Volgograd State Agrarian university

УСТНЫЕ ТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ЗАЧЕТУ И ЭКЗАМЕНУ

 

ABOUT MYSELF

 

1. What is your name?

2. How old are you?

3. When and where were you born?

4. Where do you live now?

5. Where do you study?

6. Where do you work?

7. Is your family large or small?

8. Have you a brother/sister?

9. Are you married or single?

10. Have you any children?

11. How old are your children?

12. Where does your wife/husband work?

13. What are you fond of?

14. How do you (your family) usually spend your free time?

15. What do you dream of?

 

 

1. My name is …

2. I am … (years old).

3. I was born in …. in …

4. I live in …

5. I study at Volgograd State Agricultural Academy (VSAA).

6. I work as… at ….

7. My family is…

8. I have…

9. I am…

10. I have a son/a daughter.

11. My son/my daughter is … (years old).

12. My wife/husband works as…. in/at …

13. I am fond of ….

14. In my free time I …

15. I dream of …

 

VOLGOGRAD STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY

 

Volgograd State Agrarian University is one of the largest agrarian universities of our country. It was founded in 1944 in Uryupinsk and after the war, in 1948, it was transferred to Stalingrad.

Since that time over 42 thousand specialists have graduated from the university.

At present 9 thousand students (both full-time and correspondent course ones) study here. The university has 8 faculties. They are:

· Agrotechnological faculty,

· Faculty of Biotechnology and Veterinary medicine,

· Engineering and Technological andFaculty,

· Electrification and Energetics Faculty,

· Ecological and Land Improvement Faculty,

· Faculty of Economics,

· Faculty of Technology of Production and Processing of Agricultural Products.

· Service and Tourism Faculty

The educational process is conducted by 560 teachers including 3 academicians and 65 professors. The academic year starts in September and ends in June. The students take exams twice a year. During the terms they attend lectures, carry out laboratory tests and do practical work. The students have a 5-year course of study, after it they can enter a post-graduate course.

Nowadays the Volgograd State Agrarian University has 6 educational buildings, 6 students’ hostels, the fleet of motor vehicles and the economic base “Gornaya Polyana”. There is also a scientific research complex, an information and analytical center, centers of amateur arts activities, lecture rooms, laboratories, a museum, a library, a nice assembly-hall, a printing-office and other subdivisions.

The university has old and good traditions. Its aim is to create all the necessary conditions for the students to develop their talents, enrich their minds, and improve their physical state and cultural level.

 

Notes to the Text:

To be founded – быть основанным

To transfer – переместиться

To graduate from – окончить (вуз)

both …and… - как…, так и …

full- time students – студенты очной формы обучения

 

 

RUSSIA

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and northern part of Asia.

Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The осеans are: the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.

Russia borders on many countries, such as Mongolia and China in the south-east, Finland and Norway in the north- west, and so on.

The land of Russia varies very much from forests to deserts, from high mountains to deep valleys. The main mountain chain are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes on its territory. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its water is the purest on earth.

The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources. It has deposits of oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and manyothers.

The current population of Russia is more than 140 million people. The European part of the country is densely peopled and most population live in cities and towns and their outskirts.

The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people.

Russia is a presidential republic. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

 

 

Notes to the Text

 

border on – граничить с…

vary – различаться, быть разнообразным

deposit – запас

be densely populated – быть густо заселенным

lLeading power – ведущая держава

 

VOLGOGRAD

Volgogradis a big industrial center, situated on the western bank of the Volga River and has a population over 1 million people. The city was made famous for its resistance and extensive damage during World War II.Volgograd originated in 1589 as a fortress to defend the unstable southern border of Tsarist Russia. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement. It was captured twice by Cossack rebels, under Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev. Tsaritsyn became an important river port and commercial centre in the 19th century.

Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river, and as a result the city became the site of one of the pivotal battles of the war. In 1945 Stalingrad was awarded the title Hero City for its heroism. The huge memorial complex was created on the top of Mamayev Kurgan to memorize the victory of Russian people.Modern

Volgograd remains an important industrial city. Industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, steel and aluminium production, manufacture of machinery and vehicles, and chemical production. A large Volgograd Hydroelectric Plant stands a short distance to the north of Volgograd.Volgograd is a major railway junction linking Moscow, Saratov, Astrakhan, the Donbas region of Ukraine, the Caucasus and Siberia. The Volga-Don Canal, opened in 1952 links the two great rivers of Southern Russia.

Volgograd is a big cultural center, with its sights, museums, theatres and cinemas. On public holidays the citizens like to come to the Сentral Embankment.

