clover, timothy, alfalfa, vetch, etc. Many of these grasses serve at the same time the purpose of returning to the soil those particular nutritive elements which the preceding crop⁶ has extracted from the earth. Swedes and mangle are also important feed crops.

4. Industrial crops⁷ are those that provide raw materials for further processing⁸. Sugar beet is the main primary⁹ for the sugar industry. The flax plant yields the fine fibres of which linen is made. Flax oil received from the seeds is known to be a food product and an industrial as well. The hemp plant also yields raw materials for producing rough cloth, sacking and oil. Perhaps the most important industrial crop for the textile industry is cotton. The cotton plant yields the cotton fibre. The seeds are either kept for sowing again, or are used in making oil and oil-cake for cattle. The main oil crop in our country is the sunflower plant, which gives one of the best food oils and oil-cake for cattle. The potato plant is one of the most important field crops. This tuber crop is a very valuable food, feed, and industrial crop as well. Nowadays the cultivation of the potato plant has widely spread throughout the world¹⁰. Potatoes are grown on almost all classes of soil. That is why¹¹ this tuber crop is grown in all regions of our country.

5. The fourth group of crops is represented¹² by vegetables.

Notes and Commentaries:

¹cultivated for the benefit of mankind – які вирощуються для користі людини

²depending upon their field of application – залежно від сфери їх застосування

³food crops – харчові культури

⁴wheat is followed by – запшеницею йде

⁵feed crops – кормові культури

⁶the preceding crop – культура-попередник

⁷industrial crops – технічні культури

⁸for further processing – для подальшої переробки

⁹primary – первинна (сировина)

¹⁰has widely spread throughout the world – широко розповсюдилася по всьому світі

¹¹that is why – ось чому

¹²is represented – представлена

Comprehension Check-Up

 

1.6. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

apply, produce, important, provender, earth, particular, provide, specific, soil, forage, use, make, significant, give.

 

1.7. Find a Ukrainian equivalent to every English word:

1. to return	a) специфічний
2. crop	b) вилучати
3. to subdivide	c) використовувати
4. to depend	d) в основному
5. essentially	e) значення
6. to use	f) слугувати
7. preparation	g) жмих
8. significance	h) залежати
9. to serve	i) підрозділяти
10. particular	j) сільськогосподарська культура
11. to extract	k) повертати
12. oil-cake	l) приготування

 

1.8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given below:

potato, vegetables, yields, seeds, oil, flax, grown, sunflower

1. Linen is made of fine … fibres. 2. Flax oil is made of the … of flax. 3. The hemp plant … raw materials for clothing, sacking and …. 4. The … is one of the best oil producers. 5. The … plant is a valuable tuber crop. 6. … belong to the fourth group of crops.

 

1.9. Make up sentences adding the appropriate words and word combinations given in brackets:

1. Industrial crops include (vegetables, grasses, flax, hemp, cotton).

2. (Cotton, tea, rye, rice) grow in Northern countries.

3. Linen is made of (rye, cotton, flax, hemp) fibres.

4. The hemp plant serves for (making gruels, malting, producing oil).

1.10. Use the text to check whether you know:

1. What plant do we call crop?

2. How many groups of crops do you know?

3. What are the main food crops?

4. What is barley used for?

5. To what group do oats belong?

6. What is the main purpose of feed crops?

7. Are grasses only feed crops?

8. What do industrial crops provide?

9. What crop is the main primary for the sugar industry?

10.What does the flax plant provide?

 

1.11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сільськогосподарська культура – це будь-яка рослина, що вирощується на користь людинi. 2. Культурні рослини можна поділити на чотири групи. 3. До харчових культур відносяться в основному зернові культури. 4. Пшениця вирощується практично на всіх широтах. 5. За пшеницею за її важливістю йде жито. 6. Жито культивується в основному в північних країнах. 7. Наступним за значенням злаком є ячмінь. 8. Овес належить як до харчових, так і до кормових культур. 9. Овес широко використовується для годування домашніх тварин. 10. Основне призначення кормових культур – постачати худобу фуражем. 11. До цієї групи сільськогосподарських культур належать, в першу чергу, трави. 12. До кормових культур належать також кормовий буряк і брюква. 13. Технічні культури є сировиною для промисловості. 14. До технічних культур відносять бавовну, цукровий буряк, льон, інші культури.

