Role of physical education and sport

IN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION

 

The education of a society’s citizens is influenced by contemporary societal needs and trends. Today one of the primary purposes of education is to prepare individuals for a meaningful, self-directed existence. The education of the individual can be described as taking place through three learning domains: the cognitive domain, the affective domain, and the psychomotor domain. Carefully planned programs of physical education conducted by qualified professionals can contribute in many ways to learning in each of these domains. Three societal trends that hold considerable implications for the conduct and status of physical education and sport in our society are the educational reform movement, the wellness movement, and the fitness movement.

The educational reform movement received its impetus from a series of reports decrying the status of education in America’s schools and identifying specific areas for reform. These reports called for a greater emphasis on the “new basics” of English, science, social studies, math, and computer science. Lifelong learning was stressed as well. These reports disagreed on the status of physical education as an educational basic. Thus it is up to physical educators to make a strong case for physical education as a basic, before physical education is eliminated from the educational curriculum.

The wellness and fitness movements also hold several implications for physical education and sport. The wellness movement emphasized health promotion and disease prevention through lifestyle modification and individual responsibility for one’s own health. Physical activity and exercise are integral parts of a health lifestyle. Within the past decade tremendous interest has been shown in physical activity and exercise. However, it appears that only a small percentage of the population participates in vigorous physical activity of sufficient frequency, intensity, and duration to sustain an adequate level of health-related fitness. Professionals need to increase the number of individuals within all segments of the population who engage in appropriate physical activity on a regular basis.

The wellness and fitness movements offer strong support for the development of nonschool physical education and sport programs. The emphasis on lifelong learning by educational reform leaders supports the need for physical education and sport programs for individuals of all ages.

Regardless of the setting and the population served, movement is the keystone of physical education and sport.

 

2.1. Listen to the text “Role of Physical Education and Sport in Society and

Education” and answer the questions.

 

 

1. Is education of a society’s citizens influenced by contemporary societal needs and trends? 2. What are the primary purposes of education today? 3. What learning domains can the education of individual be described as taking place through? 4. What societal trends influence the conduct and status of physical education and sport? 5. Is physical education a basic on the US educational curriculum now? 6. Why must physical educators make a strong case for their discipline? 7. Do wellness and fitness movements emphasize health promotion and disease prevention? 8. What do professionals need to increase? 9. Who offers strong support for the development pf physical education and sport programs?

 

2.2. F ind the English equivalents for the following:

 

не дивлячись на, брати участь, також, наріжний камінь/основний принцип, підтримувати, на все життя, акцент/особлива увага, тенденція, сучасний, описувати, галузь пізнання, емоційна сфера, існування, цілеспрямований, імпульс, вимагати/передбачати, усвідомлений, отримувати. психомоторна область, бути не згодним, невід’ємна частина, підходящий, відсоток, це справа фахівців з фізичного виховання, довести свою правоту, знищити, велетенський, на регулярному пдгрунті, енергійний/інтенсивний, достатній, особиста відповідальність, низка/цикл/серія, тривалість, частота, відповідний, профілактика захворювань, пропаганда здоров’я, підтримувати, сумлінно, обезцінювати/зменшувати, класифікація

 

2.3. Open the brackets and put each verb into proper tense form.

 

1. Educational objectives (be) often classified into three domains or areas of behavior: cognitive (thinking), affective (feeling), and psychomotor (doing). 2. The affective domain (include) the promotion of values and social and emotional development. 3. The psychomotor domain (involve) the development of motor skills and physical fitness. 4. It (be) important that educators (consider) all three domains when planning learning experiences to meet individuals’ needs. 5. Separation of behaviors into domains (facilitate) the development of objectives. 6. However, we (must, remember) that these domains (be) interrelated, and as educators we (be) really dealing with the needs of the whole person. 7. Thus, individuals’ levels of development in each domain (must, be) taken into account in the design and implementation of learning activities.

 

2.4. Put questions to the words /phrases in italics:

1. The cognitive domain is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. 2. The objectives here reflect an increase in complexity at each level of development.. 3. Learning basic facts is the initial objective. 4. And from this grows understanding and application of concepts, critical analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

2.5. Make each of the sentences negative:

1. Many factors influence individuals’ learning, including their feelings about themselves, the learning experience, and the subject. 2. The taxonomy for affective domain reflects the development of values, appreciations, attitudes, and character. 3. As individuals demonstrate the characteristics of the levels within this domain, they move from a concern about themselves to a value structure that embraces concern for others. 4. At the highest level, their internalized values directly influence their choices and actions.

