The checked and unchecked operators

The checked and unchecked operators are used to control the overflow checking context for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions.

checked-expression:
checked (expression)

unchecked-expression:
unchecked (expression)

The checked operator evaluates the contained expression in a checked context, and the unchecked operator evaluates the contained expression in an unchecked context. A checked-expression or unchecked-expression corresponds exactly to a parenthesized-expression (§7.6.3), except that the contained expression is evaluated in the given overflow checking context.

The overflow checking context can also be controlled through the checked and unchecked statements (§8.11).

The following operations are affected by the overflow checking context established by the checked and unchecked operators and statements:

· The predefined ++ and -- unary operators (§7.6.9 and §7.7.5), when the operand is of an integral type.

· The predefined - unary operator (§7.7.2), when the operand is of an integral type.

· The predefined +, -, *, and / binary operators (§7.8), when both operands are of integral types.

· Explicit numeric conversions (§6.2.1) from one integral type to another integral type, or from float or double to an integral type.

When one of the above operations produce a result that is too large to represent in the destination type, the context in which the operation is performed controls the resulting behavior:

· In a checked context, if the operation is a constant expression (§7.19), a compile-time error occurs. Otherwise, when the operation is performed at run-time, a System.OverflowException is thrown.

· In an unchecked context, the result is truncated by discarding any high-order bits that do not fit in the destination type.

For non-constant expressions (expressions that are evaluated at run-time) that are not enclosed by any checked or unchecked operators or statements, the default overflow checking context is unchecked unless external factors (such as compiler switches and execution environment configuration) call for checked evaluation.

For constant expressions (expressions that can be fully evaluated at compile-time), the default overflow checking context is always checked. Unless a constant expression is explicitly placed in an unchecked context, overflows that occur during the compile-time evaluation of the expression always cause compile-time errors.

The body of an anonymous function is not affected by checked or unchecked contexts in which the anonymous function occurs.

In the example

class Test
{
static readonly int x = 1000000;
static readonly int y = 1000000;

static int F() {
return checked(x * y); // Throws OverflowException
}

static int G() {
return unchecked(x * y); // Returns -727379968
}

static int H() {
return x * y; // Depends on default
}
}

no compile-time errors are reported since neither of the expressions can be evaluated at compile-time. At run-time, the F method throws a System.OverflowException, and the G method returns –727379968 (the lower 32 bits of the out-of-range result). The behavior of the H method depends on the default overflow checking context for the compilation, but it is either the same as F or the same as G.

In the example

class Test
{
const int x = 1000000;
const int y = 1000000;

static int F() {
return checked(x * y); // Compile error, overflow
}

static int G() {
return unchecked(x * y); // Returns -727379968
}

static int H() {
return x * y; // Compile error, overflow
}
}

the overflows that occur when evaluating the constant expressions in F and H cause compile-time errors to be reported because the expressions are evaluated in a checked context. An overflow also occurs when evaluating the constant expression in G, but since the evaluation takes place in an unchecked context, the overflow is not reported.

The checked and unchecked operators only affect the overflow checking context for those operations that are textually contained within the “(” and “)” tokens. The operators have no effect on function members that are invoked as a result of evaluating the contained expression. In the example

class Test
{
static int Multiply(int x, int y) {
return x * y;
}

static int F() {
return checked(Multiply(1000000, 1000000));
}
}

the use of checked in F does not affect the evaluation of x * y in Multiply, so x * y is evaluated in the default overflow checking context.

The unchecked operator is convenient when writing constants of the signed integral types in hexadecimal notation. For example:

class Test
{
public const int AllBits = unchecked((int)0xFFFFFFFF);

public const int HighBit = unchecked((int)0x80000000);
}

Both of the hexadecimal constants above are of type uint. Because the constants are outside the int range, without the unchecked operator, the casts to int would produce compile-time errors.

The checked and unchecked operators and statements allow programmers to control certain aspects of some numeric calculations. However, the behavior of some numeric operators depends on their operands’ data types. For example, multiplying two decimals always results in an exception on overflow even within an explicitly unchecked construct. Similarly, multiplying two floats never results in an exception on overflow even within an explicitly checked construct. In addition, other operators are never affected by the mode of checking, whether default or explicit.

