British English and American English

British		American
Pronunciation
[a:]	a	[æ]
ask answer can’t half class glass after example
[ju:]	ew	[u:]
new dew
[É]	o	[Λ]
hot not top
	r
[ka:] [pÉ:t] [sistə]	car port sister	[ka:r] [pÉ:rt] [sistər]
	t
[bətə] [siti]	better city	[bədər] [sidi]
[tə’ma:tou] [’figə] [’∫edju:l]	tomato figure schedule	[tə’meitou] [’figjər] [’skedju:l]
Words
attorney	юрист	lawyer
autumn	осень	fall
bath	ванна	bathtub
biscuit	печенье	cookie
chips	жареная картошка	French fries
flat	квартира	apartment
football	футбол	soccer
form	класс	grade
fortnight	две недели	two weeks
holiday	каникулы/отпуск	vacation
infant’s school	детский сад	kindergarten
lift	лифт	elevator
lorry	грузовик	truck
main road	шоссе	highway
maize	кукуруза	corn
mum	мама	mom/mommy
path/platform	тротуар	sidewalk
petrol	бензин	gasoline
policeman	полицейский	cop
porridge	овсяная каша	oatmeal
postbox	почтовый ящик	mailbox
postman	почтальон	mailman
public toilet	общественный туалет	restroom
queue	очередь	line
return (ticket)	билет туда/обратно	round trip
rubbish	мусор	garbage/trash
secondary school	средняя школа	high school
shop	магазин	store
surname	фамилия	last name
sweets	конфеты	candy
tap	кран	faucet
taxi	такси	cab/Taxi
the cinema	кинотеатр	the movies
tin	консервная банка	can
trainers/gym shoes	кроссовки	sneakers
trousers	брюки	pants
tube/Underground	метро	subway/Metro
university	университет	college/school
vest	майка	undershirt
waistcoat	жилет	vest
Grammar
I’ve lost my key.	Я потерял ключи.	I lost my key. I’ve lost my key.
havea bath/have a shower	принимать ванну/душ	takea bath/takea shower
I will/shall be late this evening.	Я опоздаю сегодня вечером.	I will be late this evening.
We needn’t hurry./We don’t need to hurry.	Нам не нужно спешить.	We don’t need to hurry.
to/in hospital	в больницу	to/in the hospital
at the weekend/at weekends	на выходные/по выходным	on the weekend/onweekends
ina street	на улице	ona street
different from/differentto	отличный от чего-либо	different from
write tosomebody	писать кому-то	write(to)somebody
get-got-got	получать	get-got-gotten
travel-travelling-travelled	путешествовать	travel-traveling-traveled

 