2.6. Try to use each of the sentences in Past Tense.

The taxonomy of objectives in the psychomotor domain shows a progression of development that provides the foundation for programs of physical activities. The lower order objectives reflect the acquisition of basic movements and perceptual abilities. The higher order objectives emphasize the development of fitness and highly skilled movements as well as increased creativity in the use of movements.

2.7. Fill in with articles where it is necessary.

 

1. People today are taking … more active role in protecting and enhancing their health than ever before. 2. We have become increasingly … health-conscious. 3. There is … growing realization that our health and our quality of … life are significantly influenced by the manner in which we live our lives. 4. Many of … lifestyle choices we make (e.g., whether to smoke tobacco or to exercise on … regular basis) influence our potential for health, function, and well-being both on a day-to-day basis and across our lifespan. 5. This realization is accompanied by … greater understanding of the important role of personal responsibility, that is, informed and responsible behavior, in achieving good health, both on … personal and national level. 6. Within … two last decades we have seen a change in our orientation to health care. 7. Instead of health care on … treatment of disease, there has been … shift to … emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention.

 

 

III. Have a dictation.

 

A concerted effort by professionals must be made to reach all segments of the adult population and to provide them with the necessary skills, knowledge, and attitudes to develop and maintain adequate levels of health-related fitness. Interest in fitness has led to the development of a wide range of job opportunities. There has probably never been a time in society with greater opportunities in sport and recreation than there are now. The growth of interest in fitness and exercise has opened up jobs in community physical education and sport programs, corporate fitness centers, health clubs, and the sporting goods industry, to name just a few.

 

IV. Listening comprehension.

 

FITNESS MOVEMENT IN THE US

 

Enthusiasm for exercise and fitness is at an unprecedented level in the US today, with millions of people spending countless hours and billions of dollars on exercise and sport. Men and women of all ages are participating in fitness and sport activities to an extent not witnessed before in this country. The fitness movement, initially perceived by some as a fad or a short-lived phenomena, has grown for over two decades, becoming perhaps a historically significant trend. It appears that exercise and fitness for many adults has become ingrained in American life.

 

 

V. Translate the following into English:

 

ВНЕСОК ФІЗИЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ У ЗАГАЛЬНЕ ЗДОРОВ’Я(wellness)

 

Заняття різними видами фізичної діяльності:

* сприяє змінам у структурі головного мозку та функцій у детей та підлітків. Сенсорна стимуляція за допомогою фізичних вправ особливо важлива для оптимального росту та розвитку молодої нервової системи.

* є важливим регулятором ожиріння, так як збільшується витрата енергії, пригнічує апетит, посилює метаболізм, підвищує відсоток худої м’язової маси.

* покращує роботу серця, якщо судити за збільшенням систолічного об’єму серця (stroke volume), хвилинного об’єму серця (cardiac output blood volume) і загального гемоглобіну.

* є основною рухальною силою для соціалізації особистостей у дитячому та підлітковому віці.

 

 

VII. Retell the oral topic.

 

ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION   The education of individuals is influenced by contemporary needs and trends of the society. One of the primary tasks of education is a meaningful, self-directed existence. The education is placed in three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Carefully planned programs of physical education can contribute in many ways to learning in each of these domains. There are three considerable societal trends: the educational reform movement, the wellness movement, and the fitness movement. The educational reform movement leaders want to see physical education as a basic discipline in educational system. Wellness and fitness movements emphasized health promotion and disease prevention through lifestyle modification and individual responsibility for health.

UNIT X

 

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST # 3

 

These tasks are designed to assist you in determining if you have mastered the materials and competencies presented in the above studied information.

 

1. You are attending a faculty meeting and one of the members of the faculty states that physical education should not be considered a part of the educational curriculum. You disagree and make a presentation that indicates that you believe that physical education is an important part of education. What points would you emphasize in your presentation?

 

2. Explain what is meant by the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. provide specific illustrations of how physical education contributes to learning in each domain.

