Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Revision.

1. Чому модальні дієслова називають недостатніми? Чим вони відрізняються від інших дієслів?

2. Які форми і еквіваленти має дієслово can, must, may? Створіть таблицю.

3. Скільки форм мають дієслова should, ought чим вони різняться.

Ex. 1. Complete the given sentences with can/can't, must/mustn't, needn't, have to:

1. A: Is Jason at work today?
B: He... can't... be. His car isn't in the car park.
2. A: I can't do my German homework. It's too difficult.
B: I'll help you. I............speak German.
3. A: I'm going to watch television.
B: Alright, but you.............stay up too late.
4. A: We............book a taxi to take us to the airport.
B: I'll do it now.
5. A: I didn't know Rachel was in the choir.
B: Oh yes. She..............sing beautifully.
6. A: Shall I cook dinner tonight?
B: No, you.............We're going to a restaurant.
7. A: Has Tim bought a car yet?
B: He............have. I saw him on the bus yesterday.
8. A: She..........be very rich.
B: Yes. She's got a huge house and an expensive car.
9. A: I did the washing-up for you.
B: Oh, you.............have, but it was kind of you.
10. A: Would you like to come to my party on Saturday night?
B: I'd like to, but Mum says I.............visit my grandparents.

4. Дайте загальну характеристик неособовим формам дієслова.

Ex.2. Оберіть потрібну форму герундія або інфінітива:

1 The teacher decided (accepting / to accept) the paper.

2 His father doesn’t approve of his (going / to go) to Europe.

3 We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision.

4 Donna is interested in (to open / opening) a bar.

5 George has no intention of (to leave / leaving) the city now.

6 We are eager (to return / returning) to school in the fall.

7 She refused (to accept / accepting) the gift.

8 Mary pretended (to be / being) sick yesterday.

9 Carlos hopes (to finish / finishing) his thesis this year.

10 They agreed (to leave / leaving) early.

11 Herry shouldn’t risk (to drive / driving) so fast.

12 He demands (to know / knowing) what is going on.

13 She is looking forward (to return / to returning) to her country

Ex. 3 Infinitive or Gerund? Put the verb in brackets in the right form, infinitive or -ing. Sometimes both are possible.

1. I want _______ (see) a film on TV this evening.

2. I hope _______ (hear) from you soon. Best wishes, Peter.

3. When did you finish _______ (paint) the kitchen?

4. I began _________ (learn) English when I was seven.

5. Some people like ____________ (have) breakfast in bed, but I don't.

6. Don't forget _______________ (post) my letter!

7. We've decided ____________ (get) married in the spring.

8. When she saw how I was dressed, she started ___________ (laugh).

9. What do you want ________ (do) tonight?

10. I'd like ________________ (go) to the theatre.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням: Завдання до тексту

Evolution

People have always been curious about the creator of all animals and plants. There have been many divine^3, theories about how people came into being. However, research findings have proved that all animals including human beings have evolved from primitive ancestors. In 1859 Charles Darwin put forward his theory of evolution which claimed that all animals changed and developed during a continuous process. This process is brought about by the species¹¹ gradually adapting¹² to the demands of its environment, through a gradual genetic change.

To understand this complicated process some theoretical back-ground is necessary.

Inside each of our body's cells, there is a complex substance known as DNA. It looks like a very twisted ladder and its full name is deoxyribonucleic acid^.. Sections of DNA are known as genes. They give instructions about when different types of cells should develop, and whereabouts in the body they should be. DNA bears the genetic code which is a tremendously complicated set of instructions to the cells in the body, so that they will know how to develop. As a result of these complex instructions, we develop specialized liver cells, heart cells, hair cells, skin cells, and all other different types of cells which make up a body.

Larger strands of DNA are known as chromosomes. They are arranged in pairs. However, an ovum, a female cell capable of developing into a baby as well as a male cell which should fertilize it have only half of the chromosomes. In this way, when organisms reproduce themselves sexually, — by combining sperm from one parent with ova from another, — the new individual possesses characteristics of both parents.

The new combination of characteristics may be particularly beneficial.

The child may inherit the very best features of its parents and be healthier, stronger and fitter. Sometimes, there are slight mistakes made in the copying. When the special reproductive cells are made, and these can result in the new individual being different in someway. These mistakes are known as genetic mutations and sometimes are very beneficial. When these beneficial changes occur, evolution happens.

Every organism is in competition with other members of its species. So anything which helps this plant or animal to get an edge over the competition will be useful. The individuals with beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive if some natural change happens. This is known as natural selection which is all about the survival of the fittest — and the fittest is the one which is best adapted to its environment. It should be clear now that it is a mistake to think of evolution as a straight-line development leading up to the human being. This is only one of many different branches of evolution

ЛІТЕРАТУРА: 1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 3