 

Notes to the Text

 

was made famous - приобрел известность

extensive damage - сильное повреждение

originate - зд. быть основанным

trading settlement - торговое поселение

suffer heavy bombardment - подвергаться массированной бомбардировке

major railway junction - крупный железнодорожный узел

 

THE UNITED KINGDOM

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. The population of the UK is over 57 million. About 80 percent of the population is urban.

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands. The south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild all year round.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It produces and exports machinery, electronics, textiles. One of the major industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The UK is a constitutuional monarchy with a parliament and the Queen as the Head of State.

 

Notes to the Text

 

urban – городской

to be separated from – отделяться от…

plain – равнина

to influence – оказывать влияние

industry – отрасль промышленности

 

 

LONDON

London is the capital of the United Kingdom, its economic, political and cultural center. It is one of the world’s major cities. The population of Greater London is about 11 million people.

London has a long history. It originated about 2 thousand years ago as a small Roman town on the north bank of the Thames. Some of its ancient buildings still exist.

The vast urban territory of Greater London is divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London. The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district attracting tourists. The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.

London's largest industry is finance, Around 325,000 people are employed in financial services in London. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. More than half of the UK's top companies and over 20 per cent of Europe's largest companies are headquartered in Central London. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyds of London insurance market. Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London

London is one of the world's leading tourism destinations, offering an array of famous tourist attractions. London attracts almost 15 million international visitors per year, making it the world's most visited in terms of international visits. Visitors usually want to see The Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, St.Paul’s Cathedral. London is also noted for its museums, art galleries, theatres and parks.

 

 

Notes to the Text

 

major – главный

originate – происходить, быть основанным

be employed – работать

headquarter – центр, управление

destination – направление

 

AGRICULTURE

 

Agriculture is an important branch or economy. Economic growth of any country depends on the development of agriculture which supplies the people with food and clothing and industry with raw materials.

The word "agre" is a Latin word. It means the cultivation of fields in order to grow crops. Now agriculture also includes the use of land to breed farm animals.

We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thou­sand years ago. Now crop production and animal husbandry are highly developed branches of agriculture.

Life is impossible without plants. They play a highly important role in everyday life of people. Plants that are grown by farmers are known as farm crops. They are used for many different purposes. Most of them are used directly as food for people, some are consumed by farm animals, oth­ers are used in industry and medicine.

In order to increase crop yields and animal products our farms apply widely intensive technologies.

 

Notes to the Text

 

in order to – чтобы, с целью

crop production – растениеводство

animal husbandry – животноводство

 

AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

 

Agriculture and environment are closely connected with each other. Crop yields and animal productivity depend on soil and climatic conditions of the region in which they are grown. When environment conditions are favourable, crops grow and develop well and produce high yields.

At present agriculture is not so dependent on the environment as in the past. Man can improve the conditions under which crops are grown. The conditions can be improved by using irrigation and drainage, by applying fertilizers and different chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides and by some other practices. The environmental factors do not only affect agriculture, but they are also affected by the agricultural activity. Mineral fertilizers and chemicals used by farmers accumulate in the soil and in plants and may become harmful for people.

Thus, the farmers have to solve two problems. On the one hand they are to improve and intensify agricultural production and on the other hand they are to minimize the effect of agriculture on the environment.

 

Notes to the Text

crop yield – урожай с/х культур

on the one hand – с одной стороны

environment conditions – условия окружающей среды

 

Рекомендации

Грамматический материал

 

1. Видо-временные формы глагола – формы Simple (действительный и страдательный залог)

2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I и Participle II

 

Образцы выполнения заданий:

 

 

Образец выполнения задания № 1

 

The underground delivering pipe-lines are laid along the whole length of the plot to be watered Are watered – Present Simple Passive от глагола to lay

Подземные подающие трубопроводы проложены по всей длине орошаемого участка

 

Образец выполнения задания № 2

The knowledge of the amount of snow accumulated in winter will permit the calculation of the volume of the spring flow of rivers. accumulated – Participle II, в предложении является определением

Знание объема накопленного зимой снега позволит рассчитать объем весеннего разлива рек.

 

 

Образец выполнения задания № 3

With simple technology the early man had to work hard to meet his needs Had to – форма прошедшего времени от have to, эквивалента модального глагола must, выражает необходимость совершения действия

Используя простые технологии, древний человек должен был усердно работать, чтобы себя обеспечить

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ № 1

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle 11 и установите функции каждого из них, укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. A man with a hoe or shovel races all over the field directing water to the furrows, making dykes, and forcing the water to run into plots that did not get watered.

2.. 1t is difficult to overestimate the harm caused by salination and waterlogging.

