Theory of Translating: Object and Aims.

ТПП

Theory of Translating: Object and Aims.

The aim of LTT is to reveal and describe the most common,typical and repetitive objective regularities of translation process,the aims of LTT analysis are varied and depend on its division into several branches: a) general- gen regularities b) particular (genres & types, oral-written;partic SL & TL problems.important aspect in the object of LTT which presupposes a contrastive study of SL and TL speech events that is a SLT and a TLT underlying a scientific

description if translation process viewed as an interlanguage transformation.

Translating as Version of Interlingual and Cultural Communication.

The problem of relations between language, culture and speaker is one of the fundamental problems in modern linguistics. This problem is defined by many researchers as “anthropological”. Language is a reflexion of an ethnic group’s culture, a means of transmitting cultural values through generations and the major tool of cognition. As language sets the parameters of human perception of the world and stereotypes of daily behavior, any linguistic research in the field of language semantics deals with the interrelations of the concepts of language, culture, and personality.

Along with that, the globalization of cultures actualizes the concept of intercultural communication. In many areas, such as linguistics, literary criticism, culture studies, sociology, psychology, new researches are devoted to the problem of intercultural communication. The political and social situation in the modern world generates the problem of adequate communication, but speaking about adequacy is possible only under condition of full mutual understanding of the representatives of different cultures speaking in different languages. In S. Ter-minasova’s opinion, communication is a dialogue act, connection between two and more individuals which is, first of al, based on mutual understanding.

The General, Private and Special Theories of translating.

The theoretical branch of translation includes the general translation theory and partial (special) translation theories. The latter may be medium restricted (i.e. theories of human translation as opposed to machine translation, or written translation as opposed to oral interpreting), area restricted (i.e. restricted to specific linguistic or cultural group), rank restricted (dealing with specific linguistic ranks or levels), text type restricted (i.e. Bible translation), time restricted (i.e. translating texts from an older period), or problem restricted (i.e. translation of metaphors or idioms). Theoretical translation or general translation theory uses the results of descriptive translation studies to discover principles, form theories and establish models which will serve to explain and predict what translating and translations are and will be.

Partial theories of translation:

• Medium-restricted theories subdivide according to translation by human and machine, with addditional subdivisions according to whether the translation is spoken or written or whether it is consecutive or simultaneous.
• Area-restricted thoeries are restricted to specific languages or cultures.
• Rank-restricted theories are restricted to a specific level of the word or sentance.
• Text-type restricted theories analyze specific discourse types or genres e.g. literary texts, technical writings, etc.
• Time-restricted theories refer to theories limited to specific time frames and periods.
• Problem-restricted theories refer to specific problems such as equivalence or whether universals of translated language exist.

History of Translation theory

CTIS research in this area focuses on particular periods of translation activity and the scope, nature, causes and effects of those activities. One major strand concentrates on the history and theory of translation from Chinese into European languages in the 18th to early 20th centuries. Basic questions such as what was being translated, by whom and for what purposes have led to the investigation the relationship between translation, the rise of sinology as an academic discipline in France and England, developments in translation theory of the time, rivalry between European nations in the 19th century, and the rise of racist discourses which asserted European supremacy. A second strand is the study of fascist Italy, especially fascist cultural policy and the development of the Italian publishing industry, from the point of view of translation. A third strand concerns the role of translation in the dissemination of scientific ideas in Europe in the early 19th century, with a current focus on German-English translation of scientific papers and the context and impact of this translation activity.

Equivalence in translating.

As “equivalence” is a term which is also broadly used outside of the field of enquiry at hand, it may be useful to start with a more general definition of the concept before mentioning more specific ones. As far as languages are concerned, there are no two absolute synonyms within one language. Quite naturally, no two words in any two languages are completely identical in meaning. As translation involves at least two languages and since each language has its own peculiarities in phonology, grammar, vocabulary, ways of denoting experiences and reflects different cultures, any translation involves a certain degree of loss or distortion of meaning of the source text. That is to say, it is impossible to establish absolute identity between the source text and the target text. Therefore, we can say that equivalence in translation should not be approached as a search for sameness, but only as a kind of similarity or approximation, and this naturally indicates that it is possible to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text on different linguistic levels and on different degrees. In other words, different types of translation equivalence can be achieved between the source text and the target text such as phonetic equivalence, phonological equivalence, morphological equivalence, lexical equivalence, syntactical equivalence and semantic equivalence. (Le Meiyun 1989)

Descriptive translation.

Descriptive Translation Studies as a scholarly activity as well as a branch of the discipline, having immediate consequences for issues of both a theoretical and applied nature. Methodological discussions are complemented by an assortment of case studies of various scopes and levels, with emphasis on the need to contextualize whatever one sets out to focus on.

Part One deals with the position of descriptive studies within TS and justifies the author's choice to devote a whole book to the subject. Part Two gives a detailed rationale for descriptive studies in translation and serves as a framework for the case studies comprising Part Three. Concrete descriptive issues are here tackled within ever growing contexts of a higher level: texts and modes of translational behaviour — in the appropriate cultural setup; textual components — in texts, and through these texts, in cultural constellations. Part Four asks the question: What is knowledge accumulated through descriptive studies performed within one and the same framework likely to yield in terms of theory and practice? This is an excellent book for higher-level translation courses.

Translation of the Word. Lexical Compliances.

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TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE

One of the grammar challenges in translating from English, and especiallyinto English, is the article, since this category no longer exists in the Russianlanguage.Article translation depends on the function the article has in the sentence

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ТПП

Theory of Translating: Object and Aims.

The aim of LTT is to reveal and describe the most common,typical and repetitive objective regularities of translation process,the aims of LTT analysis are varied and depend on its division into several branches: a) general- gen regularities b) particular (genres & types, oral-written;partic SL & TL problems.important aspect in the object of LTT which presupposes a contrastive study of SL and TL speech events that is a SLT and a TLT underlying a scientific

description if translation process viewed as an interlanguage transformation.

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