 

3. Discuss the educational reform movement and its implications for physical education.

4. You have been invited to speak to a community group on the role of physical activity in the promotion of health and attainment of wellness. Prepare a short speech reflecting the contribution of physical education and sport to a healthy lifestyle.

 

5. The fitness movement has been perceived by many as an enduring trend. Discuss the role of the physical educator in providing leadership for this movement. What are the implications of this movement for career opportunities?

 

UNIT XI

MOVEMENT:

THE KEYSTONE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

AND SPORT

 

 

I. Listen, read, translate and learn the key words and phrases of the unit:

 

 

a) concept, key, keystone, performance, ability, variety, awareness, approach, responsibility, dimension, bending, stretching, exertion, foundation, lever, contraction, force, gravity, effect, flexibility, endurance, advantage, skill, fear, anxiety, self-concept, desire, impact, impulse,

 

b) to represent, to strive, to enhance, to affect, to explore, to differ, to strive to, to obtain, to allow, to receive, to utilize, to involve, to attain, to provide, to produce, to govern, to reduce, to generate, to impede, to leave, to compete, to perform, to base,

 

c) fundamental = basic = essential, spatial, locomotor, nonlocomotor, manipulative, complex, creative, poor, deterring, general

 

d) since, with respect, throughout, in terms, as well as, thus, among, furthermore,

 

e) the key concern; human being; to construct meaningful movement experiences; body awareness; spatial awareness; to obtain stated objectives; to attain proficiency; fundamental motor skills; problem-solving situation; skeletal levers; muscular contraction for force; small in stature; in positive or negative way; effective performance; desire for social mobility; to leave one’s impact; motor performance

 

 

II. Text I

MOVEMENT: THE KEYSTONE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

Movement is the keystone of physical education and sport. Human movement may be affected by a variety of factors, including biomechanical, physiological, psychological, and sociological factors. Understanding of the basic concepts of movement – body awareness, spatial awareness, qualities of movement, and relationships – is essential for physical educators and their students. Physical educators must also be concerned about individuals’ development skills (locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills), for they form the foundation for participation in a variety of activities throughout life.

Movement education, a system based on the theories of Laban, is an important part of physical education. Movement education explores the science of movement and helps people of all ages move more effectively. Movement education differs from the traditional approach to physical education in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the teacher and the students as well as the conduct of the program.

 

2.1. Listen to the text and answer the questions:

 

1. What is movement? 2. How may human movement be affected by? 3. What is essential for physical educators and their students? 4. Why must physical educators also be concerned about individual’s development skills? 5. What part of physical education is movement education? 6. What does movement education explore? 7. How does movement education differ from the traditional approach to physical education?

 

2.8. Find the English equivalents for:

 

Засновний момент/наріжний камінь, відрізняється, з точки зору, локомоторні вміння, впливати, низка/велика кількість, головна концепція, маніпулятивні вміння, пізнання/усвідомлення, важлий, протягом, дослідити, просторова орієнтація, який грунтується на, рухатися ефективно, традиційний підхід, координація тіла

 

2.9. Open the brackets and put a verb into proper tense form.

 

WALK

 

1. A walk (be) a series of balance and loss of balance motions or a series of weight transfers from one foot to the other as the individual (move) through space. 2. One foot (move) forward ahead of and slightly to the side of the other foot, with the heel of the forward foot touching the ground or landing before the toe of the opposite foot (push) off.

3. The person (push) or (exert) force against the ground or the floor in order to initiate each step. 4. The resistance of the floor or ground (provide) the force necessary to move the body forward. 5.This action (be) best explain by Newton’s third law of motion – for every action there (be) an equal and opposite reaction.

 

2.10. Insert articles where it is necessary:

 

1. Running is … exaggerated form of walking and results as … performer attempts to increase speed. 2. … major difference between walking and running is that in running, … body is moving in space for … long period of time with no support from either foot and at no time are both feet in contact with the ground. 3. In walking, there is no … period of moving in space because one foot is in … contact with … ground at all times. 4. To increase speed, … runner exerts greater force in … extensor muscles of … driving leg and foot against … resistive surface, and … leg swings forward and starts back as … ball of … foot is placed back on … ground. 5. … body is then pushed into … air toward … next step. 6. In landing, … foot strikes … ground under … center of gravity. 7. Absorption of force be bending … knee is essential to successful landing and is used to build momentum as … leg extends for … next step.

