Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicated in the Passive Voice.

Реєстр. № 26/536 – 21.02.13

Методичні рекомендації

до виконання практичних занять

 

 

з дисципліни іноземна мова (англійська)

 

статус дисципліни позакредитна

 

для напряму підготовки 6.050701 Електротехніка та

Електротехнології

галузі знань 0507 Електротехніка та

Електромеханіка

 

факультету Кібернетики

 

 

Херсон – 2013 р.

 

Методичні рекомендації до виконання практичних занять з дисципліни іноземна мова (англійська) для студентів 2 курсу напряму підготовки 6.050701 Електротехніка та електротехнології галузі знань 0507 Електротехніка та електромеханіка факультету кібернетики.

 

Укладач: ст. викладач Голованова Н.П. кількість сторінок 53.

 

 

Рецензент: ст.викл. Приходько О.О.

 

 

Затверджено

на засіданні кафедри іноземних мов

протокол №7 від 30.01.13

Зав. кафедри __________Подвойська О.В.

 

Відповідальний за випуск канд. філол. наук. доц. Подвойська О.В.

 

 

Unit 1

I. Language.

Exercise 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:

to drive - приводити в рух;

to employ – використовувати;

generally - взагалі, звичайно;

to harness – використовувати енергію, приборкати;

in ones turn – в свою чергу;

kind – вид;

source – джерела;

solar – сонячний;

semiconductor – напівпровідник;

to turn – перетворювати;

waterfall – водоспад;

ability – здатність;

to mention – згадувати;

to lose – втрачати;

application – застосування;

to rise – піднімати;

to melt – плавати;

furnace – піч;

shaft – вал;

tide – приплив;

appliance – пристрій;

combustion – згорання.

 

Exercise 2. Learn to recognize the following international words:

Object, mechanical, moment, motor, crane, ton, pyrometer, mass, turbine, civilization, fraction.

 

Exercise 3. Read the following words and their derivatives paying attention to the suffixes and prefixes:

chemical – chemistry – chemist – chemically;

to drive – drive – driver;

to employ – employment – employer;

generator – generation – to generate;

to produce – produce – production – producer – to reproduce – reproduction.

 

Exercise 4. Match the words with the opposite meaning:

A B

1) to lose 1) insufficient

2) raised position 2) indirectly

3) potential energy 3 indirectly

4) useful 4) decreasing

5) increasing 5) expensive electricity

6) directly 6) useless

7) cheap electricity 7) lowest position

8) sufficient 8) to find

9) to create 9) the former

10) the latter 10) to ruin

Exercise 5. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

amount, application, quantity, to look for, use, work, to take place, well-known, kind, job,

to occur, famous, type, a lot of, to lose, to fall, to find, many, to drop, to search for.

 

Exercise 6. Translate the following group of words:

to make use of the lift, chemical sources of current, industrial application, semiconductors devices, potential energy, solar furnace.

 

II. Grammar:

The Passive Voice

 

Система часів дієслова в пасивному стані.

Формула пасивного стану: to be + 3 fv

 

	Continuous	Indefinite	Perfect
	to be + being + 3fv	to be + 3fv	to have been + 3fv
Present	am is being + 3fv are	am is + 3fv are	have been + 3fv has
Past	was being +3fv were	was + 3fv were	had been + 3fv
Future		shall be + 3fv will	shall have been + 3fv will
	Дія в процесі в момент часу	Звичайна дія	Дія закінчена до моменту часу

 

Приклади перекладу тексту на українську мову речень з дієсловом в пасивному стані:

 

Tense	be + Participle II (ed)
Indefinite tenses	Present   Past   Future	New gas turbines are tested at this plant випробовуються New gas turbines were tested at this plant випробовувались New gas turbines will be tested at this plant будуть випробовуватись
Perfect tenses	Present   Past   Future	New gas turbines have been tested at this plant вже випробувані New gas turbines had been tasted at this plant були випробувані до якогось моменту в минулому New gas turbines will had been tested at this plant будуть випробувані до якогось моменту в майбутньому
Continuous tenses	Present   Past	New gas turbines are being tested at this plant випробовуються в даний момент New gas turbines were being tested at this plant випробовувались раніше в якийсь проміжок часу

 

Особливості перекладу пасивних конструкцій:

Якщо в пасивному стані вживаються дієслова з прийменниками, то при перекладі на українську мову прийменник ставиться перед тим словом, яке в англійській мові є підметом.

