Заместители существительного

 

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Переведите следующие предложения:

 

1. The Great October Socialist Revolution linked the revolutionary struggle of the western proletariat with that of the oppressed people of the East. 2. The forces of peace are more powerful than those of war. 3. The industrial output of Austria in 1952 was nearly 10 per cent below that of 1951. 4. In 1951 the per hectare cotton yield in the USSR was nearly twice as great as that of Egypt. 5. The wages of the Europeans in South Africa are usually ten times as great as those of Africans. 6. One of Korea’s acutest problems for centuries was that of water for irrigation purposes. 7. The first German edition of the Communist Manifesto was published in 1848; the first Russian one, early in the sixties.

1. An inert gas is the one which does not enter into chemical combination with other substances. 2. The most distant planets as well as the nearest ones are beyond the atmosphere of the earth. 3. The vegetation of valleys is richer than that of mountains. 4. The earliest squatting places of man in our country are those discovered in the Caucasus and in the Crimea. 5. Every useful object such as iron, paper, etc., may be regarded from a twofold outlook, that of quality and that of quantity. 6. A pure substance is the one containing no admixtures. 7. This radio set is much better than the one you showed me last time. 8. Markoni repeated Popov’s experiments in London and built a radio apparatus which was an exact replica of the Russian one.

 

II. Переведите текст, отметив в нем местоимения – заместители существительного:

 

GENERATION OF STEAM

 

Steam is generated in a boiler by the application of heal to some part which is in close contact with the water it contains. The heat raises the temperature of the water to boiling point and eventually produces steam.

Sensible heat is the one added to the water during the period in which the temperature is rising and while no steam is being generated.

When boiling point is reached, the heat necessary to convert the water into steam is latent one and cannot be measured by the thermometer. Steam heated to a temperature above that which is necessary to make water boil at the given pressure is termed superheated steam.

The total heat of superheated steam is the one required to superheat to the desired temperature, plus to total heat of dry saturated steam above 32 Fahr., and at the superheated pressure.

When steam is generated in a closed vessel, the water and steam cannot be under the influence of the atmosphere, and therefore the pressure shown by the boiler is the pressure which differs from the absolute pressure by an amount equal to atmospheric pressure.

For practical purposes atmospheric pressure is taken as 15 lbs. per sq. in., and therefore the readings for the absolute pressure of steam in a boiler are 15 lbs. greater than those shown by the pressure gauge.

Задание 2. Переведите следующие предложения.

1.Planning gives you a path to follow. It makes your future what you want it to be. 2.Planning is critical. It is the best tool available to help a small business raise money. 3.If you don’t plan for the success of your business you will fail. It is that simple! 4.It is sometimes difficult to know how to plan and what to plan for. 5.It is important to establish realistic goals with a sound methodology for achieving them. 6.It is a business plan that explains how the business will function. 7.A business plan describes what a business does, how it will be done, who has to do it, where it will be done, why it’s being done and when it has to be completed. 8.Planning is not easy. The manager who believes it is, probably is not an effective planner. 9.It is quality that every car maker strives for. 10.It is difficult to machine a porous metal surface.

Задание 3. Прочитайте предложения. Обратите внимание на многофункциональность слова that. Переведите. В случае затруднений обратитесь к таблице.

1.The business plan is a written document that defines the goals of a business and outlines the methods for achieving them. 2.There are some obstacles that hinder planning. 3.There is a set of basic principles that constitute the theory of management. 4.Resources must be used in such a way that the goals of the organization are met. 5.Conventional wisdom that has guided managers in the past must be challenged. 6.Remarkable differences exist between American styles of management and those adopted by European, Japanese or Middle-Eastern managers. 7.People are very sensitive about how their rate of pay compares to that of others doing the same or similar jobs. 8.Motivating staff members means that you will have to understand them and communicate effectively with them. 9.Only those who have a need to be at the meeting should attend. 10.Planning is a systematic activity that can be enhanced by following a prescribed series of steps. 11.Planning produces benefits that are essential to effective management. 12.During the past 50 years economists have learned a great deal about the factors that determine the extent of unemployment and inflation. 13.The third basic function of any economic system is to distribute the goods and services that are produced among the members of society. 14.Capital goods consist of plant and equipment that are used to make other goods. 15.Consumers’ goods are items that consumers purchase like clothing, food, and drink. 16.The design of the experimental device differs from that of conventional devices.

