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ІX. Змістовий модуль «Компанія. Інформація про галузевий під розподіл»



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ІX. Змістовий модуль «Компанія. Інформація про галузевий під розподіл»

Практичне заняття № 1

Тема: Типи компаній

1. Читання, переклад та переказ тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ.

Company Types in Ukraine

Ltd.

The most popular business legal form in Ukraine is Ltd. This type of companies is registered on a standard chart and in the earliest possible dates. The founders of Ltd. can be naturals persons or/and legal persons (residents or/and non-residents). Thus founders do not carry responsibility for a company and actions of its public servants, and their possible losses are limited to the size of part in share capital. Limited companies can conduct practically any types of activity, including licensed. Alike types of companies in Europe is GMBH (in Germany, Switzerland, Austria) and Ltd. (in England). From recent time, the Ukrainian legislation does not select CFI (company with foreign investments) (no less than 10 % foreign capital) and FC (foreign company), as a separate legal form of business too.

Joint-stock company

Joint-stock companies in Ukraine can be public (PJSC) and private (PrJSC) types. This type of companies has a great number of analogues in the whole world. Mainly, JSC are created for a bank, insurance and other financial types of activity, and also for organization of activity of large production capacities and enterprises with the closed loop of production.

Representative office

It is separately possible to select such form of business in Ukraine, as a representative office of foreign company. Status of representative offices allows to get the row of additional tax and custom deductions, and also to use other advantages for work in Ukraine.

TYPES OF COMPANIES IN

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN

Company is a business organization selling goods or services. In the United States a limited company with limited liability is called a corporation. In Great Britain «corporation» has another mean­ing. It is not a limited company but a local government body. A public Corporation in Great Britain is an organization that operates the nationalizing branch of industry and belongs to the government.

A company is a body corporate created by royal charter or by a spe­cific Act of Parliament. A Company will not exist until it has received its certificate of incorporation. Incorporation is the act of forming a company by carrying out the necessary legal formalities. A Company is a legal person separate and distinct from the people who own it, usu­ally with limited liability.

Liability of members may be limited by shares, or by guarantee, or may be unlimited. Where the word «limited» does not appear, the organization is not a company in the legal sense. The phrase «one-man company» is often used to describe a small private company, where control is effectively in the hands of a person. By law there must always be more than one member.

In the United Kingdom under the Companies Act 1985 there are three classes of companies:

1. a limited private company;

2. an unlimited private company;

3. a public limited company.

Ex. 2. Answer the questions.

1) What is the main difference between a corporation in Great Britain and the United States?

2) What is «incorporation»? When can we speak about a corporation as a legal entity?

3) What are the principal characteristics of a company limited by shares and guarantee?

4) How many classes of companies do you know? Name them.

5) What are the peculiarities of a public limited company?

6) How did the Companies Act define a private company?

7) What types of private companies are you familiar with? Describe them.

8) What are the advantages of private companies?

9) What do you know about an exempt private company?

Робота над повторенням граматичного матеріалу

Revision

Answer the questions and do the exercises after them.

1. Назвіть англійські голосні: монофтонги та дифтонги.

2. Скільки типів складів існує в англійській мові? Опишіть їх та наведіть приклади.

3. Наведіть приклади буквосполучень та правила їх читання.

Vitamins

By Patricia Torntone

In addition to 1) carboh_drates, fats, proteins, mineral 2) s_lts and water, it is essential that the food of man and animals contains small amounts of the 3) subst_nces called vitamins, which the living organism is unable to 4) man_facture by itself and which have to be supplied from other 5) so_rces, namely diet. If anyone of same fifteen of more of these compounds is lacking in the diet, there occurs eventually a breakdown of 6) metaboli_ processes that results in symptoms of malnutrition that are classed, at the deficiency 7) d_seases.

Vitamins are believed to 1) ______ to ancient elementary organic 2) _____ and to exist before life originated on 3) ______. According to Academician Chagovets vitamins took 4) _______ in the building up as primary organism together with such "blocks" of living matter as nucleic acids, 5) _____, amino acids. Like the hormones, 6) _____are considered to be 7) _______ potent.