Ex. These data is often referred to. На ці дані часто посилаються.

The readings of this device can be relied upon.

На показання цього лічильника можна покластися.

This device is much spoken about.Про цей пристрій багато говорять.

Exercise 1. Read word – combinations where subjects:

1) act;

2) are acted upon;

Water is used to …; energy is turned into …; object loses …; water is falling …; energy employs …; energy is employed …; sources are decreasing …; metals are used …; energy is being used …; scientist have transformed ….

 

Exercise 2. Rearrange the following to form a predicate:

Made have been; changed is; wondered have; lost is; read have; made was; equipped are; being was modified.

Exercise 3. Translate the following:

1). Was discovered by 1905; had been formulated by the end of the year.

2). Had been discovered by 1905; had been formulated by the end of the year.

3). Were been produced; was being explained.

4). Will be described; will be included.

III. Reading.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text:

Text A.

Energy

In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atomic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy—potential and kinetic, potential energy is the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another. A waterfall may serve as an example. When water fall from its raised position, energy changes from potential to kinetic energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines in their turn drive the electric generators, the latter producing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical
energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

When an object loses its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its raised position, it certainly loses its potential energy, that energy change into kinetic energy.

We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speaking, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current are either chemical, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator.

The rising standards of modern civilization and growing industrial application of the electric current result in an increasing need of energy. Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and more electric current is employed in everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new sources of energy.

The sun is an unlimited source of energy. However, at present, only a little part of solar energy is being used directly. How can we employ solar energy directly to produce useful energy? This is a question which has interested scientists and inventors for a long time. Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today, solar furnaces illustrate just onem of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.

 

IV. Language.

Exercise 1. Find the correspondence:

1. to transform 1. служити

2. device 2. грати роль

3. application 3. пристрій, прилад

4. chemical 4. напівпровідник

5. potential 5. використовувати

6. source 6. джерело

7. station 7. що стосується

8. to produce 8. потенційний

9. to drive 9. застосування

10. to serve 10. перетворювати

11. to do without 11. станція

12. to make use of 12. виробляти

13. as for 13. хімічний

14. to play a part 14. обходитись без чого–небудь

15. semiconductor 15. приводити в дію

 

Exercise 2. Find the correct term out of the three given below:

1. The motor changes electrical energy into …

a) heat energy; b) chemical energy; c) mechanical energy.

2. The generator changes mechanical energy into …

a) chemical energy; b) electrical energy; c) light energy

3. The battery changes chemical energy into …

a) solar energy; b) heat energy; c) electric energy

4. The electric furnace changes electric energy into …

a) heat energy; b) mechanical energy; c) solar energy.

5. The vacuum cleaner changes electrical energy into …

a) light energy; b) mechanical energy; c) solar energy

 

V. Comprehension.

Exercise 1. Find the wrong statements and correct them:

1. One for of energy can not be transformed into another

2. Potential energy is the energy of motion.

3. Kinetic energy is the energy of position.

4. Changes in the forms of energy are called energy conversions.

5. When an object loses its potential energy that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

6. The sun is a limited source of energy.

 

Exercise 2. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. Can one form of energy be changed into another form?

2. Does a generator produce mechanical energy?

3. Is the sun an unlimited source of energy?

4. Can we employ solar energy directly?

5. Have scientists transformed solar energy into electric energy?

6. Is potential energy the energy of motion?

7. Do we need more and more electric energy every year?

8. Are there various forms of energy?

9. Do you use electric energy every day?

10. Can the energy of falling water be used to drive turbines?

11. Is kinetic energy the energy of position?

 

VI. Practice.

Exercise 1.

1. Speak of different forms of energy.

2. Give example when potential energy is turned into kinetic energy.

 

VII. Reading and Practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text B for 3 minutes and find the English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words combinations:

1) Електрика, вироблена такою установкою коштує дешевше, ніж...;

2)... були сконструйовані для перетворення сонячної енергії в електричну;

3) кількість сонячної енергії на один квадратний метр тут рівна енергії, виробленої....

Text B.

HARNESSING SOLAR ENERGY

The experiments on solar cells gave the possibility to collect enough data to predict the possible performance of solar stations. These experiments have led to the building of a solar furnace developing temperatures of 3.000 C in a sunray focal point. Electricity generated by such an installation costs less than that generated by a steam power station.