3. There are machines operating on the rain principle.

4. Drainage works required in the north are mainly carried out in all parts of our country

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.
1.Fertilizers may be supplied to plants together with water.

2. The operator has to press a button on the control panel to make the water flow into the take-off canal.

3.The water that comes to the field must get to the roots of every plant..

4. The ecological problem can and must be solved by the efforts of all countries that is possible only in the conditions of peace and detente.

5.The planners have to investigate the effects of working on crop yields: run-off, erosion, siltation, infiltration, and the like.

6.The stationary watering pipe-lines are to be made of asbestos cement.

 

Water

1. Water is an important part of nature, which surrounds us. Water is more essential to a man's life than food. There is no life without water. The great importance of water was realized by our remote ancestors. That's why their settlements were always situated on the banks of rivers and lakes. The location of human settlements and the well-being of the people depended on the distance from the source of water.

2.Man can live as long as ninety days or more without food, but we cannot live long without water. Where can water be found? Everywhere. The seas and oceans, the rivers and lakes covers about seven-tenth of the Earth's surface. Where else can you find water?

3.Water is also contained in the soil, in the atmosphere and in all living things; more than half of the human body consists of water. Water also forms a large part of the food we eat, especially vegetables and fruit. Water exists as a substance in three states: ice, liquid water, steam. Ice - melts at 0°C. Steam is formed at 100 degree of Centigrade.

4. Water is one of the most important of all chemical substances.It is a major constituent of living matter and of all environment in which we live.

V..Дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос к тексту:

 

Do you realize the importance of water for man?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ № 2

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle 11 и установите функции каждого из них, укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Men will drink water containing 1 part in 1000 of dissolved salt, animals will drink water that is much more saline, while food-plants demand a purer water.

2. The Nile River is the only river flowing within the territory of Egypt and the source of water for irrigation of lands in the country.

3. For us, situated of 5000 years, it is hard not to feel sympathy with the unknown engineer who so boldly attempted the impossible for that age, the Egyptian dam.

4. The ends of the delivering and watering pipe-lines are fitted with special flushing valves which serve to free the pipe-lines of salt.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. We can live without food for several weeks but we must die in a few days if we have no water to drink.

2. Excessive nutrients, salts, pesticides, organics in soils may limit the utility of the land.

З. Тhе soil has to be in optimum condition for crop growth and the micro-flora and micro-fauna must be of a character to ameliorate the general chemical and physical properties of the soil and the soil-plants relationship.

4. “Water must be an element,” ancient people thought.

5. Some of each plant food is there in such a form that the plant can use it.

Water is Life.

l. The formula of water is H₂O. The constituent parts of water are hydrogen and oxygen. Water differs from all other liquids, its physical properties are strikingly different from these of other substances. lt is as necessary to a man as air, which he breathes, and even more essential to his life than food.

2. Water is everywhere. lt is one of the most widely spread and important substances known to us. The clouds are nothing but little drops of water. The air we breathe contains water in the form of invisible vapour. Without water there would be neither animal nor vegetable life.

3.The soil under normal conditions contains water, which as we all know is necessary for the growth of plant. The plants themselves contain large quantities of water, in fact, most of the vegetables we use for food contain much water. Some cucumbers and tomatoes contain as much as 95% of water. Milk is about 87% of water.

4.Until recently water reserves on the planet were considered to be unlimited. It would seem that the reserves of water supply are great. Unfortunately, this is not so. The threat of a water crisis is becoming obvious.

V. Дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос к тексту:

What is water for a man's life?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ № 3

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Particiciple 11 и установите функции каждого из них, укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

l. The incremental costs of measures required to protect water resources during logging are small.

2.The law requires the Division of Forests and Parks to develop cutting standards and guidelines allowing timber harvesting and promoting adequate forest regeneration.

3.At present there is no basis for saying which of these strategies is superior.

4. The legislation enacted a statute requiring standards and permits for logging roads as well.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.Logging on frozen ground can minimize the effects of roadbuilding and soil disturbance.

2.Streambanks and streambeds may be disrupted by skidding across streams or the deposition of slash in the stream.

3.Nonpoint- source pollution from forest land is to be a key environmental problem in our region during the 1900_s.

4.An alternative assessment method for improvement of farming and grazing activities had to be found.

5 A good deal of time can be saved, if the following sequence of changing the sprinklers is adopted.

6.The pipes must be string, and rigid couplings are used to carry the heavy torque loads.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ № 4

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Particiiple 11 и установите функции каждого из них, укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. A knowledge of the amount of snow accumulated in winter will permit the calculation of the volume of the spring flow of rivers.

