Infinitive Past sing. Past plur. Prticiple 2

 

Class 1

writan wrat writon written (write)

 

Class 2

ceosan ceas curon coren (choose)

 

Class 3

drincan dranc druncon drunken (drink)

 

Class 4

stelan stǽl stǽlon stolen (steal)

 

Class 5

cweþan cwǽþ cwǽdon cweden (say)

 

Class 6

scacan scoc scocon scacen (shake)

 

Class 7

feallan feol feollon feallen (fall)

 

Weak Verbs

Class1(Regular Verbs)

hierian hierde hierdon hiered (hear}

(Irregular Verbs)

ðencean ðohte ðohte ðoht (think)

Class2

macian macode macodon macod (make)

Class3

secgan sǽgde sǽgdon sǽgd (say)

Conjugation

Singular

Present Past

1 binde band (bind)

2 bindest bande

3 bindeђ band

Plural

bindaþ bundon

The Old English Irregular Verb sindon wesan, beon

Present

Singular Sindon beon wesan

 

ic eom, beowese

ђu eart, bist wesst

he|hit|heo is biђ west

Plural

we|ge|hie sindon beoð wesað

 

Past

Singular

ic – – wǽs

ђu – – wǽre

he|hit|heo – – wǽs

Plural

we|ge|hie – – wǽron

 

Ppl I – beonde wesende

Ppl II – gebeon –

 

The present forms of wesan are almost never used

 

 

Preterite-present Verb maga n

 

Present

 

ic mǽg

ђu meaht

he|hit|heo mǽg

we|ge|hie magon

 

Past

 

ic meahte

ђu meahtest

he|hit|heo meahte

we|ge|hie meahton

 

 

OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE

Strong Declension

Singular

Masculine Neuter Feminine

N.godgodgode

G.godes godes godre

D.godum godum godre

A.godne god gode

 

Plural

N.gode god goda

G.godra godra godra

D.godum godum godum

A.gode god goda

Weak Declension

Singular

Masc. Neut. Femin. Plural

N.goda gode gode godan

G.godan godan godan godra

D.godan godan godan godum

A.godan gode godan godan

 

Degrees of Comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative

 

Heard (hard) headra heardost

 

Suppletive Forms

god betara betst

yfel wiersa wierest

mice(much) mara maest

 

MIDDLE ENGLISH

The Noun

The Strong Declension the Weak Declension

Singular Plural Singular Plural

N. ston stones name namen

G. stones stones name namen

D. ston(e) stones name namen

the Pronoun (Personal)Singula r

The 1st Person the 2nd Person the 3d Person

N. ich thou he, she, it

Obj. me the him,her

Plural

N. we ye hi, they

Obj. us you hem, them

The Pronoun(Possessive)Singular

min thin his, her, his

Plural

Our your hire, their

The Verb (Strong Verbs, 7 Classes)

Infinitive Past Singular Past Plural Participle II

1. writen wrot written written (write)

2. chesen ches chosen chosen (choose)

3. drinken drank drunken drunken (drink)

4. stelen stal stal stolen (steal)

5. quethen quoth quethen quethen (say)

6. shaken shok shoken shaken (shake)

7. fallen fel fellen fallen (fall)

The Weak Verbs

leornian leornode leornode leornod

Irregular Weak Verb

thenken thoughte thoughte thought

Conjugation of the Strong Verb binden (class 3)

Present Past

the1st person binde bond

the2nd person bindest bounde

the3d person bindeth bond

 

The Verb to be

Present singular Present plural Past singular Past plural

 

the 1^st person am was

the 2^nd person art ben were weren

the 3d person is was

 

EARLY MODERN ENGLISH

The Great Vowel Shift, Diphthongization

Webster – 1500 – 1750)

1 .i:→ai time 2. e →i: speak 3. e:→i: feel 4. a →ei make

5. o →ou hope 6. o: →u moon 7. u: →au out 8. au →o: cause

 

The names of some letters

a [a:] → [ei], e [e:] → [i:], o [o:] → [ou], b [be:] → [bi]

 

Short Vowels and Diphthongs

1. a → ǽ cat 2. a →o after w was, want 3 .u → ٨ cup, up (17c)

4. o; →u → ٨ blood 5.After the labial p,f, b [ u] remains u pull full bull 6. er → ar ferm → farm, sterre → star, clerk → clerk

 

Consonants

1. s → z is comes 2. ђ → ð wit, they, there 3. f → v of

4 .ks → gz exibit, exercise 5 [ x ] (written gh was lostdaughter, eight, light, night 6.Initial k, g, w were gone in some wordsknife, gnat, wrong 7. final [ng] → [ή] thing, going

8 .[sj] → [∫] Russian 9. [zj] → [z] measure 10. [tj] → [t∫] nature

11 .[dj] → [dz ] soldier

 

The English Language became analytical;

1.auxiliary do, did, does

2. from the 18c the possessive case mainly with nouns denoting living beings

3plural pronouns ye, you (thee, thou, thine –singular)

4.Adjectives lost their inflections except the degrees of comparison

5 The Verb in the 3d person has (e)s instead of eth

6. The gerund developed from ppl 1 and the verbal noun

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

 

1. B.C. before Christ

2. B.L. Bachelor of law \ Letters

3. B.A. Bachelor of Arts

4. B.S. Bachelor of Science

5. COD cash on delivery

5. Col Colonial

6. Cwt hundredweight

7. F.C.A. Fellow of Chartered Accountants

8. EIIR Elizabeth the Second Regina

9. IOU I Owe You

10. f.p.s. foot, pound, second

11. M.S. (M.A.) Master of Science (Master of Arts)

12. LCD Liquid Crystal Display

13. RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

14. LASER Light Amplification Stimulated by the Emission of Radiation

15. HMS Her Majesty’s Ship \ Service

16. AWOL Absent Without Leave

17. POW Prisoner of War

18. A1 - the best [Lloyd’s classification]

19. R.A.F. Royal air Force

20. YMCA (YWCA) Young Men’s (Women’s) Christian Associaеion

21. 4-H club [ h ead, h ands, h eart, h ealth]

22. D-day, H-hour important day or hour

23. MS manuscript

24. Nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization

25. TUC Trade Union Council

Find what the following abbreviations stand for, please:

UK, ac\dc, b.p., I.H.P., MM, m.p. M.P., sp.gr., A\C, C\A, a.f. Appx., Attn., CEO, CV, dd, EAON, encl., F.Y., h.p., incl., inv., iss., L\A, L\C, LOC, M.T., ATM, eft\pos, N\A, o\l, P.A., GPO, pp, rct, VAT, VIP, N.Y.N.Y., N.Y.C., pvt hse, Col, w\fpl, 2-c grg, 2BR, 1blk to, utils, $489K, pkg, EZ terms, agcy, DR&Kit, recent refs, nr, exp., wb stove, AAA rated, 120sq ft Condo, hdwd flrs, yd, natl wdwk, eat-in kit, Fla rm, maint free, bsmt, cvrd front porch, dead end str., 8’ceilings, Cape, w\wbfp, TLC, ID, open flr plan,utilities & appls, PJ’s, PG, PDQ, OP’s, MC, MOR, MCP, L’s, L7, k.o., J.O., J, 100G, FTA, FFV, WWII E, D.A. BYOB, DI, BMOC, SFCA, SFCC, HM, BLT, AR, GAPO, BB, Nilky, Dinky, snafu, super grass, iron, Elephant’s, Ginger, dickie