The solar stations in the Kara-Kum desert will become producers of cheap electricity in the near future. The amount of solar energy per square meter here is equal to the energy generated by burning 200 kg of high quality coal. Power cells of the size of a matchbox have been developed to convert solar energy into electricity. Such cells can accumulate sufficient energy in one bright day to power a large transistor radio for ten days.

Text C.

Conservation of Energy

You have just read of many conversions of energy: kinetic and potential in the ball, heat and chemical in fuels, heat and mechanical in engines. Perhaps you have wondered if any energy is lost during such conversions. The answer is that in spite of all the changes of form, the total amount of energy remains the same.

The law of conservation (kahn-ser-VAY-shuhn) of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed by ordinary means. Energy can only be converted from one form to another. So energy conversions occur without loss or gain in energy.

The law of conservation of energy is one of the foundations of scientific thought. If energy seems to disappear, then scientists look for it. Important discoveries have been made because scientists believed so strongly in the conservation of energy.

One such discovery was made by Albert Einstein in 1905. Part of his famous theory of relativity dealt with the concept that mass and energy were interchangeable. Einstein expressed this concept in the form of a mathematical equation: E=mc²

«E» - is energy, «m» - is mass, and «c» - is the speed of light. According to this equation, the energy of any mass is equal to the product of that mass and the square of the speed of light.

With this mass—energy relationship, Einstein was saving that matter is another form of energy, or that mass and energy are two forms of the same tiling and can be converted into each other. With this mass—energy relationship, Einstein modified the law of conservation of energy. He showed that if some of either matter or energy is created or destroyed, the other must make up for the change. The total amount of mass and energy is conserved.

During nuclear reactions—such as those that take place in the sun—energy and mass do not seem to be conserved. But Einstein used his famous equation to show that a loss in mass results in a gain in energy. Mass is continuously changed to energy in our sun through a process called nuclear fusion. During this process, a small loss in mass produces a huge amount of energy.

Exercise 1. Answer and explain on the following:

1. What is the law of conservation of energy?

2. Explain the meaning of Einstein’s equation E= mc^2.

3. Why does even a small loss in mass result in a tremendous gain in energy?

 

Exercise 2. Comment on the following:

During certain nuclear reactions, a high – speed electron is ejected. The energy lost by the nucleus, however, does not equal the energy of the escaping electron. From this observation, scientists concluded that another undiscovered particle must also be ejected. They searched for more than 20 years before they found it. Why did the scientists believe another particle must exist?

 

Unit 2

I. Language.

Exercise 1. Remember the following words and word combinations:

alternating current - змінний струм;

direct current - постійний струм;

to decrease - зменшувати;

to increase - збільшувати;

to consider - розглядати;

to determine - визначати;

to require - вимагати;

to meet requirements - відповідати / задовольняти вимогам;

to cause - спричиняти, викликати;

to carry - нести;

complete - складний, завершений, тут: замкнутий;

fuse - запобіжник;

circuit - електричне коло;

short circuit - коротке замикання;

fault - пошкодження, аварія.

 

Exercise 2. Learn to recognize the following international words:

electrolyte, cycle, terminal, static, collision, typical, expansion, conductor, transmission, compression, term, voltage conduction.

 

Exercise 3. Read the following words and their derivatives paying attention to the suffixes and the prefixes:

to be certain - certain - certainly;

to consider - considerable - consideration - considerably;

to determine - determination - determinate;

direction - to direct - direct - indirect - misdirection - directly;

subject - to subject - subjective;

wire - to wire - wireless;

fault - faulty - faultless;

to supply - supply - supplement - supplementary;

 

Exercise 4. Match the words with the opposite meaning:

A

1. to increase

2. to switch on

3. compression

4. static

5. direct current

6. cause

7. similar

8. to place

9. open circuit

10. faulty

 

 

B

1. switch off

2. to take

3. different

4. to decrease

5. kinetic

6. alternating current

7. closed circuit

8. causeless

9. faultless

10. expansion

Exercise 5. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

to employ, to make, to travel, motion, similar, various, different, like, to receive, liquid, movement, to help, fluid, to assist, to do, to get, to use, to move.

Exercise 6. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

at rest, positive, solid, right, fast, the last, useful, charge, hot, dark, negative, the first, increase, wrong, valuable, decrease, liquid, in motion, invaluable, slow, useless, discharge, cold, light.

 

II. Grammar.

The Subjective Indefinite Construction.

The Objective Indefinite Construction.