2. The subterranean artesian waters located at great depth, serve as a determining fresh water source.

3. Volumes of flow for given periods of time generally are reported in terms of cubic kilometres.

4. High flows occur from winter to summer depending upon the region.

5. On irrigated farms accurate measurements are necessary to avoid either waste or under-irrigation.

The Water of the Earth.

1. How much moisture is involved in the giant process of ocean-atmosphere-land-ocean?

What is the mechanism of this conveyor thanks which moisture gets from the ocean to the land and back?

It has been estimated that a total flow of 577000 cu km of water annually evaporates on our planet, chiefly from the surface of the ocean. 2.The bulk of water reserves on the planet were considered to be unlimited. Water seemed to be an inexhaustible gift of nature and has become a factor limiting the development of vast areas of the globe. Mankind now uses about 2600 cu km - roughly 6 per cent of the annually renewable reserves of fresh water. 3.1t would seem that the reserves of water supply are great. Unfortunately, this is not so. The threat of a water crisis is becoming obvious. One of the main reasons is the growing pollution of surface waters.

4.The most realistic way to the solution of the water problem is through rationalizing the use of nature. The water of the planet can and must remain pure.

V..Дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос к тексту:

What is the way to the solution of the water problem?

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ № 5

A Natural Cycle of Water

l. Water passes through a very interesting natural cycle. The atmosphere which surrounds the surface of the Earth contains water. It varies in amount in direct proportion to the temperature of its gases. Water is also evaporated into amosphere. Atmosphere, which has become saturated with water, precipitates its moisture when the temperature lowers.

2.This phenomenon is termed rainfall. The moisture falls to the Earth and finds its way into a number of reservoirs, provided by nature. From the water surface of the Earth the sun is constantly evaporating enormous volumes of water. Then they are condensed and precipitated upon the land and water surfaces as rain, snow or ice.

3.Some of the water is evaporated again; some is absorbed by growing vegetation; some sinks into the soil to become the subterranean water of the Earth and some flows directly over the ground into the rivers and lakes.

4. As the descending rain or snow approaches the Earth, it washes out of the atmosphere suspended particles of dust and thus purifies the air.

V. Дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос к тексту:

What natural cycle does water pass through?

 

 

Контрольное задание № 2

 

 

Грамматический материал

 

4. Условные предложения трех типов.

5. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный и субъектный инфинитивный обороты.

6. Простые неличные формы глагола. Отличие герундия от причастия I.

 

Образцы выполнения заданий:

 

Образец выполнения задания № 1

 

Increasing the area under irrigation is a general tendency. Increasing – герундий, в предложении является подлежащим

Расширение орошаемых территорий является главной тенденцией

 

.

Образец выполнения задания № 2

 

We know every form of energy production to cause some damage to the surroundings Every form of energy production to cause… - объектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object); на русский язык переводится придаточным предложением.

Мы знаем, что любая форма производства энергии присчиняет вред окружающей среде.

 

Образец выполнения задания № 3

Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers.   known to be the deepest in the world – зависимый причастный оборот	Озеро Байкал, которое известно как глубочайшее в мире, питают 336 рек
The sun heating the surface of the ocean, the water vapor rises into the air. The sun heating the surface of the ocean - независимый причастный оборот, при переводе на русский язык в начале соответствующего придаточного предложения используем союз по мере того, как	По мере того, как солнце нагревает поверхность океана, водяной пар поднимается в воздух.

 

Образец выполнения задания № 4

 

Had they met with such difficulties before, would have known what to do now.

Если бы они столкнулись с такими трудностями раньше, то они бы знали, что им делать теперь.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

ВАРИАНТ 1

I Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них причастие, герундий или инфинитив, определите их функцию в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Dams are barriers built across rivers and streams to control the flow of water,

2. Increasing the area under irrigation is a general tendency.

3. To have more food people will cultivate new lands.

4. Soil conservation means proper land uses protecting the land against all the forms of soil deterioration.

5. In order to use machines and labour effectively and more economically in preparing the soil for planting, many farmers use minimum tillage.

6. Crop yields can be increased by improving the farm land.

II Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения,на русский язы, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют большей частью придаточным предложениям.

1. Glaciers proved to be the slowest accumulators of moisture.

2. We know every form of energy production to cause some damage to the surroundings.

3. Where the land is irrigated, in Western States, for example, 50 to 80 pounds of wheat are considered to be the best rate.