Appendix 2

Spoken Etiquette

Formal	Informal
Meeting, Greeting
Hello! Good morning/afternoon/ evening	Здравствуйте. (Привет!) Доброе утро (день, вечер).	Hi/Hello!	Привет! Здравствуй!
Let me/may I introduce myself. My name is…	Позвольте представиться. Меня зовут…	My name is…/I’m…	Меня зовут…/Разрешите (с Вами) познакомиться.
Let me introduce you to…/I’d like you to meet…	Позвольте познакомить вас с…	Meet…/This is…	(Знакомьтесь) Это…
Pleased to meet you./Very nice to meet you.	Очень рад с вами познакомиться.	Nice to meet you.	Рад с вами познакомиться.
How do you do?	Здравствуйте! (при первом знакомстве)	How are you?/How are you doing?	Как поживаете?/Как дела?
Saying Good-Bye
I’d like to say good-bye.	Мне бы хотелось попрощаться.	Good-bye./Bye./Take care./So long.	До свидания./Всего./Береги себя./Пока.
Perhaps we’ll meet again sometime.	Возможно, мы еще увидимся.	I hope to see you again soon.	Надеюсь увидеть тебя снова.
I’m looking (I look forward) to seeing you again soon/next week, etc.	С нетерпением жду встречи с вами скоро опять /на следующей неделе.	See you later/tomorrow/next week, etc.	Увидимся позднее (завтра, на следующей неделе).
Please write me a letter sometime/	Пожалуйста, напишите мне как-нибудь.	I’ll miss you./I’ll think of you often.	Буду скучать без Вас.
Please let me know how are you.	Пожалуйста, сообщите мне, как Вы поживаете.	Write me a letter. Call me. Give me a call. Let me know how you are doing.	Напиши мне письмо. Позвони. Дайте знать, как у Вас дела.
I will/I won’t forget/I promise.	Непременно/не забуду/обещаю.	I’ll call you (write you) when I get there.	Позвоню (напишу Вам), когда приеду туда.
	I’m off now, bye. See you! Have a good day!	Мне пора, до свидания. Пока! Приятно провести день.
Gratitude
Thanks. Thank you.	Спасибо.
Thank you very much. Thank you (ever) so much.	Большое спасибо!
It was nice of you.	Это было так любезно с вашей стороны.
I appreciate your help.	Я ценю вашу помощь.
I appreciate it.	Я ценю это.
I’m so grateful to you.	Как я Вам благодарен.
Response
You’re welcome.	Пожалуйста!
I’m glad I could help.	Мне было приятно это сделать. Рад, что смог помочь.
Don’t mention it.	Не стоит благодарности!
It was nothing.	Какие могут быть благодарности.
Not at all.	Не за что!
Anytime.	В любое время.
The pleasure was mine.	Это я Вас должен благодарить.
Wishing Success
All the best!	Всего наилучшего!
I wish you every success!	Я желаю Вам всего наилучшего!
Good luck!	Удачи!
Break a leg!	Ни пуха, ни пера!
Toasts
Cheers!	За здоровье!
Here’s to you!	За Вас!
Here’s to our friendship!	За нашу дружбу!
Apologies and excuses
I am very sorry. I beg your pardon.	Простите.
Excuse my disturbing you.	Простите, что я Вас беспокою (отрываю от дела).
Excuse my troubling you.	Простите, что я Вас беспокою (утруждаю).
Excuse my interrupting you.	Простите, что я Вас прерываю.
After you.	После Вас.
Sorry I kept you waiting.	Простите, я заставил Вас ждать.
I hope I didn’t hurt you.	Надеюсь я не ушиб Вас.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.	Я не хотел Вас обидеть.
That’s quite all right.	Все в порядке.
Never mind.	Ничего.
Forget it.	Забудьте об этом.
No trouble at all.	Какое же это беспокойство.
Agreement
I fully agree with you on this point.	Я с Вами полностью согласен по этому вопросу.
I quite fall in with you.	Совершенно согласен с Вами.
My opinion is just the same.	Мое мнение то же самое.
Disagreement
I’m afraid I don’t agree. I don’t think I (quite) agree with you.	Боюсь, что я не могу вполне с Вами согласиться.
If I’m not mistaken…	Если я не ошибаюсь…
I see your point but…	Понимаю Вас, но…
Do you really mean that…	Вы действительно думаете, что…
Misunderstanding
I’m afraid I didn’t quite catch you. Will you repeat it again, please?	Боюсь, что я не расслышал Вас. Не повторите ли еще раз?
I didn’t catch the last two words. Would you mind repeating them?	Последних двух слов я не уловил. Пожалуйста, повторите их.
There is not very much I have understood, to be quite frank.	По правде говоря, я понял немного.
Congratulations. Wishes.
Many happy returns of the day! Happy birthday!	С днем рождения!
Happy new Year!	С Новым годом!
Merry Christmas!	С Рождеством!
May all your dreams come true!	Пусть сбудутся все Ваши мечты!
Get well soon!	Поскорее выздоравливайте!
Expressing opinion
Fortunately…	К счастью…
Frankly speaking…	Откровенно говоря…
It seems to me…	Мне кажется…
In my opinion…	По моему мнению…
I think…/I guess…	Я полагаю…
Really!	Действительно! Правда!
To begin with…	Прежде всего…
Sure/Certainly.	Бесспорно. Конечно.
To tell the truth…	Сказать по правде…
Encouraging
Come on!	Успокойтесь!
There is no need to worry.	Нет надобности беспокоиться.
Stop worrying!	Прекратите волноваться.
Cheer up	Не падайте духом.
Take it easy.	Не переживайте.
Pull yourself together.	Возьмите себя в руки.