 

СУБ’ЄКТНИЙ ІНФІНІТИВНИЙ ЗВОРОТ

It is known that electronic equipment is in great demand.→

Electronic equipment is known to be in great demand.

 

Відомо, що електронне обладнання користується великим попитом.

is reported

The new product is sure to be in great demand.

seems

Повідомляють,

Безперечно, що новий продукт … користується великим попитом.

Здається,

Приклади перекладу суб’єктного інфінітивного звороту:

1. Coal is considered to be a valuable fuel.

Вважають, що вугілля цінне паливо.

2. The electrolytes appear to change greatly when the current passes through them.

Як видно, електроліти сильно змінюються, коли струм проходить через них.

Дієслова, після яких іде суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот
після певних дієслів у пасивному стані	після деяких дієслів у дійсному стані	після словосполучень
is/was believed – думають, гадають,вважають; думали, гадали, вважали is/was expected – очікують, очікували is/was known – відомо, було відомо     is/was said – говорять, говорили; визнають, визнавали is/was reported – повідомляють, як повідомляли   is/was supposed – гадають, припускають; гадали, припускали   is/was considered – вважають, вважали is/was thought – вважають, думають; вважали, думали is/was understood – вважають, вважали,; згідно існуючих відомостей	seems/seemed – здається, здавалось; очевидно appears/appeared – очевидно proves/proved – виявляється, виявлялось	is unlikely – малоймовірно is sure/certain – обов’язково, точно, без сумніву is likely – схоже на те, імовірно, певно

 

ОБ’ЄКТНИЙ ІНФІНІТИВНИЙ ЗВОРОТ We believe that his experiment is of great importance.→ We believe his experiment to be of great importance.   Ми вважаємо, що його експеримент дуже важливий. Приклади перекладу об`єктного інфінітивного звороту: 1. We suppose many articles to have already been written on that subject. Ми вважали, що багато статей вже було написано по цьому предмету. 2. We know the electrons to flow from the negative terminal to the positive one. Ми знаємо, що електрони йдуть від негативного полюса до позитивного.   Групи дієслів, після яких іде об’єктний інфінітивний зворот
Дієслова, що позначають сприйняття	Дієслова, що позначають бажання	Дієслова, що позначають припущення чи впевненість	Дієслова, що позначають наказ, прохання чи дозвіл
to see – бачити to hear – чути to watch- спостерігати   to notice – замічати   to observe – спостерігати to feel – відчувати та ін.	to want – хотіти to wish – бажати	to expect – чекати to consider – вважати to think – думати, гадати to suppose – припускати to know – знати to believe – вважати, гадати та ін.	to order - наказувати   to make – змушувати, примушувати to let – дозволяти to allow – дозволяти та ін.

 

Примітка:

1) Об’єктний інфінітивний зворот можливий лише після певних дієслів.

2) Після дієслів, що позначають сприйняття, а також після дієслів to make та to let інфінітив вживається без частки to.

 

III. Reading.

Text A.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Ever since Volta first produced a source of continuous current, men of science have been forming theories on this subject. For some time they could see no real difference between the newly-discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charges. Then the famous French Scientist Ampere (after whom the unit of current was named) determined the difference between the current and the static charges. In addition to it, Ampere gave the current direction: he supposed the current to flow from the positive pole of the source round the circuit and back again to the negative pole.

We consider Ampere to be right in his first statement but he was certainly wrong in the second, as to the direc­tion of the current. The student is certain to remember that the flow of current is in a direction opposite to what he thought.

Let us turn our attention now to the electric current itself. The current which flows along wires consists of mov­ing electrons. What can we say about the electron? We know the electron to be a minute particle having an elec­tric charge. We also know that that charge is negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current.

In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most impor­tant effects to meet industrial requirements.

Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

When the electrons flow in one direction only, the cur­rent is known to be d. c, that is, direct current. The sim­plest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).

The letters a.c. stand for alternating current. The cur­rent under consideration flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a.c. used for power and light­ing purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one sec­ond. One of the great advantages of a.c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased: when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial re­quirements as well as to operate various devices at home.

Although there are numerous cases when d.c. is re­quired, at least 90 percent of electrical energy to be gen­erated at present is a.c. In fact, it finds wide application for lighting, heating, industrial, and some other purposes.

One cannot help mentioning here that Yablochkov, Rus­sian scientist and inventor, was the first to apply a.c. in practice.