Задание 4. Определите функцию one и переведите следующие предложения.

1.One of the greatest pitfalls of meetings is that participants state their points in a vague or confusing manner. 2.Anticipating and managing change is one of the most difficult of all managerial tasks. 3.Once the period of time covered by the budget is completed, the budget is replaced by a new one. 4.What one sees oneself is the most satisfactory evidence. 5.On-board computers will allow one operator to control several machines. 6.One would think that the better participants are prepared ahead of time the better the meeting will be. 7.It is better to select one proposal and get on with the job rather than to continue the discussion. 8.Any manager has to relate to the on-the-job problems of his subordinates and, occasionally, to their personal ones. 9.One of the

major causes of this problem is a fixed period of time for the meeting. 10.One way for an economy to increase its output - and its per capita income - may be to invest in research and development. 11.One of the most startling developments of the 1990s has been the movement of the East European countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia away from central planning and toward capitalism. 12.If one can’t have what one likes, one must like what one has. 13.To show the relationship between two variables, one can plot the value of the one variable against the value of the other variable. 14.When setting up a plan, even the most informal one, a good manager clarifies the relationships and responsibilities of individuals. 15.One difference between nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries is cost.

 

 

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПЕРЕВОДА

 

ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ

I. Переведите следующие предложения:

А

 

1. The Soviet Union has been persistently working to put an end to strained relations among nations. 2. Taking advantage of the vast natural resources of our country we were able to develop industry at a very rapid rate. 3. The progress accomplished by the socialist camp since World War II is truly impressive; suffice to mention the vast achievements of socialist construction in the USSR. 4. The use of arms against any movement of national liberation constitutes a factor of international tension and may give rise to a centre from which war will spread. 5. Scientists of different lines took part in the construction of the first atomic power station in the USSR. 6. The object of the treaty proposed by the USSR was to prevent aggression against any state in Europe on the one hand and, on the other hand, to promote international cooperation. 7. In other words, the NATO treaties by resurrecting Kosovo only create the basis for carrying out the revanchist plans of Great Albania.

 

1. Great attention is now paid to the use of “white coal” for it is one of the cheapest sources of power. 2. Our achievements in nucleonics are recognized all over the world. 3. As early as 1899 Tsiolkovsky designed the first wind tunnel in Russia. 4. There are a number of isotopes artificially prepared in laboratory. 5. As a matter of fact, the molecules of a gas are moving about freely. 6. The energy released during an atomic bomb explosion is at any rate equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT. 7. The steam turbine is in all respects more effective than the old reciprocating engine. 8. All materials can be described in terms of certain component substances, each of which has definite specific properties. 9. It can be seen that the number of protons contained in the nucleus gives the atomic weight of the substance. 10. It is assumed that the atom is made up of a nucleus consisting of one or more protons surrounded by an equal number of electrons. 11. It should be kept in mind that hydrogen is the simplest and lightest element. 12. It should be noted that a substance is composed of tiny particles called molecules. 13. It should be remembered that the gas has neither a definite shape, nor a definite size. 14. The dissolved substance never settles out, no matter how long we wait. 15. For chemical reactions, on the other hand, the energies required to permit interaction of the electronic fields are rarely more than a few electron-volts. 16. One cannot but admire the justice of our demands at the conference. 17. We want to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes on a large scale. 18. This conductor is usually made of braid rather than solid tubing to make the line flexible. 19. The transformations of atomic nuclei take place within the stars at enormous temperatures. 20. The cell of battery had played an important part in the development of science and technique. 21. All living organisms, whether one cellar or not, have the power of transforming energy and show signs of activity.