Appendix 3

Metric System

Units of length ¼

1 inch = 2,54 cm

12 inches = 1 foot = 0,3 m

3 feet = 1 yard = 0,9 m

1,76 yards = 1 mile = 1,6 km

 

Units of weight †

1 ounce = 28,35 g

16 ounces = 1 pound = 0,45 kg

 

Units of area F

1 square foot = 0,09 square meters

1 acre = 4047 square meters

 

Temperature á

Degrees Fahrenheit = (°C´9¤5) + 32

Degrees Celsius = (°F - 32) ´ 5¤9

 

Appendix 4

Verb-Aspect Chart

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	Действие: постоянное, регулярное в прошлом Образование: V2 (Ved) Вспомогат. гл.: did Слова-подсказки: yesterday, last month, a year ago, in 1983… Пример: We saw this film last week. Did we see this film last week? Whosaw this film last week? What did we see last week?	Действие: 1) постоянное, регулярное, часто повторяющееся; 2) будущее (по расписанию, плану, графику); 3) вместо Future Simple в придаточных предложениях времени и условия Образование: V1 (Vs – he, she, it) Вспомогат. гл.: do (does – he, she, it) Слова-подсказки: usually, often, always, sometimes, every day… Пример: 1) They usually visit us on Saturdays. 2) The train arrives at 6 p.m. 3) I’ll go for a walk if the weather is fine.	Действие: постоянное, регулярное в будущем Образование: will+V1; shall+V1 – I, we Вспомогат. гл.: will (shall – I, we) Слова-подсказки: tomorrow, next week, in a day, in 2012… Пример: She’ ll visit our country in a month. Will she visit our country? Who will visit our country? What will she visit? Отрицат. формы: will not=won’t Shall not=shan’t
Continuous (be+Ving) Не используются глаголы: like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, realise, understand, believe, see, hear, smell, taste, have.	Действие: происходящее в конкретный момент в прошлом Образование: was, were+Ving Вспомогат. гл.: was, were Слова-подсказки: when you came, at 2 p.m. yesterday… Пример: Mother was cooking the dinner when we came home. Was Mother cooking the dinner when we came? Whowas cooking the dinner when we came? What was Mother doing when we came?	Действие: 1) происходящее в данный момент; 2) происходящее в более широкий отрезок времени, но его выполнение важно для говорящего; 3) будущее (зависит от говорящего) Образование: am, is, are+Ving Вспомогат. гл.: am, is, are Слова-подсказки: now, at the moment… Пример: 1) It is raining now. 2) I’ m studying English. 3) We’ re leaving on Sunday.	Действие: происходящее в конкретный момент в будущем Образование: will be+Ving; shall be+Ving – I, we Вспомогат. гл.: will (shall – I, we) Слова-подсказки: when you come, at 2 p.m. in a day... Пример: Tomorrow at 4 a.m. I’ ll be flying to Japan. Who will be flying to Japan at 4 a.m. tomorrow? What time shall I be flying to Japan?