4. Sprinkler irrigation enables erosion to be controlled on steep land.

5. Everybody knows the depth of planting the seed to depend largely on the type of the soil and size of the seed.

6. Sufficient moisture should be present for wheat seed to germinate quickly and for young plants to grow well.

Furrow Irrigation

Furrow irrigation is one of the most common methods of surface water application in farming to day. Furrow irrigation is adaptable to all row crops all soils except very sandy types with high intake rates.

When using the furrow method, ideally just enough water should be released in each furrow to water its entire length any run-off.

Water may be released from the field supply to furrows through ditch openings, hydrants, siphon tubes or gated pipes. The latter two methods are most generally used and provide the best control for efficient irrigation.

Dry soil will absorb water faster than its basic intake rate, so a larger volume of water should be applied at the start of irrigation of each furrow so as to wet its entire length as possible.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2 ВАРИАНТ 2

I Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них причастие, герундий или инфинитив, определите их функцию в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A bare soil lets rain and smelting snow run over its surface without soaking in.

2. Irrigation is chiefly aimed at delivering the optimum amount of water directly into the soil to ensure plant growth.

3. In order to keep the land dry many miles of canals have been built in Holland.

4. Having planned reclamation measures the farmers have given renewed life to a vast area of land.

5. The principal factors affecting the water-holding capacity of soil are texture, structure and organic matter content.

6. Much has been done to avoid the effects of chemical industries on land resources.

II Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язы, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют большей частью придаточным предложениям

1.Scientists do not consider this effect to be an experimental error of any kind.

2.The distribution system consists of a series of structures which permit the water tables to be raised to an uniform depth below the ground surface over the entire area.

3. Better results are known to be obtained by seeding wheat with the drill.

4. Dark-coloured soils are considered to suggest higher productivity than light-coloured ones.

5. This crop appears to be fully developed in all areas of the United States.

6. They heard the farmer speak about the new crop to be grown on his fields.

III Перепишите английские предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них зависимый или независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. People living in rural communities need more favourable conditions for their life and public activity.

2. Speaking of soil and soil conservation one must always think of water, since without it life would disappear from the earth.

3. The sun heating the surface of the ocean, the water vapour rises into the air.

4. Sea water containing harmful substances, it cannot be used for irrigation or drinking purposes.

IV Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения, подчеркните в каждом английском предложении придаточные предложения условия.

 

1. Had the unknown engineer made use of mortar, had he provided a spillway, had he chosen a way with a gentle slope, how different might have been the history of Egyptian irrigation.

2. If she had not been so busy, she would have certainly taken part in the conference on irrigation problems.

3. If the electric car were used instead of the convention car we should have minimal maintenance and repair costs and no air pollution.

V. Прочитайте текст "Aeration Irrigation", письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does aeration irrigation mean?

2. What are the advantages of aeration irrigation?

Aeration Irrigation

The principle of aeration irrigation involves a combination of air and irrigation water.

Basically aeration irrigation means reducing the water application rate to approximately 50% of the soil intake rate and irrigating a set for a period twice as long as would normally be used. In theory, air is taken into the soil along with water when this lighter application rate is used.

The advantages of this method are the elimination of soil compaction, water runoff, and the overall improvement of the soil structure. Silt particles are never disturbed and a supply of air and oxygen is always present in the plant feeder root zone.

Maintaining this condition means increased activity of soil bacteria and microorganisms which leads to soil improvement through the movement of carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen and minerals. Greater yields have been a characteristic result when crops were sprinkled at this light application rate.

Aeration Irrigation - освежительный полив

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

ВАРИАНТ 3

 

I Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них причастие, герундий или инфинитив, определите их функцию в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Quantity, quality and location of water and power sources are all important factors in planning a sprinkler system.

2. By conserving land resources we increase the wealth of our nation.

3. In wet areas the degradation of soils is linked with accelerated runoff and increased silt load of the rivers.

4. Much is being done to improve soil fertility.

5. To prevent erosion by the wind tree belts equal to the whole area of Ireland are planted down the banks of the Volga.

6. To irrigate more hectares of land one must consider capacities of water supply.

 

II Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения,на русский язы, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют большей частью придаточным предложениям.

 

1. Depth of plowing seems to be less important than time of plowing.

2. We expect every student to know the difference between the species.

3. The agronomist wants the crop to be watered twice a week.

4. Wheat is known to be adapted to different soil and climatic conditions.

5. New uses of plants are expected to be found in the nearest future.

6. The most important plants in the word are said to have been grown 4000 years ago.

 

Resources for Farming

 

Our country has 22275 million land hectares of land resources and only 27 per cent (about 601,4 mln ha) have characteristics for agricultural production. Land resources for farming must have soils sufficiently retentive. They must be level enough to allow the use of machinery. The climatic conditions are to be good enough for crop production. The extent of agricultural land is not fixed. It changes as new techniques are discovered.