 

B

 

1. The teaching stuff lends a ready ear to the voice of students and endeavors not only to teach them but also to learn from them. 2. The Nation’s unfailing desire to develop foreign trade on mutually advantageous terms found expression in a number of concrete acts. 3. In the Soviet Union great attention was paid by the Communist Party and the Soviet Government to the development of science and to the work of inventors. 4. The peoples have come to realize that peace can be won by patient and persistent effort on their part. 5. The realistic trend in German literature is clearly gaining the upper hand. 6. In the construction of this plant India could dispense with the aid offered by some American firms, as it was not the only pebble on the beach. 7. In the production of petroleum we have long ago over-shot the prewar level. 8. In the economic talks with British and American representatives the Turkish government found itself to be between two hurdles. 9. German occupation forces in France resorted to brutal measures in fighting against the liberation movement of the country, but, as every dark cloud always has a silver lining, German atrocities only united and strengthened the anti-fascist activities of the French patriots. 10. The eyes of the world have been riveted to the Berlin conference of foreign ministers. 11. In supporting Islamic regime in Iraq certain British circles are backing the wrong horse. 12. The latest Italian political crisis came to a head when the Chamber of Deputies voted no confidence to the Government. 13. The vast importance of faithful adherence to the principles of international law for peaceful cooperation among states has been stressed time and again in international discussion. 14. Rapid industrialization of India is a matter of great purport and one involving many difficulties; to see it through demands great exertion of effort on the part of the Indian people. 15. The Daily Worker raised its voice in defense of worker’s interests exposing the reactionary character of the new Bill and calling a spade a spade. 16. It should be noted here that the first of the new turbine generators of the reconstructed Dnieproges began producing current as early as spring, 1947. 17. The majority of the Bulgarian people do not see eye to eye with Jelev on the question of rearming Bulgaria. 18. The recognition of the link between the problem of security and that of Germany was mirrored in the Geneva discussions.

 

1. The radioactive changes of matter take place of their own accord; we can neither start, nor stop them. 2. Among the non-metals some forms of carbon are very good conductors; on the other hand, the diamond, which contains carbon, greatly resists the passage of electric current. 3. The assumption that in near future we shall be able to transform climate in some arctic regions by means of atomic energy cannot be relegated to the domain of mere fancy. 4. Powder was known to the Chinese as early as the V century. 5. In order to take advantage of the activity of sodium in liberating hydrogen, an alloy of sodium with lead or mercury is sometimes used.

 

Практикум

А

 

ANTIPROTIONS AT SOLAR MAXIMUM. The solar wind is an electron-proton plasma blowing away from the Sun at 400 – 800 km/sec and can be thought of as a tenuous atmosphere (called the heliosphere) of the Sun extending over most of the solar system. The charged particles in this gust both envelope and are influenced by the Sun’s magnetic field. This field, because it rotates with the Sun, gets pretty tangled up. When now cosmic rays from outside the solar system venture in, they are buffeted by wind and field. During the present solar cycle of the 1990s, the configuration of the field is such that positively charged cosmic-ray protons drift into the inner heliosphere via solar polar regions and exit in equatorial regions. After the soon approaching peak period of solar activity (solar maximum), however, the Sun’s field will be reversed. Then the negatively charged cosmic-ray antiprotons preferentially follow the polar route and more easily enter the inner heliosphere to be detected by earthbound or satellite detectors. Thus in the period 2001-2010 we should see relatively more antiprotons than in the previous cycle, which is now ending. Physicists at the Bartol Research Institute at the University of Delaware have calculated when and by how much this antiproton surplus should manifest itself, telling us how well we understand the solar cycle. They have also sought ways of understanding the source of the antiprotons. Most antiprotons are made when commonplace protons strike interstellar dust, but some might have a more spectacular birth in the annihilation of dark matter or in the evaporation of primordial black holes.