 

Step 2

GRAMMAR Point

(speaking-writing)

 

2.1. Use the following verbs in the forms of Present, Past, and Future Perfect Tense:

To supply, to mature, to cause, to cultivate, to apply.

Model:to prepare – have prepared, has prepared; had prepared; will have prepared

 

2.2. Translate the following verbs into English using Perfect tense forms. Pay attention to the tense and person of the verb:

Обробили, приготують, включив, передував, виробила, вилучать.

2.3.Use proper adverbial modifiers according to the tense of the verb. Choose from the following:

Bу 2020, since 1980’s, recently, in the 20^th century, for centuries

1. Ukrainian selectionists have … raised new, hardy varieties of wheat.

2. … man will have automated his irrigation to the point where at the beginning of the season "can set it and forget it".

3. Scientists now turned their attention to another cereal that has been the main food …– rice.

4. … selectionists working with maize and millet had also succeeded in increasing yields.

5. The developing countries have worked at the problem of adequate food supply ….

 

2.4.Transform the italicised verbs into the forms of Perfect tenses. Add corresponding adverbials if necessary:

1. Swedes and mangle were also important feed crops. (in the last century)

2. Many of grasses serve the purpose of returning nutritive elements to the ground. (by now)

3. The potato plant is one of the most important field crops. (always)

4. Wheat-growing was extensively practiced throughout Europe. (in prehistoric times)

5. Spring wheat matures much later than winter wheat.

2.5. Use the necessary Perfect tense form according to the adverbial of time:

1. At the dawn of history great necessity (cause) primitive man to grow plants.

2. Plant culture (begin) a great many years ago.

3. By now a lot of farms in tropical and subtropical areas (cultivate) wheat.

4. All ploughing (finish) by the end of April.

5. Nowadays the cultivation of potato (spread) all over the world.

2.6. Ask questions about the following sentences:

1. Field experiments have shown that crop yields at minimum tillage are the same and sometimes higher than those obtained by conventional methods.

2. It has become possible to compare the productivity of triticale with that of wheat.

3. Compaction of the soil has resulted in the reduction in yields.

4. The rotation of crops has become very common in many parts of the United States.

5. In recent years continuous cropping, especially of corn, has become a rather common practice on many Ohio farms.

2.7. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the verbs in the Perfect tenses:

1. The climate has changed of late, so the farmer must change his management.

2. Scientists have tested the soil to identify the proper kind and the correct proportion of fertilizer needed.

3. The irrigation system had brought a possibility to grow rice in the Crimea.

4. Modern meliorative systems will have used these large water reservoirs for irrigating vast areas of land.

5. Scientists have recently developed an experimental system to test wheat seeding depth.

 

Step 3

Project Work

(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)

3.1.. Skim Text B and make a plan of the text:

 

Text B. WHEAT

1. Wheat-growing was extensively practiced throughout Europe in prehistoric times, and this cereal was of great importance in the ancient civilizations of Persia, Greece and Egypt. It spread to all temperate countries where it now plays a major part in the food supply of many nations and it is also widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical areas.

2. Cultivation. It is often said that winter wheat does best on a well-formed seed-bed. Ploughing should be done as early as possible and the normal depth would be about 6 inches. The type of seed-bed required for winter wheat can be described as one with a reasonable tilth in the top 2-3 inches. This is to prevent capping, a condition which can easily arise with heavy rain, when the soil surface runs together forming a crust.

3. Manuring. With all crops it is essential to ensure that adequate supplies of phosphate and potash are available during the first few weeks of growth. Combine-drilling is the most economical way of applying these fertilizers.

4. The short, stiff-strawed varieties of wheat can stand high levels of nitrogen fertilizer whereas the taller one used to produce quality straw will only tolerate moderate amounts. Of all the cereals winter wheat will give the highest response on this fertilizer, and to obtain the best return the proper dressing should be applied at the correct time.

5. Harvest. Winter wheat is normally harvested from August to October (in Britain), depending on the type of summer experienced and also the geographical location. Spring wheat matures much later than winter wheat and later than the other cereals.