It was, for instance, impractical to cultivate low yield virgin lands where were no large machines. Land with infertile but physically favourable soils have become more valuable when large tractors and other machines had appeared. Better sources of power have made irrigation practical in places where formerly it was impractical. Nevertheless differences in productive capacity of land resources are tremendous. On the desert we can produce almost nothing, on some lands that have plentiful water, productive soils good location in relation to industrial centres we can produce several thousand roubles worth of products from a hectare in a single year. So the general principle is each hectare of land should be given to the use in which its economic productivity is the highest. The main task is to raise productivity of our land resources.

 

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

ВАРИАНТ 4

I Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них причастие, герундий или инфинитив, определите их функцию в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The data of the land productivity are quite necessary to determine the rate of taxation and for proper land use management.

2. To conserve land is the main task of all generations present and future.

 

3. Soil water is a very significant factor in planting, tilling and harvesting cultivated crops.

4. A very efficient way of conveying and distributing irrigation water is by means of pipe-lines.

5. Sometimes, the source of water may be lower than the area to be irrigated.

6. Diverting water from the flowing rivers and streams is the oldest known practice of obtaining water for irrigating cultivated crops.

 

II Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения,на русский язы, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют большей частью придаточным предложениям.

 

1. Per capita use of water has been found to increase rapidly in future.

2. This crop appears to be fully developed in all areas of the United States.

3. The soil is said to be at field capacity when after good watering of the soil the deep percolation flow has virtually ceased.

4. We expect a lot of water uses of plants to be found in the nearest future.

5. We know plants to provide us with food, clothing, shelter and many other necessary things.

6. The farmers consider irrigation to be an important practice in arid regions where the annual rainfall is very low.

 

Land Reclamation

There are many lands that are unfit for cultivation because they are too wet or dry. These lands need reclamation and improvement. There are different ways of reclaiming and improving such lands. Drainage and irrigation are the most common practices. The purpose of drainage is to increase the productiveness of agricultural soils.

This purpose can be achieved by removing the free water which excludes air and inhibits the growth and activity of plant roots. Drained soils are more easily and sooner worked. Drainage insures a longer growing season and earlier ripening. The useful action of microorganisms is stimulated, and there is a more rapid liberation of plant food. Irrigation is an important practice in arid regions where the annual rainfall is very low.

All crops need water very much. Some crops are more drought-resistant, others are less drought-resistant. Plants with a long growing season - sugar-beet, potatoes and especially grasses - require more water than cereals. Irrigation is especially useful for orchards.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

ВАРИАНТ 5

I Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них причастие, герундий или инфинитив, определите их функцию в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The length of growing season and distribution of rainfall during the growing season are of practical importance in determining the amount of water needed to grow sugar beet.

2. Diverting water from flowing rivers and streams is the oldest known practice of obtaining water for irrigating cultivated crops.

3. To control the rivers and to regularize their regimes by storing water in the dry seasons, dams and reservoirs are constructed.

4. Complex systems of pumping stations and canals may be necessary to lift and move the water from the reservoir to the fields.

5. In order to form one kilogram of dry matter wheat draws out of the soil 300-400 litres of water, maize 200-300 litres and cotton 500-600 litres.

6. Water is delivered from open ditches to the areas to be irrigated by means of check structures.

II Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения,на русский язы, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют большей частью придаточным предложениям.

 

1. This soil is found to have much moisture.

2. Drainage is often thought to be needed only in too wet soils.

3. This farm is known to produce high yields of corn, wheat, barley, oats.

4. Everybody knows cultivation of plants to be closely connected with man's progress.

5. The agronomist wants this crop to be watered twice a week.

6. The professor seemed to invite the students to join him in his research of soil fertility.

 

The Supply of Water

The total amount of water contained in our planet is constant and invariable and can neither be increased nor diminished. It assumes а variety of forms, such as the oceans, moisture vapour, fresh water, lake water of varying degrees of salinity, and ice. As most of this water is locked away in the oceans, in snow fields, ice caps and glaciers, only а sma11 proportion is available in а form readily usable by man. Moreоvег, а great deal of the water in and on the land is polluted by minerals or by industrial waste and so frequently rendered unusable.