 

IV. Language.

V. Comprehension.

Exercise 1. Find the wrong statements and correct them:

1. Electrons flow from the positively charged terminal of the battery to the negatively charged terminal.

2. Ampere supposed the current to flow from the negative pole to the positive one.

3. Static electricity is used for practical purposes.

4. Static electricity is not very high in voltage and it is easy to control it.

5. The direct current is known to flow first in one direction and then in the opposite one.

6. The direct current used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to do through 50 cycles a second.

 

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. Who first produced a source of continuous current?

2. After whom was the unit of current named?

3. Who determined the difference between the current and the static charges?

4. What did Ampere suppose?

5. When does a wire carry an electric current?

6. What can you say about electrolytes?

7. What do you call d.c.?

8. What is the advantage of a.c.?

9. Where is a.c. used?

10. Who first applied a.c.?

 

VI. Practice.

Exercise 1. Ask you group-mates the following questions. Let him / her answer them:

1. If electricity is a form of energy;

2. If there are two types of electricity;

3. If alternating voltage can be increased and decreased;

4. If Ampere determined the difference between the current and the static charges;

5. If the electric current can flow through liquids and through gases;

6. If the electrolytes change greatly when the current passes through them;

7. If a negatively charged electron will move to the positive end of the wire.

 

Exercise 2. Explain why:

1. static electricity cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water, and so on;

2. voltage is increased or decreased;

3. the unit of electric preassure is called volt;

4. Ampere was wrong as to the current direction;

5. the current is said to flow from the positive end of the wire to its negative end.

 

Exercise 3. Use the plan to speak about Electric Current:

1. Ampere`s supposition as to the current direction.

2. Electron and electric charge.

3. Substances, electric current can flow through.

4. D.c. and a.c. current.

 

VII. Reading and practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text B in 7 minutes without a dictionary and answer the question “What is discussed in the present text?”

Text B.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

The electric circuit is the subject to be dealt with in the present article. But what does the above term really mean? We know the circuit to be a complete path which carries the current from the source of supply to the load and then carries it again from the load back to the source.

The purpose of the electrical source is to produce the necessary electromotive force required for the flow of current through the circuit.

The path along which the electrons travel must be com­plete otherwise no electric power can be supplied from the source to the load. Thus we close the circuit when we switch on our electric lamp.

If the circuit is broken or, as we generally say "opened" anywhere, the current is known to stop everywhere. Hence, we break the circuit when we switch off our electrical devices. Generally speaking, the current may pass through solid conductors, liquids, gases, vacuum, or any combination of these. It may flow in turn over transmission lines from the power-station through transformers, cables and switches, through lamps, heaters, motors and so on.

There are various kinds of electric circuits such as: open circuits, closed circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits.

To understand the difference between the following circuit connections is not difficult at all. When electrical devices are connected so that the current flows from one device to another, they are said to be connected in series. Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit, as there is only a single path along which it may flow. The electrical bell circuit is considered to be a typical example of a series circuit. The parallel circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through one path, and part through another. The lamps in your room and your house are generally connected in parallel.

 

Text C.

Unit 3

I. Language.

Exercise 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:

to fly – літати;

while – в той час, як;

achievement – досягнення;

capacity – потужність;

coal – вугілля;

to construct – будувати;

to contain – містити в собі, складати;

contribution – вклад;

engineering – техніка;

in question – які обговорюються, про що йде мова;

installation – установка;

nuclear – ядерний;

peaceful – мирний;

in the form – у вигляді;

power-station – електростанція;

to put into operation – ввести в дію;

reliable – надійний;

steam – пар;

to supply – доставляти;

splitting – розщеплення.

 

Exercise 2. Learn to recognize the following international words:

Hydroelectric, mechanical, form, potential, generator, kinetic, turbine, limit, battery, stan­dard, interest, engineer, type, reactor.

 

Exercise 3. Read the following words and their derivatives paying attention to the suffixes and pre­fixes:

achievement – to achieve;

to construct – construction – constructor – constructive – to reconstruct;

to contain – container;

contribution – to contribute;

installation – to install;

form – to form – to reform – reformation – formation;

nuclear – nucleus – nuclei;

peaceful – peace;

reliable – to rely – reliability.

 

II. Grammar.

Participle. Forms & Functions

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	Constructing   The engineers constructing the nuclear power-station came across many diffi­cul­ties.	being constructed   The nuclear power station being con­structed lately in one of the most impor­tant projects.
Perfect	having constructed   Having constructed the nuclear power-station the engineers resumed work at an­other project.	having been constructed   Having been constructed the nuclear power station showed its best characteris­tics.