 

 

Продолжение таблицы «Verb-Aspect Chart»

 

Perfect (have+V3, Ved)	Действие: завершившееся к определенному моменту в прошлом (предпрошедшее время) Образование: had+V3(Ved) Вспомогат. гл.: had Слова-подсказки: by 3 p.m. yesterday, when the film began… Пример: The students had left the class by the time the teacher came. Had the students left the class by the time the teacher came?	Действие: завершившееся к моменту речи и есть результат Образование: have+V3(Ved); has+V3(Ved) – he, she, it Вспомогат. гл.: have (has – he, she, it) Слова-подсказки: ever, never, just, already, yet, lately, recently… Пример: I’ve never been to Belfast. Have you ever been to Belfast? Who has never been to Belfast? Where have you never been to?	Действие: завершившееся к определенному моменту в будущем Образование: will have+V3(Ved); shall have+V3(Ved) – I, we Вспомогат. гл.: will (shall – I, we) Слова-подсказки: by 5 p.m. tomorrow, by the end of the lesson… Пример: We’ ll have finished the test by the end of the lesson. Who will have finished the test by the end of the lesson.
Perfect Continuous (have been+Ving)	Действие: длившееся и завершившееся к определенному моменту в прошлом Образование: had been+Ving; Вспомогат. гл.: had Слова-подсказки: for the whole day till 11 p.m… Пример: He had been working in the library for 5 hours till it closed. Whohad been working in the library for 5 hours till it closed?	Действие: начавшееся до момента речи, длившееся и или завершившееся к моменту речи или еще продолжающееся Образование: have been+Ving; has been+Ving – he, she, it Вспомогат. гл.: have (has – he, she, it) Слова-подсказки: for 3 hours, since last year, from yesterday morning till today… Пример: I’ ve been going in for tennis since I was 4. Whohas been going in for tennis since he was 4? Where has he been going since he was 4?	Действие: длящееся и завершившееся к определенному моменту в будущем Образование: will have been+Ving; shall have been+Ving – I, we Вспомогат. гл.: will (shall – I, we) Слова-подсказки: for12 hours by 6 p.m…. Пример: He will have been sleeping for 12 hours by 6. Whowill have been sleeping for 12 hours? What will he have been doing for 12 hours by 6 p.m.?

 

Appendix 5 Irregular Verbs

1.	be	was/were	been	быть
2.	bear	bore	born	нести
3.	become	became	become	становиться
4.	begin	began	begun	начинать
5.	blow	blew	blown	дуть
6.	break	broke	broken	ломать
7.	breed	bred	bred	разводить
8.	bring	brought	brought	приносить
9.	build	built	built	строить
10.	burn	burnt	burnt	жечь
11.	burst	burst	burst	взрываться
12.	buy	bought	bought	покупать
13.	catch	caught	caught	ловить
14.	choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
15.	come	came	come	приходить
16.	cost	cost	cost	стоить
17.	cut	cut	cut	резать
18.	deal	dealt	dealt	иметь дело
19.	do	did	done	делать
20.	draw	drew	drawn	рисовать, тащить
21.	drink	drank	drunk	пить
22.	drive	drove	driven	вести
23.	eat	ate	eaten	есть
24.	fall	fell	fallen	падать
25.	feed	fed	fed	кормить
26.	feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
27.	fight	fought	fought	бороться
28.	find	found	found	находить
29.	fly	flew	flown	летать
30.	forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
31.	get	got	got	получать
32.	give	gave	given	давать
33.	go	went	gone	идти
34.	grow	grew	grown	расти, выращивать
35.	have	had	had	иметь
36.	hear	heard	heard	слышать
37.	hide	hid	hidden	прятать
38.	hold	held	held	держать
39.	hurt	hurt	hurt	ударять
40.	keep	kept	kept	держать
41.	know	knew	known	знать
42.	lead	led	led	вести
43.	leave	left	left	покидать, оставлять
44.	lend	lent	lent	давать в долг
45.	let	let	let	позволять
46.	lie	lay	lain	лежать
47.	lose	lost	lost	терять
48.	make	made	made	делать
49.	mean	meant	meant	значить
50.	meet	met	met	встречать
51.	pay	paid	paid	платить
52.	put	put	put	класть
53.	read	read	read	читать
54.	ride	rode	ridden	ехать верхом
55.	ring	rang	rung	звонить
56.	rise	rose	risen	подниматься
57.	run	ran	run	бежать
58.	say	said	said	говорить
59.	see	saw	seen	видеть
60.	sell	sold	sold	продавать
61.	send	sent	sent	посылать
62.	sing	sang	sung	петь
63.	sit	sat	sat	сидеть
64.	sleep	slept	slept	спать
65.	speak	spoke	spoken	разговаривать
66.	spend	spent	spent	проводить время
67.	stand	stood	stood	стоять
68.	swim	swam	swum	плавать
69.	take	took	taken	брать
70.	teach	taught	taught	обучать
71.	tell	told	told	рассказывать
72.	think	thought	thought	думать
73.	understand	understood	understood	понимать
74.	wake	woke	woken	будить

