General factors that affect movement

 

Human movement involves most of the systems of the body, such as the skeletal system (e.g., skeletal levers), the nervous system (e.g., nervous impulses to the muscles), and the muscular system (e.g., muscular contractions for force). Human movement is concerned with mechanical principles or the forces that act on the human body (e.g., gravity) and the effects that these forces produce.

All movement is governed by certain mechanical principles. An understanding of the forces that act on the body as it moves is essential if people are to engage in creative and meaningful movement. Understanding of the biomechanical principles of movement is important for physical educators if they are to teach movement skills effectively.

Physiological factors affect movement as well. Physical fitness and body build are two factors among the many that affect the way humans move. Poor muscular development is deterring factor in generating force, and the mechanical advantage of levers might be reduced in a person who is small in stature. Furthermore, physical fitness qualities, such as flexibility, endurance, and strength are basic to and will greatly influence motor performance.

Movement is also affected by psychological factors. Phenomena such as fear, anxiety, and self-concept might affect human movement in a positive or negative way. Fear or anxiety, for example, may prevent a performer from relaxing, thus impeding effective performance.

Sociological factors influence human movement. The persons with whom one is competing or performing, the relationship of the performer to the group, and the desire for social mobility are examples of sociological factors that may leave their impact on the quality of movement.

4.1. Listen to the text “General Factors that Effect Movement” and answer the

questions.

 

1. What body’s systems does human movement involve? 2. What is human

movement concerned with? 3. What principals all movement governed by? 4. Do physiological factors affect movement? 5. Which are two factors that affect the way humans move? 6. What else is the basic to influence motor performance? 7. What psychological factors is movement also affected? 8. Do social factors influence human movement?

 

 

4.2. Find the English equivalents for the words and phrases below.

 

страх, хвилювання, загальні принципи, зарозумілість, позитивно, негативно,

перешкоджати/ заважати, результативність, змагатися, виступати, бажання, соціальна мобільність, залишити свій слід/вплинути, важіль, м’язові скорочення, механічні принципи, сила тяжіння, ефект/вплив, впливати на тіло, весь рух підпорядковується певним механічним принципам, творчий, уміння/навички, будова тіла, поряд з, обмежувальний фактор, перевага, зменшувати/скорочувати, невисокий на зріст, тоді як, запобігати

4.3. Put the verbs in the sentence below in Present, Past and Future Perfect A.V.

(Negative and Interrogative).

 

An understanding of movement concepts aids in the performance of sport skills.

 

4.4. Complete the sentences using the words from the box.

 

orders, provides (2), enables, eliminates, fosters

 

THE HIERARCHY OF MOVEMENT

 

1. … the content of physical skills.

2. … a progression in the acquisition of physical skills with fundamentals the easiest and

specialized skills the most difficult.

3. … the repeated teaching and reviewing of the same movement in one sport after

another as one movement is often the basis for many specialized skills.

4. … the transfer of movements and movement knowledge from activity to activity. The

performer is no longer asked to learn a skill such as throwing before learning every

sport in which it is included.

5. … the learner to be aware of how and when skills transfer to new activities that they

may wish to pursue at a later date.

6. … a system for “learning to learn” or “learning to teach oneself” physical skills. It is a

a system to be used in teaching oneself new movements.

 

4.5. Have a dictation.

 

Movement education strives to make the individual aware of the movement of the entire body and to become intellectually as well as physically involved. The challenge set by a problem in movement is first perceived by the intellect and then solved by the body moving through space, reacting to any obstacles within that space and to the limitations and existing restrictions. Learning accrues as the individual accepts and attempts to solve increasingly difficult problems. Inherent in this process is the concept of individual differences. Numerous ways to solve a stated problem may exist, and one’s abilities and capacities.

 

 

4.6. Translate the following into English:

 

Рух може виконуватися, и так часто відбувається стосовно інших людей.

Існують такі можливості. Відсутність іншого об’єкту, який рухається (mover) створює ситуацію, коли виконувач абсолютно незалежний у рухах. При роботі з партнером один може ініціювати рух іншого, виконувати рух разом, протистояти рухам іншого

 

 

4.7. Give a talk on “General Factors that Effect Movement” and answer the

questions.

 

 

V. Retell the oral topic:

 

MOVEMENT CONCEPTS   Movement represents the key concern of physical educators. Movement is the central focus of this field of endeavor. Physical educators strive to help human beings to move efficiently, to increase the quality of their performance, to enhance their ability to learn, and to promote their health. Movement may be affected by biomechanical, physiological, sociological, and psychological factors. Since movement represents the keystone of physical education and sport, it is important that professionals in this field understand some of its dimensions. Understanding of movement concepts such as body awareness (What can the body do?), spatial awareness (Where does the body move?), qualities of movements (How does the body move?), and relationships (With whom or what does the body move?) helps physical educators construct meaningful movement experiences to obtain their stated objectives. Such experiences allow their students to understand the capabilities of the body with respect to movement. It is also important that trainees receive instruction in fundamental motor skills. Fundamental motor skills include locomotor skills such as running and jumping, nonlocomotor skills such as bending and stretching, and manipulative skills such as throwing and kicking. These fundamental skills serve as a foundation for the development of more complex and specialized skills that are utilized in sports and other physical education activities, work, and life situations in which human beings are involved in movement. One approach that may be used to help individuals develop an understanding of movement concepts and attain proficiency in fundamental motor skills is movement education. Movement education provides persons with a variety of problem-solving situations carefully designed to help them to explore the body’s movement abilities and to develop movement skills.

 

 

UNIT XII

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST # 4

 

These tasks are designed to assist you in determining if you have mastered the materials and competencies presented in the above studied information.

 

1. You had been asked by a local recreational group to give a presentation on the subject “Movement: The Keystone of Physical Education and Sport”. Prepare in writing your presentation.

 

2. Analyze the movement concepts associated with the performance of the following skills:

Hitting a volleyball

Playing tackle in a basketball game

Running 100 m

Performing a free exercise routine in gymnastics

 

3. Select five sport skills, each from a different sport (e.g., punting a soccer ball). List the locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills necessary for performing each sport skill.

 

4. Pretend you are a participant in a debate on the following subject: “Resolved that movement education is better than the traditional approach in teaching physical education.” Outline pertinent arguments for both the affirmative and negative sides.

 

5. Programs of movement education are typically perceived to be taught in the schools, primarily at the elementary level. Outline key concepts of movement education and discuss how movement education can be used at the secondary level to teach sports skills or used in a nonschool program working with preschoolers or the elderly.

UNIT XIII

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS