Modal verbs Модальные глаголы

Modal verbs	Ways of using	Examples	Equivalents	Ways of using	Examples
Can/could	Выражает: a)умение     b) разрешение     c) вероятность в настоящем или в будущем	She can speak fluent German. Can/could I interrupt for a moment?   Of course, I could be wrong.	Be able to (am/is/are/ was/were able to)	Выражает: a) умение     b) разрешение	She is able to speak fluent German. Am I able to interrupt for a moment?
May/Might	Выражает: a) разрешение (в первом лице: формальный стиль) b) вероятность в настоящем или в будущем	May I speak to you for a moment?     There may be a storm later.	Be allowed to(am/is/are/ was/were allowed to)	Выражает: a) разрешение	She is allowed to go to parties on weekends.
Must	Выражает а) обязанность     б)запрет   в) логическую необходимость	I must go home now. It’s late.(=I have decided this) You mustn’t smoke in here.   He’s not answering his phone. He must be in a meeting.	Have to /have got to   Don’t have to   Should/ shouldn’t =Ought to/ought not to	Выражает необходимость в силу обстоятельств (приходится, нужно) Выражает совет, пожелания	I’ve got to be at work early tomorrow morning. (=my boss decided this, I have an early meeting) You don’t have to buy a ticket if you don’t want to. You should be in bed by now. (=this is the right thing). =You ought to be in bed now. You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate. (=it’s not a good idea).

Choose the correct alternative

a) If you like, I can/may make an appointment for you to see Dr. Krall tomorrow.

b) Passengers mustn’t/don’t have to smoke while on board the plane.

c) Don’t let Sylvie climb that tree. She can/might fall.

d) You probably shouldn’t/mustn’t keep your passport in that pocket: it should/could easily be stolen.

e) I’m afraid Karen can’t/couldn’t come to the party tomorrow because she’s got flu.

f) Oh no! It mustn’t/can’t be seven o’clock already! Jill and Graham will be here in fifteen minutes!

g) I absolutely ought to/have to leave the house at six if I want to be at the station by six-thirty.

h) Be careful, that pot’s very heavy. You have to/could hurt your back.

 

Find the mistakes and underline them. Then write the correct sentences.

1. I can’t to come to your Christmas party next week. I can’t come

2. Do you can ride a bicycle?

3. They say she cans run very fast.

4. Could they to go to the air show tomorrow?

5. We can’t visit the folk dance festival yesterday.

6. He didn’t can get to the school ball last Saturday.

 

Rewrite the sentences with perhaps or maybe, without changing the meaning.

1. I may play football next Saturday. (perhaps)

Perhaps I will play football next Saturday.

2. He might come with us to the New Year’s Dance. (maybe)

3. Chelsea might win the Champion League. (perhaps)

4. They may invite us to their engagement party. (maybe)

5. She might go to the Easter Races without you. (perhaps)

6. We may put up the Christmas decorations tonight. (maybe)

 

19. Write the rules by completing them with you must (+) or you must not (-)

1. drive on the left in Britain. (+) You must drive on the left in Britain.

2. cross the road at the zebra crossing (+)

3. walk on the grass (-)

4. smoke inside the restaurant (-)

5. wear a seat belt when you drive (+)

6. go out without your identity card (-)

 

Tick the correct sentences.

1. a)(˅) Notice: Deep water. You must not swim here.

b)() Notice: Deep water. You don’t have to swim here.

2. a)() Mother: You mustn’t get up early tomorrow. There is no school.

b)() Mother: You don’t have to get up early tomorrow. There is no school.

3. a)() Teacher: You mustn’t run in the corridors. It’s dangerous.

b)() Teacher: You don’t have to run in the corridors. It’s dangerous.

4. a)() Policeman: You mustn’t drive so fast. It’s 50-km-per-hour zone.

b)() Policeman: You don’t have to drive so fast. It’s 50-km-per-hour zone.

5. a)() Classmate: You mustn’t give in your essay until Friday. There’s lots of time.

b)() Classmate: You don’t have to give in your essay until Friday. There’s lots of time.

6. a)() Judge: I’m banning you from driving for 12 months. You mustn’t drink and drive again.

b)() Judge: I’m banning you from driving for 12 months. You don’t have to drink and drive again.