Death, vital, state, exhibit, nature

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

Death, vital, state, exhibit, nature

1. Plato believed that the ideal................ comprises members of three distinct classes: rulers, soldiers, and the people.2. In a particularly influential section of the Ethics, Aristotle considered the role of human relationships in general and friendship in particular as a................ element in the good life.3. The Hellenistic schools of philosophy.................. less confidence and propose solutions less radical than their Athenian predecessors had in the golden era.4. Pythagoreans believed that the soul "transmigrates" into other living bodies at...................5. Because ethics is a practical rather than a theoretical science, Aristotle also gave careful consideration to the aspects of human................. involved in acting and accepting moral responsibility

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1. As Socrates had argued in the Apology, the only opinion that counts is not that of the majority of people generally, but rather that of the one individual who truly (to know, to be known). 2. Thus, an application of careful techniques of reasoning (to result, to be resulted) in genuine progress in the resolution of a philosophical issue. 3. Epicurus (to hold, to be held)that the proper goal of human life is to achieve mental ease and freedom from pain.4. The goodness of the entire universe, Aristotle supposed, (to reside, to be resided) in its teleological unity as the will of a single intelligent being.5. The elderly, wealthy Cephalus (to suggest, to be suggested) that justice involves nothing more than telling the truth and repaying one's debts

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1. The ethical thinkers focussed upon the life of the individual, independently of the society, describing the kinds of character and action that might enable a person to live well despite the prevailing political realities. 2. Philosophers tried to show how we should live when circumstances beyond our control seem to render pointless everything we try to accomplish. 3. The Hellenistic Epicurus held that we have no reason to complain of the fact that human life must come to an end. 4. Unable to achieve certainty about the general structure of the world, human beings ought to practice suspension of judgment, which is the only rational response to situations in which they are ignorant. 5. Plato 's The Republic can be read in several different ways: as a treatise on political theory and practice, as a pedagogical handbook, or as a defence of ethical conduct

 

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1. Aristotle, unlike his teacher, Plato, supposed that the extravagant representation of powerful emotions is beneficial to the individual citizen, providing an opportunity for the cathartic release of unhealthy feelings rather than encouraging their development. 2.Every activity has a final cause, the good at which it aims, and Aristotle argued that since there cannot be an infinite regress of merely extrinsic goods, there must be a highest good at which all human activity ultimately aims. 3.Because ethics is a practical rather than a theoretical science, Aristotle also gave careful consideration to the aspects of human nature involved in acting and accepting moral responsibility. 4. The Law of Excluded Middle in logic states the necessity that either an assertion or its negation must be true, and this entails that there is no profound indeterminacy in the realm of reality. 5. Since each human being is a microcosm of the universe as a whole, they supposed, it is possible to employ the same methods of study to both life and nature equally

5. Переведите текст, озаглавив его. Передайте письменно содержание текста на английском языке, сократив его на 1/3.

As Socrates had proposed in the Meno, the most important varieties of human knowledge are really cases of recollection. Consider, for example, our knowledge of equality. We have no difficulty in deciding whether or not two people are perfectly equal in height. In fact, they are never exactly the same height, since we recognize that it would always be possible to discover some difference—however minute—with a more careful, precise measurement. By this standard, all of the examples we perceive in ordinary life only approach, but never fully attain, perfect equality. But notice that since we realize the truth of this important qualification on our experience, we must somehow know for sure what true equality is, even though we have never seen it.

Plato believed that the same point could be made with regard to many other abstract concepts: even though we perceive only their imperfect instances, we have genuine knowledge of truth, goodness, and beauty no less than of equality. Things of this sort are the Platonic Forms, abstract entities that exist independently of the sensible world. Ordinary objects are imperfect and changeable, but they faintly copy the perfect and immutable Forms. Thus, all of the information we acquire about sensible objects (like knowing what the high and low temperatures were yesterday) is temporary, insignificant, and unreliable, while genuine knowledge of the Forms themselves (like knowing that 93 - 67 = 26) perfectly certain forever.

Since we really do have knowledge of these supra-sensible realities, knowledge that we cannot possibly have obtained through any bodily experience, Plato argued, it follows that this knowledge must be a form of recollection and that our souls must have been acquainted with the Forms prior to our births. But in that case, the existence of our mortal bodies cannot be essential to the existence of our souls—before birth or after death—and we are therefore immortal.

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Вариант 2

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

Welfare, facilitate, will, characteristic, regularity

1. Good rulers, like good shepherds, must try to do what is best for those who have been entrusted to them, rather than seeking their own................ (Plato) 2. Incontinent agents suffer from a sort of.................. that prevents them from carrying out actions in conformity with what they have reasoned. 3. Hellenistic philosophers devoted less attention than had Plato and Aristotle to the speculative construction of an ideal state that would................ the achievement of a happy life4. In each of these aspects of the world, Pythagoras saw order, a (regularity) of occurrences that could be described in terms of mathematical ratios. 5. According to Aristotle, things of any variety have a..................... function that they are properly used to perform

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1. Perhaps few of us are (to present to be presented) with the same stark choice between philosophy and death, but all of us are daily faced with opportunities to decide between convenient conventionality and our devotion to truth and reason.2. Euthyphro provids a general definition of pios but every answer he offers is (to subject, to be subjected) to the full force of Socrates's critical thinking, until nothing certain remains. 3. The later Hellenistic period also (to produce, to be produced) significant movement toward the consolidation of the older Greek philosophical tradition with the middle-eastern religions of Judaism and Christianity. 4. Plato (to propose, to be proposed) the establishment of an additional class of citizens, the guardians who are responsible for management of the society itself. 5. Surely anyone (would prefer, would be prefered) to profit by committing an act of injustice against another than to suffer as the victim of an act of injustice committed by someone else.

Вариант 3

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Вариант 4

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения, вставив пропущенные слова. Предложения переведите.

death, vital, state, exhibit, nature

1. Plato believed that the ideal................ comprises members of three distinct classes: rulers, soldiers, and the people.2. In a particularly influential section of the Ethics, Aristotle considered the role of human relationships in general and friendship in particular as a................ element in the good life.3. The Hellenistic schools of philosophy.................. less confidence and propose solutions less radical than their Athenian predecessors had in the golden era.4. Pythagoreans believed that the soul "transmigrates" into other living bodies at...................5. Because ethics is a practical rather than a theoretical science, Aristotle also gave careful consideration to the aspects of human................. involved in acting and accepting moral responsibility