III. Translate the sentences with the Passive Constructions.

 

1. The results of the experiment are looked through with great interest.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. The new device for measuring pressure is much spoken about.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. This article was published a month ago.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. The world will be changed through the robots application.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. The increase of production has been influences by automation and high-speed methods.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. It is known that cybernetics is an important branch of modern technology.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Different ways of improving the properties of the materials will be discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Text 2

THE PROPERTIES OF THE ENGINEERING MATERIALS

(Part I)

In our daily lives we are constantly faced with the importance of finding suitable engineering materials. A complete knowledge of the properties of engineering materials would not only be required by engineers to prevent failure of structures and machines, but such knowledge would be necessary in order that these materials should be made use of most economically.

In recent years, the fact that some materials are available in sufficient quantities and the more effective use of new substitute mаterials required that a more thorough consideration of material properties be made. The science of engineering materials has led to the development of many alloys having much greater resistance to various loading conditions.

For many products made of non-metallic materials such as, for example, the tremendous amount of things manufactured using plastics, a consideration of engineering properties might be very important. It is often required that we should get information on the properties of materials subjected to most severe conditions of temperature, corrosion, etc. These conditions should be taken into account in the design of such constructions as gas and steam turbines for ships, rockets, jet engines, various equipment to atomic power stations. The development of materials required for the construction of many machines, structures and products used in our modern civilization is provided by a lot of engineers and scientists. In selecting the most suitable material and in the determination of the sizes of the required members, the designer might utilize the services of a materials engineer.

Words and word combinations

should be made use of most economically – використовувались більш економ-но

we are constantly faced with the importance of finding... – ми постійно стика-ємось з тим, що потрібно знайти...

substitute material – матеріал-замінник

a more thorough consideration – більш пильна увага

severe – суворий

to take into account – брати до уваги

jet engines – реактивні двигуни

to utilize the services of a materials engineer – співпрацювати із спеціалістом по матеріалам

 

(Part II)

The properties of materials can be classified into two types: mechanical and physical. As you are involved in making things from materials you need to know what impact can be withstood before the material changes in any way. Various tests have been applied to determine the effect of different forces and shocks on materials and components. Such tests can reveal the following properties:

(a) Mechanical

STRENGTH: the ability to withstand force without breaking. For example, you might wish to use steel wire instead of string.

ELASTICITY: the ability to stretch and bend when subject to loads and then regain their shape.

HARDNESS: the ability to resist abrasive wear and attempts to deform the material.

TOUGHNESS: the ability to withstand big shocks.

BRITTLENESS: the tendency to tolerate only a little strain before fracturing.

DURABILITY: the ability to withstand wear and tear and corrosion.

STABILITY: the ability to resist changing in size and shape. Such changes can be caused by different temperatures and amounts of moisture.

PLASTICITY: the ability to change shape permanently without breaking.

DUCTILITY: the ability to change shape easily.

CONDUCTIVITY: the ability to let heat pass through.

(b) Physical

Materials also have distinctive physical differences. These can be modified or changed in order to meet certain aims. The main physical properties are:

COLOUR: this can be natural or artificial.

ODOUR: some materials give out a smell.

OPTICAL: this is the extent to which you can see through something.

THERMAL: the reaction to heat varies between materials.

EXERCISES