III. Reading.

Text A.

ATOMIC ENERGY

A man trying to see a single atom is like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the sea while he is flying high above it. He will see the sea made up of a great many sing drop. By the way, there are so many atoms in the drop of water that if one could count one atom a second, day and night, it would take one hundred milliard years. But that is cer­tainly impossible.

Man has, however, learned the secret of the atom. He has learned to split atoms in order to get great quantities of energy. At present, coal is one of the most important fuel and our basic source of energy. It is quite possible that some day coal and other fuel may be replaced by atomic energy.

The nuclear reactor is one of the most reliable “furnaces” producing atomic energy. Being used to produce energy, the reactor produces it in the form of heat. In other words, atoms splitting in the reactor, heat is developed. Gas, water, melted metals, and some other liquids circulating through the reactor carry that heat away. The heat may be carried to pipes of the steam drives a turbine, the turbine in its turn driving an electric generator. So we see that nuclear power-station is like any other power-station but the familiar coal-burning furnace is replaced by a nuclear one, that is the reactor supplies energy to the tur­bines. The amount of nuclear fuel which the nuclear power-plant consumes is negligible while the world’s uranium and thorium resources will last for hundreds of the years.

The construction of the world’s first nuclear power-plant in Obninsk near Moscow is a great historical event and the beginning of atomic energetic.

The nuclear power-stations are mostly designed for generation of electricity. If a sta­tion generates only electric energy, it is equipped with condensing turbines and the station is known as a condensing one. At present the nuclear power-stations manly operate as con­densing plants. The nuclear power-stations designed to produce not only electrical energy but also heat are called nuclear heat- and power-plants. By the end of the present century half of all the world’s electricity will come from nuclear power-plants.

 

IV. Language.

Exercise 1. Find correspondence:

1) to split atoms

2) great quantities

3) quit possible

4) to be replaced

5) basic source

6) reliable furnaces

7) in other words

8) to drive a turbine

9) to consume fuel

10) condensing turbine

11) to have significance

 

 

1) цілком можливо

2) бути заміненим

3) розчепити атоми

4) надійні печі

5) великі кількості

6) приводити в рух турбіну

7) конденсуючи турбіни

8) мати значення

9) основне джерело

10) споживати пальне

11) іншими словами

V. Comprehension.

VI. Practice.

Exercise 1. Speak on:

1) the operation of nuclear reactor;

2) the nuclear power station;

3) the peaceful uses of atomic energy.

 

Exercise 2. Retell the Text A using the phrases:

1). This text deal with...

2). Much attention is given to…

3). It is spoken in detail about…

4). It is stressed that…

5). …are given (are enumerated).

6). The fact that … is underlined.

 

VII. Reading and Practice.

Exercise 1. Read text B “Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough” and find the difference be­tween nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Notes: breakthrough – прорив, велике відкриття

science fiction – опанувати, загнуздати

fusion – синтез, злиття

fission – розпад, розчеплення

conventional – традиційний, широковживаний

sustain – підтримувати, тривати

commercial – комерційний, торговельний

 

Text B.

FUSION BREAKTHROUGH

The science fiction dream of clean, cheap, unlimited power is on its way to becom­ing reali­ty. For first time anywhere in the world, scientists at the joint European Tours (JET) experimental fusion reactor at Culham in Oxfordshire (England) have achieved con­trolled nuclear fusion – harnessing the reaction which powers the stars.

The success came when they put “real” fuel inside the reactor for the first time. Pre­viously only deuterium (a type of hydrogen) had been used in fusion experiments, but by adding tritium, they achieved the major breakthrough in the amount of energy which could be generated.

Fusion research has been going on for more then 40 years, and although bombs in­volving fusion power have been built, it is the first time that anyone has produced any sub­stantial amount of fusion power in a controlled fusion experiment as opposed to a bomb.

The key difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion is that fission involves splitting atoms apart, while fusion happens after atoms have been heated to an extremely high temperature and have violently struck each other and come together – or fused. Both normal nuclear fission and nuclear fusion create enormous amounts of energy, but the problem with conventional nuclear reactors is that they use heavy, unstable radioactive uranium atoms, splitting them apart and creating lighter more unstable and dangerous ele­ments such as plutonium, as well as vast amounts of heat.