 

 

2.11. Put questions to the words and phrases in italic.

1. Fundamental movement describes changes in body position sufficiently distinct to permit classification. 2. The execution of the movements is seldom goal-directed or focused on a particular purpose. 3. Instead, they are the basis for the development of the goal-oriented movement found in specialized skills. 4. Emphasis is placed on the gestalt (целостное восприятие объекта) of the movement or the tracing of the actionin space. 5. Timing, reaction to the others, and other fine motor points are not important at this stage.

2.12. Translate the following into English:

 

1. Рух є підгрунтям фізичного виховання. 2.Фахівці з фізичного виховання та спорту повинні обов’язково вивчити теоретичнепідгрунтя руху, щоб правильно навчати своїх вихованців ефективно виконувати той чиінший рух. 3. Слід надавати можливість дітям випробовувати весь спектр рухів, щоб навчитися розуміти та усвідомлювати своє тіло.

 

III. Text II

MOVEMENT CONCEPTS

 

Movement represents the key concern of physical educators. Movement is the central focus of this field of endeavor. Physical educators strive to help human beings to move efficiently, to increase the quality of their performance, to enhance their ability to learn, and to promote their health. Movement may be affected by biomechanical, physiological, sociological, and psychological factors. Since movement represents the keystone of physical education and sport, it is important that professionals in this field understand some of its dimensions.

Understanding of movement concepts such as body awareness (What can the body do?), spatial awareness (Where does the body move?), qualities of movements (How does the body move?), and relationships (With whom or what does the body move?) helps physical educators construct meaningful movement experiences to obtain their stated objectives. Such experiences allow their students to understand the capabilities of the body with respect to movement. It is also important that children receive instruction in fundamental motor skills. Fundamental motor skills include locomotor skills such as running and jumping, nonlocomotor skills such as bending and stretching, and manipulative skills such as throwing and kicking. These fundamental skills serve as a foundation for the development of more complex and specialized skills that are utilized in sports and other physical education activities, work, and life situations in which human beings are involved in movement.

One approach that may be used to help individuals develop an understanding of movement concepts and attain proficiency in fundamental motor skills is movement education. Movement education provides persons with a variety of problem-solving situations carefully designed to help them to explore the body’s movement abilities and to develop movement skills.

 

 

3.1. Listen to the text “Movement Concepts”. Give its main idea in a few words.

 

 

3.2. Read and translate the text in writing. Put all types of questions. (15)

3.3. Find the English equivalents for the following:

Найважливіший предмет, знаходитися у центрі уваги, докладати зусилля/намагатися допомогти, функціональні можливості, підвищувати/посилювати, параметри, концепція руху, координація тіла, формувати навички різноманітних рухів, надавати можливість, відносно/стосовно, згинання, розтяжки, кидки, пинки, підгрунтя, складний, використовувати, залучати, підхід, набути вправності, основні рухові вміння, теорія фізичного виховання, досліджувати

 

3.4. Listening comprehension text.

 

PUSHING AND PULLING

 

Push is an application of force by the body or by a body segment used to move an object. Pushing involves the exertion of the body’s force against a resistant force. The purpose of pushing movements is to move objects away from their base of support. The body may also be moved away from its base of support by pushing it against and object.

In pushing, the performer’s center of gravity is placed behind the object and in line with the object’s center of gravity. In pulling, the performer maintains a position ahead of the object and draws the object toward his or her body. Pulling involves directing an object toward the body. Children usually pull wagons or toys and during play might pull one another. Pulling and pushing are usually done with the hands and arms, although one can use the legs and feet.

 

 

3.4.1. Listen to the text and answer the questions:

 

1. Does pushing involve exertion of the body’s force to or against resistant force? 2. The purpose of pushing movements is to move objects to their base of support, isn’t it? 3. Is the performer’s center of gravity placed behind the object in pushing? 4. Where is the position of the performer while pulling? 5. Which extremities do you use for pulling and pushing?

 

 

3.4.2. Retell the text “Pushing and Pulling”.

 

3.5. Put the sentences below into Present, Past and Future Perfect, A.V. Make up

negative and interrogative forms.