II. Find out the information from the text

 

1. Frankfurters were first sold in the United states in the 1960s.

2. A duchshund is a dog with a long body and short legs.

3. At baseball games today you cannot sellers walking around with hot – water tanks.

4. Tag Dorgan got an idea for a cartoon in his office.

5. Tag Dorgan drew a bun with a sausage inside.

6. The words under Tag Dorgan's cartoon were "Get your hot dogs!"

 

 

XIV. Read and translate text C:

"Freeze – dried foods"

Dehydration Dehydration, as used here, means to take water out.

 

rehydration Rehydration, as used here, means putting water back.

 

vacuum A space from which air or other gases has been almost completely removed. The vacuum chamber mentioned in this passage has air pumped out of it until the pressure of the air within is well below the normal pressure of the air in the atmosphere.

 

porous Something that is porous is full of tiny holes through which liquid, light, or air may pass.

If "the way to a man's heart is through his stomach", the way to the moon is through freeze – dried foods. Because of weightlessness in space, astronauts can only eat food that is packaged in plastic containers so that it can be sucked out through a straw. These foods are prepared in the same way as freeze – dried coffee.

Freeze – dehydration, or freeze – drying, is a process in which moisture is removed from a quick – frozen food. The food does not change very much in shape, color, or taste. Later, the food can be rehydrated quickly by adding water to it. This rehydrated food tastes much like the fresh product.

To make it easier to dehydrate foods, they are sliced, diced, granulated, powdered, or liquefied. After the food has cooked it is quick- frozen. The frozen food is then placed on drying trays that are put in a special vacuum chamber or oven. The pressure in the chamber is then reduced.

Heat is applied gradually through heating plates or coils, raising the temperature of the trays to 200 – 300° F. Temperatures are then slowly reduced so that the temperature of the dried product does not exceed

140°F. Under these conditions the ice crystals in the frozen product change directly from a solid to a gas. The vapor, or gas, is taken out of the vacuum chamber through a tube.

The freeze – dried food has a porous texture and is very lightweight. It has only 2 or 3 percent of its original water content. In practically all cases, only water is removed by the freeze – drying process. The important oils and flavors remain.

 

1. The title that best describes the main idea of this passage is:

(1) Food for Astronauts

(2) From a Soil to a Gas

(3) Vacuum Chambers

 

The fact that the important oils and flavors remain after freeze- drying is evidence that

(1) freeze – drying improves the taste of food.

(2) freeze – drying doesn't change the taste of the food.

(3) freeze – drying can produce new foods.

(4) freeze – drying changes the water in the food into oil.

 

The freeze – dried food would not be as lightweight if

(1) it had much more than 2 or 3 percent of its original water content.

(2) the oils and flavors were removed.

(3) the gas was not withdrawn from the vacuum chamber through a tube.

(4) the food was not cooked first.

 

The process of freeze – dehydration does all of the following except

(1) change the oil content of food

(2) freeze food

(3) remove most of the liquid from food.

(4) change the weight of food.

 

5. What does "reduced" mean in this passage?

(1) reversed

(2) lessened

(3) strengthened

(4) increased

 

Апта

№ 1 Аралық бақылау Грамматикалық материал: Revision Лексикалық материал: Мамандық бойынша мәтін. Text 8. Livestock. Idiom:8.leave someone to his own devices- leave someone to manage a situation or solve a problem without help; e.g. If you want your child to be independent, you have to leave him to his own devices now and again. Phrasal verb: Take over – to take charge, to assume control: e.g.When a president dies the vice-president usually takes over as leader of the country.

 

 

I Read and translate the following words and word – combinations:

 

skin, leather, wool, drugs, equipment, ranches, yards, animal husbandry, domesticate, settle, tissue, by – products, goods, manufactures, feather, nutrients, ruminants, shelter, harm, stomach, shortages, consumption.

 

II. Match the words with their definitions below:

 

skin, leather, wool, drugs, ranches, animal husbandry, tissue, by – products, ruminants:

1. Substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in a mixture.

2. Substance obtained during the manufacture of some other substance.

3. Large farm, especially one with extensive lands for cattle, but also for fruit, chickens etc.

4. Material from animal skins, used for making shoes, bags, etc..

5. Farming.

6. (Animal) which chews the cud, e.g. cows, deer.

7. Animals skin with or without the hair or fur.

8. Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body.

9.Soft hair of sheep, goats and some other animals.

III. From the list below – pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites:

a) Synonyms: goods, skin, fleece, ruminants, stomach, leather wares, wool, chewing

animals, abdomen.

b) Opposites: domesticate, harm, build, wild, destroy, kind, increase, valuable, decrease, invaluable.

 

IV. Read and translate the text A:

Livestock.

Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products. The skins of some livestock provide such important materials as leather and wool. Various organs of livestock supply drugs used by countless people.

Farmers in developing nations use livestock to pull farm equipment. Some livestock in these countries also transport people and materials. Most livestock are raised on farms and ranches, but some people raise rabbits, chickens, or other small livestock in their yards.

The chief kinds of livestock raised throughout the world are cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep and horses. Other kinds of livestock include donkeys, goats, mules and rabbits. In some countries farmers raise such livestock as llamas, reindeer, water buffalo and yaks. The science of raising, breeding and caring for livestock is called animal husbandry.

At one time, people wandered from place to place hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Several thousand years ago, people began to domesticate and raise various kinds of livestock. The use of domesticated animals as a source of food and power made it possible for people to settle in one place. Then they were able to begin farming.

 

Uses of livestock

In most parts of the world, livestock provide such food products as meat, butter, cheese, eggs and milk. These foods contain large amounts of protein, which builds new tissue and maintains and repairs old tissue in the human body. Animal food products also supply minerals and vitamins that people need for good health. Livestock also provide such valuable by – products as fur, hair, leather and wool. These materials are used to produce blankets, brushes, clothing, shoes and other goods.

Manufacturers use the hoofs and horns of livestock to make such articles as buttons, combs, glue and knives. Other livestock by – products are used in the preparation of livestock feed.

Some of the glands and organs of certain livestock are used to make such drugs as epinephrine, insulin and pepsin.

 

V. Answer the following questions:

 

1. What do we call livestock?

2. What do the skins of some livestock provide?

3. Name chief kinds of livestock?

4. What science do we call animal husbandry?

5. What is the reason of settling people in one place?

6. What food products does livestock provide?

7. What by – products does livestock provide?