By contrast, fusion relies on super-heating simpler “clean” atoms, making them strike each other with such force that they fuse together. The heat has to be around 200 million degrees – 20 times the heat of the sun. With current technology the reaction can only be sustained for several seconds, producing in that time the equivalent of one million watts of electricity.

Another important advantage of nuclear fusion is that the fuels needed for this type of reaction are plentiful. Deuterium is extracted from water, while tritium can be made in­side the reactor. Just 10 grams of deuterium and 15 grams of tritium would be enough to provide the lifetime electricity needs of an average person in an industrialized country.

It is supposed that the first commercial fusion-powered reactor could be produced by 2020.

 

Text C.

Unit 4

I. Language.

Exercise 1. Remember the following worlds and world-combinations:

lightning - блискавка

flash - спалах

to charge - заряджати

to conduct - проводити

to strike (struck) - ударяти

to destroy - руйнувати

dangerous - небезпечний

to imagine – уявляти, зображати

to invent - винаходити

to throw (threw, thrown) - кидати

according to – згідно з

powerful - могутній

to try - намагатися

to solve - вирішувати

to result from - виникати

to cover - покривати

to protect - захищати

therefore - отже

to provide - забезпечувати

familiar - знайомий

device – устрій, прилад

numerous – численний

 

Exercise 2. Learn to recognize the following international words:

Atmospheric, Scandinavians, laboratory, electricity, experiment, kilometer, conductor, problem, professor, fact.

 

II. Grammar.

The Gerund.

	Indefinite	Perfect
simultaneousness	priority
Active	Writing	Having written
Passive	Being written	Having been written

III. Reading.

Text A.

Lightning

The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man, although for a long time nobody knew that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.

Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story, his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.

However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. Now everybody knows that lightning is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between a charged cloud and the earth or between charged clouds.

Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lightning flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometers around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.

Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to everybody at present, is a metal device protecting buildings from strokes of lightning by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Along with other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was that of atmospheric electricity. Both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman took great interest in it. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. The first electrical measuring device in the world was constructed by Rihman. Making experiments of that kind was dangerous and Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning while he making one of his experiments.

 

IV. Language.

V. Comprehension.

VI. Oral Practice.

VII. Reading.

Text B.

Is Lightning Good or Bad?

The intensity of Lightning is tremendous. When we hear noises on our radio, we conclude that a storm is occurring somewhere in the country. It is not really the case. Similar disturbances have been heard on radio in New York, San Francisco, and elsewhere. It has been proved, moreover, that a powerful flash of lightning in the jungle of India or over the South States suffices to produce disturbances on every radio throughout the world.

Lightning performs some very useful services for mankind. Every stroke of lightning produces some quantity of nitric acid from the nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen of the air. About 100,000 tons of nitric acid are produced in this way each year. It is more than man can produce nitrogen by the artificial process.

 

VIII. Comprehension.

IX. Oral Practice.

X. Reading.

Text C.

Ball Lightning.

It is quite possible that there are several different physical forms of ball lightning and each form has its own characteristic set of properties. These phenomena are rare and this rarity leads to the wide variety of descriptions of ball lightning.

Lightning balls appear near the end of severe electrical storms. This happens after the air has been highly ionized and is filled with electromagnetic disturbances generated by the conventional lightning.

The diameters of observed lightning balls range from a few inches to rare instances of many feet. The average diameter of a ball is about 10 inches. The balls usually move by rolling or sliding along conductors such as telephone wires, fences, and other metallic objects.

The lifetime of a ball of lightning may range from a few seconds to minutes. The calculated surface temperature of a lightning ball can be 5,000°C.

The famous physicist Pyotr Kapitsa gave a reasonable explanation for a ball lightning. It appears at sufficient ionization of the air and the presence of vapours necessary for ionization of the rising current of air. The ionized clouds of plasma are composed of the atomic nuclei of gas stripped of their electrons. These nuclei possess their own periods of electromagnetic oscillations and are able to absorb the incoming external electromagnetic energy of the same period. This is known as the resonance effect.

Details of Kapitsa’s hypothesis include the reasoning that during the luminescence period, some energy is supplied continuously into the ball lightning and the energy source is outside the ball. This reasoning is based on the conservation of energy principle on the realization that the ball lightning is suspended in the air with no visible link with the energy source. Thus the only source of energy is the absorption of intense outside radio waves.

 

Notes:

disturbance – хвилювання;

conventional – звичайний;

to roll – котитися;

to slide – ковзатися, пливти;

vapour – випаровування, пара;

reasoning – міркування;

rising current of air – потік повітря, що піднімається;

to be composed of - складатися з;

oscillations - коливання;

to strip – здирати;

to suspend – вішати.

