Прочтите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be divided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system consists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylinders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from it to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums). The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes. Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes. Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

Послетекстовые упражнения The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the function of the brakes? 2. What types are brakes divided into? 3. What brakes do you know according to their mode of operation? 4. What braking systems are used today? 5. By what are brakes controlled? 6. When are brakes applied?

Упражнение 2. Найдите абзацы, в которых идет речь о сцеплении и о тормозах. Two stories — in one

1. Brakes are the most important mechanism of the car. They are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary.

2. The clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the wheels in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the engine from the gearbox, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.

3. It is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gearbox.

4. They are divided into 2 types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes.

5. Most cars of today use hydraulic or power assisted brakes.

6. They may be of 2 plates: friction disc and pressure disc. The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure disc.

Упражнение 3. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

Troubles in Braking System

The basic troubles of the braking system are as follows: 1. poor braking action; 2. sticking brake shoes which would not return to the initial position after a brake pedal is released; 3. non-uniform braking of the left and the right wheels on a common axle; 4. leakage of brake fluid and air leakage in the hydraulic brake; 5. poor air tightness of the pneumatic brake control. What to do: 1. Check the action of the foot and hand brakes and leak proofness of the brake hoses connections, components of the hydraulic and pneumatic controls of the brakes, as well as of the vacuum-power system. 2. Inspect the friction linings, wheel-brake springs, master and wheel cylinders of the hydraulic brake, and the air compressor of the pneumatic brake using a test manometer to check it.

UNIT 9 Steering system

absorb air bag ball joint bending excessive for this purpose front wheels guide the car hose hydraulic pump in turn injury leakage lever leverage linkage means of turning

поглощать подушка безопасности шаровой шарнир изгиб чрезмерный для этой цели передние колеса управлять автомобилем шланг, рукав гидравлический насос в свою очередь повреждение утечка рычаг рычажный механизм соединение средство поворота

pitman arm pitman shaft pivot rack and pinion assembly   rack and pinion type steering gear recirculating ball steering gear   steering box steering column steering gear assembly steering knuckle arm steering wheel swing (swang, swung) tie-rod worm and sector type

рулевая сошка рулевой вал шарнир рулевой механизм с рейкой и шестерней реечно-шестеренчатый механизм рулевой механизм с шариковой гайкой картер рулевого механизма рулевая колонка рулевой механизм рычаг поворотного кулака рулевое колесо поворачиваться поперечная тяга рулевой механизм с червяком и сектором

Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и сопоставьте их с русскими значениями.

column, spindle, system, hydraulic, pump, reservoir, popular, type, effective, effectiveness, effectively, energy, function, to deform, deformation.

Упражнение 2. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы и префиксы.

Rotate — rotation, apply — application, move — movement, develop - development, drive — driver, form — reform — deform — deformation, guide — guidance.

Прочтите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.

Steering System

To guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached to the pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear assembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knucle arms, and wheels, causing them to turn to the left or right. The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculating ball type. The rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to safe the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and column from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact. Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

Рис. 4. Steering System:

1. steering wheel - рулевое колесо

2. steering column, steering mast — рулевая колонка

3. steering gear - рулевой механизм

4. steering arm, steering lever, (steering) pitman arm — рулевая сошка

5. steering knuckle - поворотная цапфа, поворотный кулак

6. steering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm - рычаг поворотного кулака

7. single tie-rod - неразрезная поперечная рулевая тяга

8. steering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm—рычаг поворотного кулака

9. drag link, steering gear connecting rod, steering drag rod—продольная рулевая тяга

 

Послетекстовые упражнения The exercises to be done after reading the text

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1. What mechanism is necessary to guide the car? 2. How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels? 3. Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right? 4. What does the manual steering system incorporate? 5. What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на герундий.

1. То guide the car it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels. 2. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for turning the car in the direction the driver wants to go. 3. Without using the steering system the car moves only in the direct position. 4. Manufacturers can use rack and pinion type steering gear without choosing another type because "rack and pinion" type steering is very dependable. 5. Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel from being pushed to the rear when the front of the car is damaged in an impact.

Упражнение 5. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.