Appendix 6

Word Formation

Префиксы
Префикс	Значение	Пример
a-, an-	opposite; without; not	amoral, antonym
anti-	opposed to; against	antifreeze, antidote
audi-, audio-	relating to sound; relating to hearing	audiovisual, auditorium
auto-	of or by yourself	autobiography, automobile
bi-	two; twice	bilingual, biannual
bio-	relating to living things	biology, biochemistry
cent-, centi-	100; 100^th part of something	centimeter
circum-	all the way around something	circumstance
co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-	with; together	coexist, collect, compassion
contra-	against	contraceptive
counter-	opposite; against	counterproductive
cyber-	relating to computers	cyberspace
de-	to do or make the opposite of; remove from; reduce	decriminalize, devalue
dis-	opposite	disapprove, dishonesty
down-	to a lower position; to or toward the bottom	downturn, downstairs
eco-	relating to the environment	ecological
electri-, electro-	relating to electricity	electrify, electrocute
em-, en-	to make something have a quality	empower, enlarge
ex-	no longer being or doing	ex-wife, ex-football player
ex-	out; from	exit, export
extra-	outside; beyond	extracurricular
geo-	relating to the earth	geology, geography
hydr-, hydro-	relating to or using water	hydroelectric, hydrant
il-, im-, in-, ir-	not	illogical, impossible, irrational
in-, im-	in; into	incoming, immerse
inter-, intro-, intra-	between; together; within	international, introduce
mis-	bad; badly	misfortune, misbehave
mono-	one	monogram, monologue
multi-	many	multicolored, multicultural
non-	not	nonsmoking, nonstandard
over-	too much; beyond; outer; additional	overpopulate, overhang, overcoat, overtime
poly-	many	polygon
post-	later than; after	postgraduate, postpone
pre-	before	prewar, preview
pro-	in favor of	pro-American
pe-	again	rewrite, redo, rewind
semi-	half; partly	semicircle, semiprecious
sub-	under; below; less important or powerful	subway, substandard, subcommittee
super-	larger; greater; more powerful	supermarket, superhuman
sym-, syn-	with; together	sympathy, synthesis
tele-	at or over a long distance	telescope, television
theo-	relating to God or gods	theology
therm-, thermo-	relating to heat	thermostat, thermometer
trans-	on or to the far side of something; between two things	transatlantic, transportation
tri-	three	tricycle, triangle
ultra-	beyond; extremely	ultrasonic, ultramodern
un-	not; opposite	unhappy, unfair, undress
under-	too little	underdeveloped, underage
uni-	one	unilateral
vice-	next in rank below the most important person	Vice-President, vice-captain
Суффикс	Значение	Пример
-ability, -ibility	used in order to make nouns from adjectives that end in –able and –ible	accountability, flexibility
-able, -ible	capable of; having a particular quality	manageable, comfortable, reversible, responsible
-al, -ial	relating to something; the act of doing something	electrical, financial, refusal, denial
-an, -ian, -ean	from or relating to a place; someone who has a particular job or knows about a particular subject; relating to or similar to a time, thing or person; someone who has a particular belief	American, suburban, librarian, historian, subterranean, Victorian, Christian
-ant, -ent	someone or something that does something	servant, disinfectant, resident, repellent
-ar, -ary	relating to something	muscular, customary
-ation, -tion, -ion	the act of doing something; the state or result of doing something	examination, combination, completion, election
-cy	used in order to make nouns	accuracy
-en	made of something; to make something have a particular quality	wooden, golden, darken, strengthen
-ence, -ance, -ency, -ancy	a state of quality; the act of doing something	intelligence, obedience, performance, tendency
