Аннотирование и реферирование иностранного текста

Аннотирование и реферирование иностранного текста

В современную эпоху рост потока научно-технической информации вызвал проблему ознакомления с огромным количеством источников этой информации. Аннотация и реферат, являясь удобным и эффективным способом обработки информации, позволяют значительно сократить время на ознакомление специалистов с этой информацией и расширить круг пользователей новой информацией.

Сущность аннотирования и реферирования заключается в максимальном сокращении объема источника информации при существенном сохранении его содержания.

Осуществляя компрессию текста первоисточника, аннотация и реферат делают это принципиально разными способами.

Аннотация (annotation, abstract) - краткая справка, обычно предваряющая статью и дающая представление о характере рассматриваемой в ней проблеме (разработке, программе и т.д.), не содержащая описание конкретных результатов. Аннотация представлена на библиографической карточке.

Резюме (summary) — краткое изложение наиболее важных фактов (вопросов, проблем, исследований), обсуждаемых в статье, способы их решения (реализации), результаты исследований, выводы, сделанные на основе этих исследований, и рекомендации по использованию того или иного метода (полученных данных и т.д.).

Как правило, термин "annotation,abstract" используется, когда резюме приводится до статьи, а термин "summary" вслучае, если резюме завершает статью.

 

Структура аннотации

Аннотация статьи или текста на иностранном языке – это краткая характеристика оригинала, излагающая его содержание в виде перечня основных вопросов и иногда дающая критическую оценку. Объем аннотации обычно не превышает 500 печатных знаков.

Последовательность изложения материала в аннотации должна быть следующей:

1. Предметная рубрика – область или раздел знаний, к которому относится аннотируемый источник.

2. Название статьи или текста на иностранном языке и перевод.

3. Фамилия и инициалы автора (авторов).

4. Выходные данные (номер, год, место издания и т.д.)

5. Дать очень краткое изложение содержания статьи

Список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания аннотации

1. The article (text) concerns (deals with) …

2. The head-line of the text (article) is …

The text (article) is head-lined …

3. The author of the text (article) is …

The text (article) is written by …

4. It was published in …

5. The main idea of the text (article) is …

It is described in short

The author gives some information on (about) …

The article describes, stresses, points out …

Recommendations are given …

Conclusions are drawn …

6.I found the article (text) interesting (important, dull, of no value, easy, (too) hard to understand …).

Составление реферата

Реферат – публичный доклад, излагающий сущность какого-либо вопроса.

Реферат – этот конспективное изложение содержания статьи, передающее ее основной смысл, сопровождающееся выводами референта.

Реферат содержит в обобщенном виде все основные положения оригинала. Он не только перечисляет вопросы первоисточника, но и освещает их, раскрывает основное содержание всех затронутых вопросов.

Объем реферата определяется степенью важности материала, хотя средний объем реферата не превышает 2000 печатных знаков.

В ходе реферирования всегда выполняются две задачи: 1)выделение основного и главного 2) краткое формулирование этого главного.

Дополнительный список выражений, рекомендуемых для написания реферата

 

It is described in short Кратко описывается

… is introduced … вводится

It is shown that Доказано, что

… is given Даётся (предлагается)

It is dealt with Рассматривается

… is provided for Обеспечивается

… is designed for Предназначен для

… is examined Исследуется

… is analyzed Анализируется

… is formulated Формулируется

 

Management Functions

Management plays a vital role in any business or organised activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organisation at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it. However, even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions, planning continues as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.

Organizing, the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as part of the organizing function.

Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires ongoing communication with employees.

In the last management function, controlling, managers evaluate how well company objectives are being met. In order to complete this evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure. In making changes, managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.

In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing directing, and controlling.

History of Robotics

The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.

The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word robota, meaning «compulsory labour». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek, to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s and the miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.

Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications. The home-made; robots (горничная) available today may be one sign of the future.

The ability to reach wise conclusions, as we expect of a doctor or lawyer, from much or scant data will long remain man's monopoly - but not always.

Fifth-generation computers will share this prerogative. Tomorrow we may take our ailments to a machine as readily as to a man. In time that machine will be in the house, removing the need to journey to the doctor and providing a far more regular monitoring of the state of health than it is now economic to provide.