Of the water contained in the oceans, а very sma11 proportion daily changes its form and composition and is moved to the 1and, where it can be used by man and from where it returns to the oceans. This process, which has no beginning and no end, is known as the hydrologic cycle. It comprises а gigantic system operating in and on the land and oceans of the earth and in the atmosphere surrounding it. It is estimated that something like 80,000 cubic miles of water are evaporated each year from the oceans, together with approximately 15,000 cubic miles of water evaporated from the lakes, rivers, canals and land surfaces of the continents. This total global evaporation is exactly balanced by the total precipitation. of which approximately 24,000 cubic miles in the form of waterfa11 on the land surfaces and the rest on the oceans. This cyclical movement of water is divisible into three main stages. Firstly, solar radiation, acting upon the surface of the oceans, heats the surface layers and causes evaporation and the diffusion of water vapour upwards into the atmosphere. The water vapour, which at this stage is pure, is then transported great distances by the winds. During its movement across the oceans and over the land, it may become polluted in а variety of ways: by atmospheric dust, by particles of radioactive material or by industrial and domestic smoke.

In the second stage of the cycle, the air masses containing the water vapour are suddenly cooled. This cooling, which may occur for а number of reasons, though primarily as а result of the air masses being forced to rise over high ground, causes condensation to take place and rain or snow to be precipitated. Of this precipitation, some falls directly into the oceans, out of man's reach and some is too heavily polluted.

The third and final stage is that in which the water moves back, over and under the 1and, into the oceans, from which it came. Of the water which falls upon the land, some flows оvег the surface, some sinks into the soil, and some is taken uр by the roots of vegetation to be used by plants and subsequently released into the atmosphere by transpiration. If, for example, an average of thirty inches of rainfa11 reaches the land surface each year, approximately twenty-one inches will evaporate directly or be transpired by vegetation. Of the remaining nine inches, most will run directly to the oceans as surface runoff or permeate the rock materials beneath the surface to form underground water аnd, at а later stage, indirectly reach the oceans. Water which began in the oceans sooner or later returns to them. The only stage in the cycle at which man can, at present, intervene and make use of the water on а large scale is the third, and only then if the water is comparatively pure.

 

Упражнения

 

1. Найдите в упражнении слова, сходные с русскими словами, переведите словосочетания на русский язык без использования словаря:

 

the total amount; minerals of our planet; hydrological cycle; solar radiation; diffusion of water; radio-active mаterial; industrial smoke; the stages of the cycle; atmospheric dust; global evaporation; final stage; gigantic system, to balance condensation; the ocean of air

 

II. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова и переведите их:

1) to use, the use, used, usable; 2) to divide, division, divided, divisible; 3) to vary, variation, variable, invariable; 4) to move, movement, moved, movable; 5) to compare, comparison, compared, comparable; 6) to permeate, permeability, permeable; 7) to measure, measurement, measured, measurable

 

Ill. Выпишите парами слова-синонимы:

to take place, to return, to occur, to come back, tо cause, to comprise, to use, to make use of, to involve, to force, average, upwards, under, beneath, downward, part, upward, downwards, the rest, proportion, the remainder, quantity, mean, amount

 

IV. Найдите в тексте антонимы следующих слов:

to increase, little, pure, rarely, usable, approximately; to cool, condensation, to fall, initia1, to condensate, beginning, sooner, gradually

 

V. Из следующих предложений выпишите сказуемые-синонимы и определите их значения:

 

1. Solar radiation makes water evaporate from the surface of the ocean. 2. Solar radiation causes water to evaporate from the surface of the ocean. 3. Solar radiation forces water to evaporate from the ocean surface.

 

VI. Найдите в тексте слова, которые соответствуют следующим словарным определениям:

1)the total measurable supply of water of a11 forms of falling moisture; 2) total precipitation that appears in natural or artificial surface streams

 

Vll. Расположите следующие существительные в порядке, отражающем бесконечный гидрологический цикл:

runoff; precipitation; evaporation; infiltration and ground water; stream flow; reprecipitation

 

Sources of Water

In practice, there are four genera1 sources of water available to man: surface water, ground water, atmospheric water and the oceans. The most important of these is surface water in the form of rivers, streams and lakes. Of the other three sources, ground water is increasing rapidly in importance, particularly in those areas which lack surface drainage. The use of pure water derived artificially from the atmosphere and the oceans may become significant if and when technological advances make it available on а sufficiently large scale and at an economic cost.

Ground water or, as it is sometimes called, underground water occurs below the surface of the ground in а zone of saturation, that is, the zone in which permeable rocks are saturated with water under hydrostatic pressure. Water moves down from the surface by gravity to enter this zone, the upper surface of which is called the water-table or phreatic surface; for this reason, ground water is sometimes called phreatic, subsurface or subterranean water. The lower 1irnit of the zone is the point at which the underlying rock formation becomes so dense that water cannot penetrate it. It may vary in depth from а few feet to hundreds of feet and there are isolated examples of porous rock having been found at depths of more than а mile. The zone of saturation is very important because it supplies all wells and maintains the normal, relatively uniform flow of streams. It acts as а gigantic reservoir which retains water during wet periods, causing а rise in the watertable.