 

WHY IS THE SAHARA A DESERT? Fossil pollen, rock art, and other hints indicate that the Sahara was much greener 6000 years ago in the mid-Holocene period. Neolithic peoples seemed to have hastened desertification at the northern and southern edges of the Sahara, but German geophysicists believe the main causes were natural. They point to the fact that precession (wobble) in the Earth’s orbit causes changes in the timing of perihelion (closest Earth-Sun approach) and our planet’s rotational tilt. These combined to promote a milder climate in most regions of the mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere. Since then the climate has become cooler and more arid. The subtle alterations in Northern Hemisphere cooling, however, were amplified by a feedback between atmosphere and vegetation causing climate change in the Sahara region to be far more drastic than elsewhere. Indeed what occurred was “the largest change in land cover during the last 6000 years,” according to Martin Claussen. He and his colleagues have now confirmed this hypothesis with computer modeling.

 

THE MOST POWERFUL FREE ELECTRON LASER (FEL), as of this week, is the one at Jefferson Lab in Virginia. In an FEL amplified laser light comes from a beam of electrons passing through a cavity. The advantages of FEL’s are their tenability (with output from microwaves up into the ultraviolet), their high “duty cycle” (they deliver light continuously) and the fact that the light is produced in closely spaced picosecond bursts tied to the pulselike nature of the parent electron beam. This makes the light useful for doing fast things, such as melting metals and then watching as they refreeze into non-crystal solids, or roughening up sheets of polymer fabric so that they will accept glues or dyes. Jefferson’s FEL has an average power of 1.7 kilowatts; the best previous continuous FEL power was 11 watts.

 

INFLUENCE OF COSMIC RAYS ON EARTH’S CLIMATE. Do small changes in solar activity translate into climate change on our planet? One possible linkage is the sun’s influence over the local flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR); as the solar magnetic field gets stronger, fewer cosmic rays are able to penetrate to the inner solar system and Earth. And because the GCR are the biggest ionizer of air molecules in the lower atmosphere, they might play a role in processes like cloud formation. Henrik Svensmark, a physicist now at the Danish Meteorological Institute ahs studied the connection between GCR flux, solar activity, and climate on Earth. He finds that during the past 11-year solar cycle. Earth’s cloud cover was more closely correlated with the GCR flux than with other solar activity parameters, such as solar radiance, the main energy emitted by the sun. Svensmark concludes that climate seems to be influenced by solar activity via the GCR-cloud connection. In other words, climate is partly affected by processes in deep space.

 

SUREFIRE QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT, the ability to inter link two quantum particles with practically 100% certainty, has been achieved by a NIST group advancing hopes for ultrapowerful quantum computers. Previously, physicists obtained entangled particles as a byproduct of some random or probabilistic process, such as the production of two correlated photons that occasionally occurs when a single photon passes through a special crystal. Receiving entangled pars in this way is fine for tests of quantum nonlocality, but entangling a large number of quantum particles – essential for building a practical quantum computer – becomes much less likely if it is dependent on a probabilistic process. In their “deterministic enryllium ions in a magnetic field. Using a predetermined sequence of laser pulses, they entangle one ion’s internal spin to its external motion, and then entangle the motion to the spin of the other atom. The group believes that it will be able to entangle multiple ions with this process.

 

THE PETAWATT is the name for what is currently the world’s most powerful laser, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It can produce pulses of 1.3 quadrillion (peta) watts for half a trillionth of a second, more than 1300 times the entire electrical generating capacity of the US, if only for a short time. At the upcoming American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics meeting, Steve Hatchett of Livermore will describe how the laser can produce highly improved, sub-millimeter resolution images of objects through almost 6 inches of lead. Shining the laser on a gold target, Tom Cowan of Livermore and his colleagues have ejected electrons coming from a solid (K6F.02). When these electrons were made to decelerate rapidly and release high-energy photons as a result, the researchers observed the photons to induce nuclear fission of uranium-238. Although such “photofission” has been seen before, the Petawatt may allow scientists to do newly detailed studies of nuclear processes.

 

B