The computer as surrogate teacher may bring even more benefits. Today, and as long as we depend on humans, we must have one teacher to many pupils. The advantage of a tutor for each child is clear and if that tutor is also if endlessly patient and superhumanly well-informed we may expect a wonderful improvement in the standard of education. What, though, is the purpose if, in this imagined future, there are no jobs?

Unemployment

Unemployment is a social and economic situation at which the part of economically active population cannot find work which is capable to carry out it. Jobless people want to work, search for work, but cannot find the work during certain time in the certain territory. They differ from those who does not wish to work and hopes for various grants from the state and welfare funds. There are various kinds of unemployment: cyclic (the reason is slump in production), frictional (during waiting time and search of work), structural (the reason is technological changes in the manufacture, liberating unprepared workers for these changes). The reasons of unemployment in modern Russia are falling of manufacture up to 50 %; structural reorganization; privatization; reduction of efficiency of social protection of the population. The rate of unemployment is determined by a ratio of amount of the unemployed and economically active population. There are various situations when people have no work. By estimation of economists, in Russia about 10 percent of economically active population has no employment, but actively searches for it. However the unemployed is worth on the official account in Russia by the beginning of XXI century one and a half percent of economically active population. For a transitional economy it is very small size. One of the reasons of it is that many enterprises (especially in small settlements) contain surplus of workers, paying them the very low salary. Workers do not have choice: they are compelled to work for low paid workplaces because otherwise they should seek earnings elsewhere, that for family people extremely inconvenient. The age of the "average" unemployed is 35 years. Among jobless there is little bit more men than women. There are a lot of people under20 years or younger not having work.

Stagnant unemployment is impossibility to find work in regions and the countries struck with economic recession when the general{common} number of free workplaces appears less than the numbers of the unemployed or when people because of the different reasons are deprived of the opportunities to get a new or (required by the market) speciality or to move on a residence to the areas where the situation with unemployment is not so sharp.

Cyclic unemployment is the unemployment caused by the cyclic slumps in production and the reduction of a labour demand. If there is no cyclic unemployment, employment is considered to be full.

The unemployed - the person who wants to work, can work, but has no workplace. Citizens at the economically active age, not having works which are not engaged in production activity of young people, not studying at day time educational institutions or not taking place at military service and who is registered in public service of employment are considered as the unemployed.

 

Аннотирование и реферирование иностранного текста

В современную эпоху рост потока научно-технической информации вызвал проблему ознакомления с огромным количеством источников этой информации. Аннотация и реферат, являясь удобным и эффективным способом обработки информации, позволяют значительно сократить время на ознакомление специалистов с этой информацией и расширить круг пользователей новой информацией.

Сущность аннотирования и реферирования заключается в максимальном сокращении объема источника информации при существенном сохранении его содержания.

Осуществляя компрессию текста первоисточника, аннотация и реферат делают это принципиально разными способами.

Аннотация (annotation, abstract) - краткая справка, обычно предваряющая статью и дающая представление о характере рассматриваемой в ней проблеме (разработке, программе и т.д.), не содержащая описание конкретных результатов. Аннотация представлена на библиографической карточке.

Резюме (summary) — краткое изложение наиболее важных фактов (вопросов, проблем, исследований), обсуждаемых в статье, способы их решения (реализации), результаты исследований, выводы, сделанные на основе этих исследований, и рекомендации по использованию того или иного метода (полученных данных и т.д.).

Как правило, термин "annotation,abstract" используется, когда резюме приводится до статьи, а термин "summary" вслучае, если резюме завершает статью.

 

Структура аннотации

Аннотация статьи или текста на иностранном языке – это краткая характеристика оригинала, излагающая его содержание в виде перечня основных вопросов и иногда дающая критическую оценку. Объем аннотации обычно не превышает 500 печатных знаков.

Последовательность изложения материала в аннотации должна быть следующей:

1. Предметная рубрика – область или раздел знаний, к которому относится аннотируемый источник.

2. Название статьи или текста на иностранном языке и перевод.

3. Фамилия и инициалы автора (авторов).

4. Выходные данные (номер, год, место издания и т.д.)

5. Дать очень краткое изложение содержания статьи