 

Unit 5

I. Language.

Exercise 1. Remember the following worlds and world-combinations:

in order to – для того, щоб;

all over the world – у всьому світі;

because of – через, внаслідок;

to burn – спалювати;

to connect – з’єднувати, зв’язувати;

to develop – розвивати, розробляти;

discovery – відкриття;

to electricity – електрифікувати;

field – поле, галузь(науки, техніки);

instead of – замість;

to mention – згадувати;

power – енергія, держава;

substance – речовина, матерія;

valuable – цінний;

to contain – містити в собі;

mankind – людство;

heat – тепло;

proof – доказ;

to prove – доказувати;

installation – установка, установлення;

to employ – використовувати.

 

Exercise 2. Learn to recognize the following international words:

Milliard, secret, atom, to circulate, station, thermal, problem, electron, conductor, professor, experiment, atmospheric, method, academician, interval, condenser, engineer, to transform, kilometer, energy.

 

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following words and their derivatives paying attention to the suffixes and the prefixes:

To connect – connection – to disconnect; to develop – development; discovery – to discover – discoverer – rediscover; to electrify – electrification; engineer – engine – engineering; power – powerful – to power; to protect – protection – protector – protective; valuable – value – to value.

 

Exercise 4. Translate the following groups of words:

To burn coal, because of water power, to electrify metal, useful substance, in the field of science, to develop new devices, instead of chemical sources.

Нове відкриття, у всьому світі, інженер з досвідом, захищати будівлі, наелектризований предмет, важлива проблема, продовжувати вивчати.

 

Exercise 5. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

Modern, to get, to transform, foundation, to connect, field, to produce, to raise, to employ, up-to-date, to use, to increase, to change, basis, to receive, branch, to link, to generate.

 

Exercise 6. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

Important, long, to find, useful, single, strong, famous, high, to continue, unknown, numerous, to stop, weak, low, short, to look for, useless, unimportant.

 

II. Grammar.

III. Reading.

Text A.

Atmospheric Electricity

Electricity plays such an important part in modern life that in order to get it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it contains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important problem that scientists and engineers try to solve. In this connection one might ask: “Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?” In other words, could atmospheric electricity be transformed into useful energy?

Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark about one and a half kilometer long. However, this does not represent very much energy because of the intervals between single thunderstorms. As for the power sent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about 1/10,000 of the power got by mankind from the sun, both in the form of light and that of heat. Thus, the source in question may interest only the scientists of the future.

It has already been mentioned that atmospheric electricity is the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man. However, nobody understood that phenomenon and its properties until Behjamin Franklin made his kite experiment.

On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known condenser), Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of electricity. He began experimenting in order to draw electricity from the clouds to the earth. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.

On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with them some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. “If lightning is the same as electricity, “Franklin thought, “then some of its sparks must come down the kite string to the key”. Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds where lightning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some time passed before there was any proof of its being electrified. Then the rain fell and wetted the string. The wet string conducted the electricity from the clouds down the string to the key. Franklin and his son both saw electric sparks which grew bigger and stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity like that got from the batteries of Leyden jars.

Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms, Franklin continued studying that problem and invented the lightning conductor. He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the principle of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings from strokes of lightning was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.

 

IV. Language.

V. Oral Practice.

VI. Reading.

Teat B.

VI. Reading.

Exercise 20. Answer the following questions:

1. Where the Greeks familiar with the electricity?

2. What three phenomena made up all of man’s knowledge of electrical effects?

3. When has man’s knowledge in the field of electricity been obtained?

4. When did the electrically operated devices begin to appear?

5. What scientists made contribution to the research on electricity?

 

VII. Oral Practice.

VIII. Reading.

Text C.

Static Electricity

When you read that the loss or gain of electrons produces an electric charge and electricity, you may have noticed that the words electron and electricity are similar. This similarity is no accident. Electricity depends upon electrons. In fact, electricity can now be defined as the energy associated with electrons that have moved from one place to another.

You are probably most familiar with electricity that flows through electric wires. But the movement of electrons is not always a continuous flow through a wire. Sometimes electrons can move from one object to another and then remain at rest. This type of electricity is called static electricity. The word static means “not moving”, or “stationary”.

Static electricity is the build-up of electric charges on an object. The electric chargesbuild up because electrons have moved from one object to another. However, once