Ground water has been laid down very unevenly beneath the surface and moves towards the oceans like surface water, only much more slowly.

The chief uses of ground water are for irrigation and domestic purposes. It is of no direct importance for the generation of hydroelectricity but of considerable indirect importance in that the flow of streams is primarily sustained by it.

Atmospheric water, or water vapour, has two major advantages over water contained in the oceans: it is to be found everywhere above the land surface and it is free of salt. Unfortunately, nо large-scale, successfu1, economic method has yet been devised to tap this water-supply and direct it to places where it is most needed. One serious initial obstacle lies in the fact that clouds are not necessarily water-bearing and may be 'dry'. If, however, they do contain appreciable amounts of water vapour, this may either dry out or condense and fall as rain or snow. The most that we have been able to do is to cause а particular humid cloud – one that would almost certainly sooner or later have precipitated – to shed its moisture at а time and place of our choosing.

This is achieved in one or two ways. The first method involves the "seeding" of clouds from aeroplanes or rockets with small particles of various chemicals, which cause waterdroplets to form and precipitation to take place. The second method is to create artificial convection currents by heating а large air mass near the ground. The air thereupon rises rapidly into the cloud, upsets the equilibrium, and causes precipitation. Some local successes have been achieved by these methods, but both are expensive and both depend upon the presence of water-filled clouds.

The oceans remain by far the largest potential source of water and together with the island seas contain 92.7 per cent of the earth's water. This water could be made potable if its saline content were reduced from about 35,000 parts per million to 500 parts per million or less. We have known for а long time that it is possib1e to produce fresh water by heating salt water and so promoting distillation.

Each of these processes depends upon the use of energy, which may be thermal, mechanical or solar. They each suffer from the disadvantage that the cost of desalination is very high.

It is clear therefore that although а great deal of water is available for use by man, the supply is not infinite. While it is likely that the quantity of usable water will be increased by desalination and the creation of artificial precipitation, it is certain that for some time to come the greater proportion of our water supply will be derived primari1y from surface runoff and to а lesser extent from subterranean sources.

Water is put to а great variety of uses: for irrigating crops, for the generation of hydroelectricity: for canals and waterways, for controlling pollution and as а source of food. All these uses are interdependent. For example, the construction of а modern dam promotes irrigation, the generation of hydroelectricity, flood control and recreation. Frequently, however, the uses of such natural resources as water may be mutually exclusive and а choice must sometimes be made between one, use and another.

 

Упражнения

 

I. Переведите следующие словосочетания исходя из сходства английских и русских слов:

 

hydrostatic pressure; the lower 1imit of the zone; rock formation; а wet period; hydroelectricity, successfu1 method; various chemicals; convection currents; loca1 success; potential source; salt water, the process of distillation; pollution control; а modern dam; isolated examples; in practice; equilibrium; uniform flow; thermal energy; gigantic reservoir

II. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова и, переведите их:

significant, artificial, sufficient, successful, significantly, initially, sufficiently, successfully, artificially, initia1, particularly, particular, considerably, fortunate, appreciably, considerable, appreciable, fortunately

 

lll. Прочтите следующие предложения и скажите, отличаются лиони по содержанию:

1. The quantity of usable water is likely to be increased through desalinization and the creation of artificial precipitation. 2. It is likely that the amount of usab1e water wi1l be increased by means of desalinization and the creation of artificial precipitation. 3. The quantity of usable water is likely to be increased by desalinization and the creation of artificial precipitation. 4. The quantity of usable water is unlikely to be increased by means of desalinization and the creation of artificial precipitation

 

 

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых содержится:

1) отрицательная оценка метода опреснения морской воды;

2) описание работы по вызыванию искусственного дождя.

V. Сделайте пересказ текста “Sources of Water” °

 

 

Упражнения

 

I. Определите значения слов по сходству с однокоренными словами в русском языке:

 

regular, irregular, regularize, regime, barrier, control, саnуоn, function, to function, generation, to generate, siphon, соnсrеtе, to соnсrеtе, regulator, to regulate, regulation, structure, problem, gallon, complex, plastic, to lift

 

II. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие группы слов, и переведите их:

1)distant, important, permanent, dependent, efficient, different; 2) recently, considerably, frequently, practically, increasingly; 3) storage, seepage, wastage, advantage; 4) provision, diversion,