In addition to being "accessory food factors" necessary for the maintenance of health and indeed for life 1) (herself, itself), the synthetic vitamins are now 2) (recognizes, recognized) as being valuable therapeutic agents for the treatment of deficiency syndromes and as such they 3) (may, might) legitimately be considered as drugs. The vitamins as a class 4) (is, are) not chemically related, and they 5) (have classify, are classified) according to their solubility and chief therapeutic effect into two groups: a) water-soluble vitamins; b) fat-soluble vitamins. It is known to be essential for the maintenance of 6) (normal, normaler) epithelial tissue.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття № 2

THE STRUCTURE OF A COMPANY

Organization structure in business is very important. People in a company, its employees hold different positions. The relationship between those employees with different positions makes organization structure. At present, most firms are divided into their major parts:

- capital (shareholders);

- management;

- labour.

Let us take a typical company. A director is a senior manager. He sets up the Board of Directors under the authority of the President. The Board decides what company policy and expendi­ture must be. The chief executive officer (CEO) is the link between the Board and the senior management. As for middle managers, they run departments of a firm. They account to the senior management for their area of the work done.

There is a difference between executive directors and non-execu­tive ones. The directors who run their firm on day-to-day basis are called executive directors. Those who sit on the Board and do not run the firm directly are called non-executive directors. In modern American English, they use also the term inside directors for executive and outside directors for non-executive ones.

Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate to advance their interests. A partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits or losses.

Partnerships are also frequent regardless of and among sectors. Non-profit organizations, for example, may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieve their mission. Governments may partner with other governments to achieve their mutual goals, as the religious and political organizations may do. Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to domicile together. Partnerships between governments, interest-based organizations, schools, businesses, and individuals, or some combination thereof, have always been and remain commonplace.

Cooperation

Cooperation, co-operation or coöperation is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents. In its simplest form it involves things working in harmony, side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the social patterns of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in competition. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor timeю

Cooperative systems

Cooperation, more formally speak is how the components of a system work together to achieve the global properties. In other words, individual components those appear to be “selfish” and independent work together to create a highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts system. Examples can be found all around us. The components in a cell work together to keep it living. Cells work together and communicate to produce multicultural organisms. Organisms form food chains and ecosystems. People form families, gangs, cities and nations. Neurons create thought and consciousness. Atoms cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up molecules. Understanding the mechanisms that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood phenomena in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort.

Transplantations

By Marlen Dought

The idea of transplanting organs and parts of the body from one person to another is very old. However, the first heart transplant was 1) cond__cted not until 1964 when the American 2) s__ientist, J. M. Hardy, managed to 3) impl__nt a chimpanzee's heart into a man. Unfortunately, the 4) pa__ient died a few minutes after the operation. In 1967, the first successful heart transplant was performed in Kapstadt. After this success a 5) rema__kable progress in the field of medicine has made it possible to transplant not only hearts but also 6) kidne__s, livers or even 7) l__ngs.

Although transplants are not yet 1) __________, they are becoming more and more common. However, they still 2) __________ some serious difficulties. First of all, 3) __________ organs must match the patient's blood and 4) __________. Second, the patient's 5) __________ system must be treated medically to 6) __________ the risk of rejection. The greatest problem, however, is not the operation itself but the 7) __________ of organs.

Although it is possible now 1) (being taken, to take) organs without the consent of a dead 2) (person's family, person family), their will is usually respected in case of refusal. Organs 3) (could taken, can be taken) when a person is recognized as "brain-dead". One man 4) (is able, abled) to save even four other people: a taker of heart, liver and two kidneys. Usually young victims of car accidents 5) (becomes, become) sources of organs for transplants. Still, the demand for human organs is enormous. If only they were more readily available, a greater number of lives 6) (could be saved, can be saved).

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с

Практичне заняття № 3

Тема: Планування діяльності підприємства (власного бізнесу).

Radiation Sickness

By Marlen Dought

Radiation Sickness is a 1) ha_mful effect produced on body tissues by 2) expos_re to radioactive substances. The biological action of radiation is not fully understood, but it is believed that a 3) dist_rbance in 4) _ellular activity results from the chemical changes 5) c_used by ionization. Some body tissues are more sensitive to radiation than others and are more easily 6) aff_cted; the cells in the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow, spleen, and 7) l_mph nodes) are extremely sensitive.

Radiation sickness may occur from exposure to a single massive emanation such as a 1) _______ explosion, or it may occur after repeated exposure to even very small doses in a plant or 2) _______, since radiation effects are cumulative. Moreover, 3) _______radiation in sufficient quantity is enough to cause tissue destruction; persons unduly exposed to sunlight, such as 4) _______ and sailors, have a far greater incidence of skin cancer than has the general population. Radiation sickness may be fairly mild and transitory, consisting of weakness, loss of 5) _______, vomiting, and diarrhea. A mild dose of radiation increases the tendency to bleed and reduces the body's defense 6) _______ infection. After a massive dose of radiation the reaction may be so severe that death quickly ensues. This is usually due to severe 7) _______or hemorrhage, to infection, or to dehydration.

Persons working with radioactive materials or X rays 1) (protect, protects) 2) (theirselves, themselves) from excessive exposure to radiation by shields and special clothing usually containing lead. Processes involving radioactive substances 3) (is observing, are observed) through thick plates of specially prepared glass that exclude the harmful 4) (raies, rays). A dosimeter, a device measuring the amount of radiation to which an individual 5) (have being exposed, has been exposed), is always 6) (wear, worn) by persons working in radioactive areas.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с

Практичне заняття № 4

Тема: Планування діяльності підприємства (власного бізнесу).

Basic forms of ownership

Don't know where to start with your plan? What is a business plan?

Your business plan should be a living roadmap to success, not just a one-time document.

Business advisors, bankers, and investors generally agree that you should develop a business plan before you start a business. A plan can help you move forward, make decisions, and make your business successful. However, not all business plans are the same, not every business needs the same level of detail. You might develop a fairly simple plan first as you start a small business, and that might be enough for you. You can also start simple and then elaborate as you prepare to approach bankers or investors.

White Cells and Infection

By Marion Domingo

The other 1) t_pe of blood cells is white cells. White blood cellsare cells in the blood that remove 2) d_ad cells and 3) m_crobes. White cells 3) lo_k very different from red cells and have different 4) j_bs. A study of white cells shows the following facts: they have 5) n_clei; they are larger than 6) r_d cells; there are 7) se_eral different kinds of white cells.

White cells have a shorter life span than 1) _______cells. White cells may live for only 2) _______ days. Some are made in the soft centers of 3) _______, while others are made in certain glands of the body. Unlike red cells, some white cells can move out of the 4) _______vessels into nearby body tissues. White cells 5) _______ like amoebae. They are one-celled protests that move by 6) _______ their shapes. White cells move in a similar way by constantly changing their 7) _______.

Looking through the microscope you 1) (cans, can) notice how a white cell 2) (surround, surrounds) and “eats” a “bacterium”. A healthy person will usually have about 8000 white blood cells in a small drop 3) (with, of) blood. What would happen if there 4) (were, are) a large number of harmful bacteria in the body? If many bacteria 5) (is, are) present, the number of white cells can increase to about 20000 in each drop of blood. This increase may take only 6) (a little, a few) hours.

Список літератури:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповнене – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Узгодження часів.

2. Підготувати реферат на тему «Найвідоміші торгові марки світу».

3. Словник-мінімум (проведення ділових переговорів).

X. Змістовий модуль „Вирішення питань професійного та академічного характеру”

Практичне заняття № 1

Тема: Стан та перспективи розвитку галузі.(2 год)

Internet Facts


The prototype for the Internet was created in the sixties by the US Defense Department. To ensure that communication could be kept open in the event of a nuclear attack, it created a computer network known as Arpanet — the Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
The first attempt to connect two computers and allow them to communicate with one another was made by researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 20 October 1969.The first people to coin the term 'internet' were two scientists, Vinton Cerf (known as 'father of the Internet') and his collaborator Bob Kahn, who in 1974 devised a means by which data could be transmitted across a global-network of computers. An Oxford graduate, Tim Berners-Lee, set up the first 'www server' (a Server receives and sends messages) to store the archive of the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. The first e-mail ever sent was in 1972 between computers in two American universities. The most frequently used search word on the net is "sex", typed in 1,550,000 times every month. The most mentioned male on the Internet is President Bill Clinton, whose name is linked to 1,542,790 sites. The most mentioned female on the Internet is the actress Pamela Anderson, whose name is linked to 1,542,282 sites.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням:Protein, Minerals, Vitamins ”.

Protein is a component of every body cell and important for building the maternal blood supply. Protein also is nec­essary for hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain de­velopment. Women need approximately 10 more grams of protein daily.

Minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are important miner­als in bone development.

Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Zinc is another mineral needed for body growth and de­velopment. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds blood volume and muscle. Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, es­pecially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamins. Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant women should start the day with a good breakfast. Fortified ready-to eat cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice will provide at least half needs. Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sources of folic acid.

Ex 1 Translate into English.

каждая клетка тела, для построения, развитие мозга, более 10 г белка ежедневно, 50 %, до беременности, мо­лочные продукты, кальций, фосфор, витамин Д, цинк — другой минерал, включают мясо, печень, яйца, мореп­родукты, низкое содержание железа, анемия, пища, бо­гатая железом, злаки, начинать день, стакан апельсино­вого сока, листовые овощи, фолиевая кислота.

Практичне заняття № 2

Internet in the Modern Life

 

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Not with-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words— an anarchist's dream.

Evolution

People have always been curious about the creator of all animals and plants. There have been many divine3, theories about how people came into being. However, research findings have proved that all animals including human beings have evolved from primitive ancestors. In 1859 Charles Darwin put forward his theory of evolution which claimed that all animals changed and developed during a continuous process. This process is brought about by the species11 gradually adapting12 to the demands of its environment, through a gradual genetic change.

To understand this complicated process some theoretical back-ground is necessary.

Inside each of our body's cells, there is a complex substance known as DNA. It looks like a very twisted ladder and its full name is deoxyribonucleic acid.. Sections of DNA are known as genes. They give instructions about when different types of cells should develop, and whereabouts in the body they should be. DNA bears the genetic code which is a tremendously complicated set of instructions to the cells in the body, so that they will know how to develop. As a result of these complex instructions, we develop specialized liver cells, heart cells, hair cells, skin cells, and all other different types of cells which make up a body.

Larger strands of DNA are known as chromosomes. They are arranged in pairs. However, an ovum, a female cell capable of developing into a baby as well as a male cell which should fertilize it have only half of the chromosomes. In this way, when organisms reproduce themselves sexually, — by combining sperm from one parent with ova from another, — the new individual possesses characteristics of both parents.

The new combination of characteristics may be particularly beneficial.

The child may inherit the very best features of its parents and be healthier, stronger and fitter. Sometimes, there are slight mistakes made in the copying. When the special reproductive cells are made, and these can result in the new individual being different in someway. These mistakes are known as genetic mutations and sometimes are very beneficial. When these beneficial changes occur, evolution happens.

Every organism is in competition with other members of its species. So anything which helps this plant or animal to get an edge over the competition will be useful. The individuals with beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive if some natural change happens. This is known as natural selection which is all about the survival of the fittest — and the fittest is the one which is best adapted to its environment. It should be clear now that it is a mistake to think of evolution as a straight-line development leading up to the human being. This is only one of many different branches of evolution

ЛІТЕРАТУРА: 1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 3

Практичне заняття № 4

V Семестр

ІX. Змістовий модуль «Компанія. Інформація про галузевий під розподіл»

Практичне заняття № 1

Тема: Типи компаній

1. Читання, переклад та переказ тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ.

Company Types in Ukraine

Ltd.

The most popular business legal form in Ukraine is Ltd. This type of companies is registered on a standard chart and in the earliest possible dates. The founders of Ltd. can be naturals persons or/and legal persons (residents or/and non-residents). Thus founders do not carry responsibility for a company and actions of its public servants, and their possible losses are limited to the size of part in share capital. Limited companies can conduct practically any types of activity, including licensed. Alike types of companies in Europe is GMBH (in Germany, Switzerland, Austria) and Ltd. (in England). From recent time, the Ukrainian legislation does not select CFI (company with foreign investments) (no less than 10 % foreign capital) and FC (foreign company), as a separate legal form of business too.

Joint-stock company

Joint-stock companies in Ukraine can be public (PJSC) and private (PrJSC) types. This type of companies has a great number of analogues in the whole world. Mainly, JSC are created for a bank, insurance and other financial types of activity, and also for organization of activity of large production capacities and enterprises with the closed loop of production.

Representative office

It is separately possible to select such form of business in Ukraine, as a representative office of foreign company. Status of representative offices allows to get the row of additional tax and custom deductions, and also to use other advantages for work in Ukraine.

TYPES OF COMPANIES IN



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