Default value expressions

A default value expression is used to obtain the default value (§5.2) of a type. Typically a default value expression is used for type parameters, since it may not be known if the type parameter is a value type or a reference type. (No conversion exists from the null literal to a type parameter unless the type parameter is known to be a reference type.)

default-value-expression:
default (type)

If the type in a default-value-expression evaluates at run-time to a reference type, the result is null converted to that type. If the type in a default-value-expression evaluates at run-time to a value type, the result is the value-type’s default value (§4.1.2).

A default-value-expression is a constant expression (§7.19) if the type is a reference type or a type parameter that is known to be a reference type (§10.1.5). In addition, a default-value-expression is a constant expression if the type is one of the following value types: sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, char, float, double, decimal, bool, or any enumeration type.

Anonymous method expressions

An anonymous-method-expression is one of two ways of defining an anonymous function. These are further described in §7.15.

Unary operators

The +, -,!, ~, ++, --, cast, and await operators are called the unary operators.

unary-expression:
primary-expression
+ unary-expression
- unary-expression
! unary-expression
~ unary-expression
pre-increment-expression
pre-decrement-expression
cast-expression
await-expression

If the operand of a unary-expression has the compile-time type dynamic, it is dynamically bound (§7.2.2). In this case the compile-time type of the unary-expression is dynamic, and the resolution described below will take place at run-time using the run-time type of the operand.

Unary plus operator

For an operation of the form +x, unary operator overload resolution (§7.3.3) is applied to select a specific operator implementation. The operand is converted to the parameter type of the selected operator, and the type of the result is the return type of the operator. The predefined unary plus operators are:

int operator +(int x);
uint operator +(uint x);
long operator +(long x);
ulong operator +(ulong x);
float operator +(float x);
double operator +(double x);
decimal operator +(decimal x);

For each of these operators, the result is simply the value of the operand.

Unary minus operator

For an operation of the form –x, unary operator overload resolution (§7.3.3) is applied to select a specific operator implementation. The operand is converted to the parameter type of the selected operator, and the type of the result is the return type of the operator. The predefined negation operators are:

· Integer negation:

int operator –(int x);
long operator –(long x);

The result is computed by subtracting x from zero. If the value of of x is the smallest representable value of the operand type (−2³¹ for int or −2⁶³ for long), then the mathematical negation of x is not representable within the operand type. If this occurs within a checked context, a System.OverflowException is thrown; if it occurs within an unchecked context, the result is the value of the operand and the overflow is not reported.

If the operand of the negation operator is of type uint, it is converted to type long, and the type of the result is long. An exception is the rule that permits the int value −2147483648 (−2³¹) to be written as a decimal integer literal (§2.4.4.2).

If the operand of the negation operator is of type ulong, a compile-time error occurs. An exception is the rule that permits the long value −9223372036854775808 (−2⁶³) to be written as a decimal integer literal (§2.4.4.2).

· Floating-point negation:

float operator –(float x);
double operator –(double x);

The result is the value of x with its sign inverted. If x is NaN, the result is also NaN.

· Decimal negation:

decimal operator –(decimal x);

The result is computed by subtracting x from zero. Decimal negation is equivalent to using the unary minus operator of type System.Decimal.

Logical negation operator

For an operation of the form!x, unary operator overload resolution (§7.3.3) is applied to select a specific operator implementation. The operand is converted to the parameter type of the selected operator, and the type of the result is the return type of the operator. Only one predefined logical negation operator exists:

bool operator!(bool x);

This operator computes the logical negation of the operand: If the operand is true, the result is false. If the operand is false, the result is true.

Bitwise complement operator

For an operation of the form ~x, unary operator overload resolution (§7.3.3) is applied to select a specific operator implementation. The operand is converted to the parameter type of the selected operator, and the type of the result is the return type of the operator. The predefined bitwise complement operators are:

int operator ~(int x);
uint operator ~(uint x);
long operator ~(long x);
ulong operator ~(ulong x);

For each of these operators, the result of the operation is the bitwise complement of x.

Every enumeration type E implicitly provides the following bitwise complement operator:

E operator ~(E x);

The result of evaluating ~x, where x is an expression of an enumeration type E with an underlying type U, is exactly the same as evaluating (E)(~(U)x), except that the conversion to E is always performed as if in an unchecked context (§7.6.12).