Direct and Reported (Indirect) Speech

Tenses change in Reported Speech as follows:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Indefinite “She plays the piano,” he said.	Past Indefinite He said (that) she played the piano.
Present Continuous “She is playing the piano,” he said.	Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano.
Past Indefinite/Present Perfect “She played/has played the piano,” he said.	Past Perfect He said (that) she had played the piano.
Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous “She was playing/has been playing the piano,” he said.	Past Perfect Continuous   He said (that) she had been playing the piano.
Future Indefinite “She’ ll play the piano,” he said.	would + V He said (that) she would play the piano.
Future Continuous “She’ ll be playing the piano,” he said.	would be + Ving He said (that) she would be playing the piano.

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not change in Reported Speech.

! Don’t forget about the changes of the adverbial modifies of time

Direct Speech Reported Speech

this that

these those

here there

now then

today that day

tomorrow the next day,

the following day

yesterday the day before,

the previous day

next the following

last the previous

last year the year before

ago before

in two days two days later

 

№9. Do as in the patterns.

Pattern A: “He is a good employee.”

“ You said that he was a good employee.”

1.”He has already graduated from the University”.

2.”Mason made an unusually high grade at his entrance exams”.

3.”Mr.Harrison agrees to write a letter of recommendation for me”.

4.”My previous job made me qualified”.

5.”I hope I’ll have experience in this field at my present job”.

Pattern B: “Are you one of the applicants?”

“ You asked if I was one of the applicants”.

1.”Are you a qualified and experienced candidate?”

2.”Did she present herself in a CV?”

3.”Does she type in the morning?”

4.”Has Mark held a post like this?”

5.”Will you or Mr. Todd fill the position of Senior Office Manager?”

Pattern C: “Write a concise CV”.

“ You asked me to write a concise CV”.

1.”Employ 5 men and 5 women”.

2.”Leave the present job and seek a position in our company”.

3.”Solve this problem as soon as possible!”

4.”Find an initiative, honest, fair, hard-working and good-looking man for this post.”

5.”Say that this appointment is open for men and women.”

№10. Choose the proper tense-form and translate.

1.I wondered whether she … in Kyiv.

a) lives b) lived

2.He did not know if he … in time.

a) will come b) would come

3.I was sure that he … from our institute.

a) had graduated b) graduates

4.Nick knew that Peter … in London.

a) is b) was

5.Nick said that he … the City.

a) liked b) will like

6.The students showed me which exercises he ….

a) will do b) had done

UNIT 7. EXPORT

TEXTS FOR READING AND DISCUSSION

№1. Read and translate.

TEXT A

HOW TO EXPORT

In his essay ‘ Thoughts on Commercial Subjects’, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) said ‘No nation was ever ruined by trade’. The same statement is equally valid today when applied to companies. However, before making the decision to export, consider carefully why you need to do so. There is only one good reason for exporting and that is for profit.

Do not be put off by the fallacy that only large companies export abroad and succeed. Indeed, the small business has come into its own as it is able to offer speedy decisions, flexibility, specialised products and personalised service, all of which are appreciated in the international market place.

Pitfalls can be found in any area of trade, and to minimise this risk you need to ask yourself the right commercial questions and have the right answers before you make the move into exporting. One of the first questions you need to ask yourself is ‘Do I need to export at all?’ If your home market share is static then exporting is just one option available. Rather you should ask yourself the following questions:

‘Do I have excess capacity (both in human resources and product)?’

‘Do I have a saleable product for overseas buyers?’

‘Will I be able to cover all my expenses and make a profit for my business?’

Before answering these questions take a step back and examine your company’s affairs closely to see whether or not you have spare capacity. Look not only for surplus capacity in production but also at the human resources side too. Remember you and/or your staff should be familiar with (a) the language of the country to which you are exporting (b) the shipping procedures and (c) the product itself.

Next, take a closer look at your product and at the country or countries to which you are seeking to export. Is there market there for your product?

Have you analysed how much it will cost to export your product, including manufacture, marketing, skilled staff, shipping, and so on? The one thing you can rely on is that it is going to cost you money. From researching the potential market place right through to shipping the product, you will have to find the necessary finance to make it work. And be warned, do not undercapitalise your venture. When working out your budget, take a leaf out of the competitions’ books, they plan their budgets not for one year but for at least three years ahead, as they know that it can make that length of time to get the business ‘off the ground’.

№2. Answer the following questions.

1.Is the statement ‘No nation was ever ruined by trade’ true nowadays?

2.What is the main reason for exporting?

3.What abilities does small business have for exporting?

4.What should you do to minimise the risk of pitfalls?

5.What questions is it necessary to answer before making the move into exporting?

6.What is it important to do before answering these questions?

7.What should be remembered when working out the budget?

№3. Match the English words and word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1) valid 2) profit 3) fallacy 4) succeed 5) flexibility 6) pitfall 7) capacity 8) be familiar 9) shipping procedure 10) competition 11) get the business ‘off the ground’

a) конкуренція b) бути обізнаним c) здвинути справу з місця d) процедура відвантажування e) вагомий f) потужність g) помилковість h) прибуток i) мати успіх j) гнучкість k) пастка

№4. Read and translate using the dictionary.