Диссоциативные состояния в сравнении с психопатиями

 

Как было отмечено в главе 7, некоторые антисоциальные люди имеют диссоциативные защиты. Различение социопатов с диссоциативными чертами и диссоциативных людей с социопатической частью личности — умопомрачительно трудная задача. В основном потому, что ко времени, когда возникает данный вопрос, от него зависит много правовых последствий. Индивид, обвиняемый в серьезном преступлении, делает большую ставку на то, чтобы убедить судью или присяжных во “множественности”. Реже персекуторная часть собственного “Я” пытается наказать личность-хозяина, оценивая собственное “Я” антисоциально. Будет благоразумно подозревать психопатию, когда кто-то имеет серьезные причины симулировать. Некоторые недавние книги в жанре “настоящих преступлений” (Weissberg, 1992) исследуют сложности, связанные с психологическими хитросплетениями, которые возникают в тех случаях, когда подозреваемый выдает себя за множественную личность.

Если мы действительно выступаем за достоверную дифференцировку сущностно диссоциативных и сущностно психопатических людей (даже если существует значительная вторичная выгода для пациента в представлении тем или иным образом), последствия для системы правосудия могут быть очень важны. Поскольку диссоциативные личности (за исключением наиболее полифрагментированных) имеют хороший прогноз, должна быть заметная польза в плане предотвращения дальнейших преступлений от проведения интенсивной психотерапии с теми преступниками, у которых обнаружено нарушение в виде множественной личности. Клиницисты могут излечивать диссоциацию более быстро, чем они модифицируют антисоциальные паттерны. В условиях ограниченных средств люди, работающие в тюрьмах или в исправительной системе, могли бы сконцентрировать свои усилия на этих более чувствительных к их помощи клиентах.

Заключение

В настоящей главе я обсудила историю понятия диссоциации и ее интигующего характерологического варианта, нарушения в виде множественной личности. В объяснении индивидуального развития диссоциации как ядерного процесса я отметила конституциональный талант к самогипнозу, часто сосуществующий с высоким интеллектом, креативностью и социофилией. Эти факторы могут предрасполагать индивида к ответу на травму диссоциативными защитами, невидимыми для окружающих. Обсуждалась BASK-модель диссоциации Брауна в качестве альтернативы концепции защит Фрейда. Объектные отношения диссоциативных людей объяснялись как укорененные в травматическом абъюзе в детстве, не облегченном помощью в эмоциональной переработке такой раны. Собственное “Я” индивида с диссоциативной идентичностью обрисовано не только как фрагментированное, но также как пропитанное парализующими страхами и самообвинительными когнитивными структурами.

Подчеркнута сила трансферных и контртрансферных реакций с диссоциативными пациентами. Особенно то обстоятельство, что они провоцируют фантазии о спасении, а также сверхвовлеченность терапевта. Лечебные рекомендации при данном диагонозе делают упор на интернализации чувства базальной безопасности и кооперации в терапевтических взаимоотношениях. Они включают обеспечение воспоминаний и эмоционального постижения диссоциированного опыта; последовательную поддержку всех частей личности; установку на то, чтобы быть “реальным” и теплым, строго придерживаясь профессиональных границ; анализирование патогенных верований; использование гипноза в качестве дополнения; уважение потребности клиента в достаточном количестве времени для допущения отреагирования и интеграции. Диссоциативная динамика отдифференцирована от шизофренических и биполярных психозов, пограничных состояний, истерической и психопатической дичностной организаций.

Дополнительная литература

Путнам (Putnam, 1989) и Росс (Ross, 1989) написали прекрасные фундаментальные тексты по диагностике и лечению диссоциативных состояний. Психоаналитически ориентированному читателю не надо отказываться от Росса из-за его несколько странного отношения к анализу. Его экспертное исследование огромно. Наиболее краткой статьей по множественной личности и диссоциации из всех, что я знаю, является обзор Клафта (Kluft’a, 1991). Глава о множественной личности в антологии Клафта и Файна (Kluft & Fine, 1993) очень хороша и постоянно читается.

 

Приложение

Пример диагностического интервью

Демографические данные

Имя, возраст, пол, этническая и расовая принадлежность, религиозная ориентация, состояние отношений, родители, уровень образования, работа, предшествующий опыт психотерапии, кто направил на терапию в этот раз, другие (кроме клиента) источники информации.

Текущие проблемы и их состояние

Главные трудности и понимание пациентом их причин, история этих проблем, предпринимавшееся лечение, почему именно сейчас пришел на терапию.

Личная история

Где родился, вырос, количество детей в семье и место пациента среди них, главные переезды. Родители и сиблинги: получить объективные данные (живы ли, причины и время смерти, если умерли; возраст, здоровье, профессия) и субъективные данные (личность, природа отношений с клиентом). Психологические проблемы в семье (диагностированная психопатология и другие условия, например, алкоголизм).

Младенчество и детство

Хотели ли родители пациента рождения ребенка, условия в семье после рождения, что-то необычное в критические периоды развития, некоторые ранние проблемы (еда, туалет, речь, двигательная активность, никтурия, ночные кошмары, засыпание, грыз или нет ногти и т.д.), ранние воспоминания, семейные истории или шутки в адрес клиента.

Латентный период

Проблемы сепарации, социальные проблемы, проблемы в учебе, в поведении, жестокость к животным, болезни, переезды или семейные стрессы в это время, сексуальный или физический абъюз.

Адолесцентный период

Возраст полового созревания, физические проблемы, связанные с созреванием, семейная подготовка к сексуальности, первый сексуальный опыт, мастурбационная фантазия, школьный опыт, успеваемость и социализация, самодеструктивные паттерны (нарушения питания, использование лекарств, сомнения о сексуальности, рискованные эксцессы, суицидальные импульсы, антисоциальные паттерны); болезни, потери, переезды или семейные стрессы в это время.

Взрослая жизнь

История работы; отношений; адекватность текущих интимных отношений; отношение к детям; хобби, таланты, гордость или удовлетворение.

Текущие представления (ментальный статус)

Общее представление, состояние аффектов, настроение, качество речи, присутствие тестирования реальности, уровень интеллекта, адекватность памяти, оценка надежности информации. Исследование возможностей дальнейшего развития областей предполагаемых проблем, например, при депрессии — возможность суицида.

Сновидения: Запоминаются ли они? Какие-то — повторяющиеся, некоторые — недавние.

Используемые вещества — описанные и другие — а также алкоголь.

В заключение

Спросите пациента, нет ли другой важной информации, которой он обладает и о которой его не спросили.

Спросите, было ли ему удобно и не хочет ли он что-либо сказать.

Выводы

Главные текущие темы, области фиксаций и конфликтов, основные защиты, бессознательные фантазии, желания и страхи; центральные идентификации, контридентификации; неоплаканные потери; связанность собственного “Я” и самооценка.

 

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