Знайдіть у тексті слово, якому відповідає наступне

словникове визначення:

The moving of soil in preparing land for irrigation to produce a level or uniformly sloping surface.

Вправа 4

Знайдіть у тексті абзац, у котрому розглядаються негативні сторони зрошення дощуванням.

Вправа 5

Виходячи з змісту тексту, визначте, якому методу зрошення відповідають наступні словникові визначення:

Ø watering of plants by applying the water below the ground surface; a method of irrigation in which water under adequate pressure is sprinkled over the land;

Ø a method of irrigation in which water covers the surface of the land;

Ø a method of surface irrigation in which water is run in furrows between crops

Drinage

Getting the water onto the land is only part of the problem that faces the farmer; of almost equal importance is the disposal of water after use. Too much water in the soil can be worse than not enough, while inadequate planning and improper irrigation frequently result in salination and waterlogging. Salination occurs because the roots of the plants absorb the irrigation water but exclude most of the salt it contains. The salt remains in the soil zone upon which the plant depends for growth and eventually renders the soil sterile.

To prevent catastrophic consequences, which are told common in many areas, there must be complete and efficient control of irrigation water. It is difficult to overestimate the harm caused by salination and waterlogging; indeed, reclaiming lands ruined through faulty or misused irrigation is almost as important as bringing new lands under irrigation for the first time.

If reclamation is to be successful, the basic problem is to lower the water-table so that it is kept below the root zone. This may be achieved in a number of ways: a grid of deep ditches may be laid along the boundaries of the fields, or lines of tiles lay in the fields to collect the water and convey it to a collector ditch.

Many areas, particularly in the arid parts of Asia, cannot be conveniently or economically recovered by normal drainage processes. One method of restoration in these circumstances requires the installation of tube wells for pumping the areas to be drained and using the pumped water for further irrigation elsewhere. This method is of growing importance in some countries, but it can be very costly, sometimes proving more expensive than bringing in new irrigated areas. The use of tube wells for this purpose is likely to increase when cheap hydroelectric power becomes available on a larger scale.

However, it is necessary not only to reclaim areas that have already been spoiled, but also to prevent further ruin. This can only be done by a more efficient use of water, and one way of ensuring this in the future will doubtless be by using automatic control systems. In such system an irrigation canal is parted into separate sections, and in each section a stable water level is maintained automatically. The system eliminates disastrous local shortages of water by maintaining stable levels of water in the irrigation canals serving a large area. Such a system is very expensive, but it is claimed, doubtless under favorable conditions, that the capital costs can be regained in less than two years. The large canal systems will be controlled by computers. Data on the condition of the irrigated areas, including the humidity of the air and soil, the density of the soil and the nature of the crop, are sent into a computer, which then estimates the water requirements for given areas and select optimum water regimes for each section of each canal and for the system as a whole. It is suggested that the system brings considerable savings both in the consumption of water and in the cost of irrigation.

To summarize, an efficient, modern irrigation system should properly perform the following functions: a) store water so that it is available in sufficient quantities whenever required; b) deliver water to all parts of the cultivated area, in amounts needed to meet crop demands during peak use periods; c) provide complete control of water; d) divide water into required amounts for use in different fields; e) dispose of waste water after use; f) allow the free movement of farm machinery. Properly utilized, such a system allows for the most efficient use of water and makes irrigation possible without soil erosion, saline or alkaline accumulation, or waterlogging.

Word List

disposal - видалення	restoration - відновлення
worse - гірше	circumstances - обставини
improper - невідповідний	elsewhere - в іншому місці
salination - засолення	cheap - дешевий
waterlogging - заболочування	spoiled - зіпсований
to exclude - видаляти	further - далі
eventually - зрештою	doubtless - безсумнівно
to render - надавати	separate - окремий
consequences - наслідки	stable - стабільний
to overestimate - переоцінити	disastrous - згубний
harm - шкода	capital - головний
reclaiming - освоєння	to regain - відновити
to ruin - руйнувати	data - данні
faulty - помилково	savings - економія
to bring - приносити	consumption - споживання
to achieve - досягати	to perform - виконувати
ways - шляхи, способи	amount - кількість
a grid - сітка	to divide - поділити
tiles - плитка	to dispose - розпоряджатися
collector ditch - колекторна канава	alkaline - лужний
conveniently - зручно	accumulation - накопичення

Вправа 1

Визначте значення виділених слів за подібністю з українською або російською мовами і за словоутворюючими суфіксами:

utilize, summarize, catastrophic, automatic, economic, experimental, economically, automation, accumulation, section, capital, computer, optimal, optimum

Вправа 2

Визначте значення наступних слів, вкажіть способ словотворення:

to overestimate, to misuse, humidity, density, useless, doubtless, improper, inadequate, particularly, successful

Вправа 3

Знайдіть у тексті:

1) іменники, котрі відповідають наступним дієсловам:

to compute, to consume, to erode, to move, to accumulate, to restore, to require, to reclaim, to demand, to drain, to dispose, to pump, to use, to experiment, to install, to grow

2) дієслова, котрі відповідають наступним іменникам:

maintenance, storage, delivery, performance, reclamation, division, elimination, disposal, selection

Тренувальні вправи.

1. Перекласти вживаючи відповідні модальні дієслова:

1. Він зміг закінчити роботу вчасно.

2. Можна взяти ваш словник?

3. Вони змушені були працювати у важких умовах.

4. Мої друзі зможуть допомогти мені.

5. Чи вмієш ти кататись на ковзанах?

6. Маленький хлопчик не міг відкрити важкі двері.

7. Ми будемо змушені виводити нові сорти рослин.

8. Я не можу прочитати текст без словника.

9. Петро повинен був прийти о 7 годині.

10. Можна допомогти тобі?

11. Ти можеш використати ці дані.

12. Я не міг вирішити цю проблему.

13. Ми зможемо виконати завдання самі.

14. Діти повинні сумлінно навчатись.

15. Вони були вимушені залишитись вдома.