-er, -or, -ar, -r	someone or something that does something	teacher, actor, beggar, writer, photocopier, accelerator
-ery, -ry	an act; a quality; a place where something is done or made	bribery, bravery, snobbery, distillery, bakery
-ful	full of	beautiful, harmful
-goer	someone who goes somewhere regularly	moviegoer, churchgoer
-graph, -graphy	something that is written or drawn	autograph, biography
-hood	the state or time of being something	childhood, manhood
-ial, -al	relating to something	managerial, coastal
-ic, -ical	of; like; relating to a particular thing	photographic, historical
-ify	to affect in a particular way	purify, terrify, clarify
-ish	people or language; having a quality	Spanish, childish, selfish
-ism	a belief or set of ideas; the act of doing something	Buddhism, capitalism, criticism
-ist	relating to a political or religious belief	Socialist, Methodist
-ity	having a particular quality	stupidity, regularity
-ive	having a particular quality	creative, descriptive
-ize	to make something have a quality; to change something to a different state	modernize, crystallize
-less	without something	childless, careless, endless
-logue, -log	relating to words	monologue, catalog
-ly	in a particular way; at regular times	slowly, quickly, hourly
-ment	the act or result of doing something	government, development
-ness	used in order to make nouns	happiness, softness
-ology	the study or science of something	geology, technology
-ory	a place or thing used for doing something; having a particular quality	laboratory, satisfactory, obligatory
-ous, -ious	used in order to make adjectives from nouns	dangerous, furious
-proof	not allowing something to come in, come through or destroy something	soundproof, waterproof, fireproof
-ship	having a particular position; an art or skill	membership, friendship, scholarship
-wear	clothes of a particular type	menswear, swimwear
-y	full of or covered with something; tending to do something	hairy, fuzzy, sleepy, curly
Перемещение ударения
‘export - экспорт	to ex’port - экспортировать
‘import - импорт	to im’port - импортировать
‘produce - продукция	to pro’duce - производить
‘increase - увеличение	to in’crease - увеличивать
Без изменения формы
a place - место	to place - ставить, помещать
a rise - рост	to rise - повышать, поднимать
a dress - одежда	to dress - одевать(ся)
Чередование букв (звуков)
use [s] - употребление	to use [z] - употреблять
house [s] - дом	to house [z] - вмещать
a song - песня	to sing - петь
food - пища	to feed – кормить
Словосложение
ear + ring = earring	серьга
some + body = somebody	кто-то
any + where = anywhere	в любом месте
well + paid = well-paid	хорошо оплачиваемый
white + wash = whitewash	белить

Bibliography

1. Countries of the world. The USA, Kathleen W. Deady. Bridgestone Books. Makato, Minnesota. 2001. – 24 p.

2. Cultures of the world. Great Britain. Barbara Fuller. Benchmark Books. Marshall Cavendish. New York. 2005. – 144 p.

3. England. Enchantment of the world. Jean F. Blashfield. Scholastic. Danbury, Connecticut. 2007. – 144 p.

4. English Vocabulary in Use: pre-intermediate and intermediate. Stuart Redman. Cambridge University press. 2000. – 270 p.

5. Foreign language framework for California Public Schools. Sacramento, 2003. – 63 p.

6. Longman dictionary of American English. Longman. 2004. – 1065 p.

7. Macmillan English Dictionary for advanced learners. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 2002. – 1692 p.

8. Phonics Pathways. Dolores G. Hiskies. Doorbooks. 2000. – 239 p.

9. Сборник текстов и заданий. ГСЭ.Ф.01 Иностранный язык (английский) / Исмагзамова Р.А. Уфа: БГАУ, 2005. – 26 стр.