Самостійна робота №1 до практичного заняття №4

Тема: Діабет: клінічна картина, лікування та профілактика.

Знати:

1. переклад професійно орієнтованих іншомовних джерел

2.будову та функції ендокринної системи,захворювання ендокринноє системи.

Вміти:

1.ставити та відповідати на запитання щодо змісту текстів

2. робити адекватний переклад професійно орієнтованих іншомовних джерел

3. визначати найважливішу інформацію

 

Read the texts and translate it.

DIABETES.

Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition caused by the failure of the body to regulate the blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels are regulated by insulin produced in the pancreas.

Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood.

Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes¹.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include fatigue, thirst, weight loss, blurred² vision and frequent urination. Some people have no symptoms. A blood test can show if you have diabetes. Exercise, weight control and sticking to your meal plan can help to control your diabetes. You should also monitor your glucose level and take medicine if prescribed.

Type 1 diabetes. When the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, type 1 diabetes (previously known as juvenile diabetes³) occurs. Symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination, and weight loss. In children and teens, the condition is usually an autoimmune disorder in which specific immune system cells and antibodies produced by the immune system attack and destroy the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. The disease can cause long-term complications including kidney problems, nerve damage, blindness⁴, and early coronary heart disease and stroke. To control their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications, people with this condition need regular injections of insulin.

Also remember the following information connected with the level of insulin: Low levels of insulin and high sugar intake increase the blood sugar that leads to hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar). This usually develops over a number of days. This can be controlled with diet, insulin injections or tablets. Too much insulin or too little sugar can cause hypoglycaemіa.

Hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia can be recognized as follows:

	HYPERglicaemia	HYPOglycaemia
Amount of insulin used	Not enough	Too much
Deterioration	Gradual	Very quick
Hunger	Absent	Present
Vomiting	Common	Uncommon
Thirst	Present	Absent
Breath odour	Fruity/sweet	Normal
Pulse	Rapid and weak	Rapid
Breathing	Rapid	Normal
Skin	Dry and warm	Pale, cold and sweaty
Seizures	Uncommon	Common
Consciousness	Drowsy	Rapid loss

 

Notes:

• gestational diabetes — діабет вагітних

• blurred — нечіткий, розпливчастий 'juvenile diabetes — юнацький діабет

blindness — сліпота

Answer the following questions.

1. What is diabetes mellitus?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. By what hormone are blood sugar levels regulated?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What problems can the high level of glucose cause?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What test can show that you have diabetes?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What can help to control type 2 diabetes?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. When does type 1 diabetes occur?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What are the symptoms of this type of the disease?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What complications can cause the disease?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. What do people with type 1 diabetes need regularly?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What can lead to hyperglycaemia?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What is hypoglycaemia?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the gaps with suitable words.

1. Insulin produced in the....______

2. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make _____....

3. Type 2 diabetes is the more common type of the...._______

4...._____ women can also get diabetes.

5. Some people with type 2 diabetes have no...._____

6. People with type 1 diabetes need regular... ____of insulin.

a) pregnant; b) disease; c) symptoms; d) injections; e) pancreas; f) insulin

Use the words to make sentences.

a) Insulin, in, blood, glucose, enough, the, stays, without

__________________________________________________________________

b) Diabetes, blood, show, if, can, test, have, a, you.

__________________________________________________________________

c) Diet, or, can, insulin injections, with, controlled tablets, diabetes, be

__________________________________________________________________

5. Say it in English:

e) - цукровий діабет;

__________________________________________________________________

f) - втрата ваги;

__________________________________________________________________

g) - сліпота;

__________________________________________________________________

h) - аналіз крові;

__________________________________________________________________

i) - рівень глюкози;

__________________________________________________________________

j) - клітини підшлункової залози;

__________________________________________________________________

k) - ін'єкція інсуліну.

__________________________________________________________________

 

 

Самостійна робота №2 до Практичного заняття №6

Тема:Порушення функції нирок та інших органів сечовиділення

Знати:

1.лексико-граматичний матеріал з теми

2. причину появи розладів функції нирок та інших органів сечовиділення, методи лікування та профілактики

 

Вміти:

1.володіти професійно орієнтованим лексико-граматичним матеріалом з теми

2. аналізувати причину появи розладів функції нирок та інших органів сечовиділення, методи лікування та профілактики.

3. ставити запитання щодо змісту текстів;

4.складати план повідомлення до теми.

Read the information about urinary system problems. Try to memorize the meaning of some terms denoting urinary system disorders.

URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS.

Problems in the urinary system can be caused by aging, illness, or injury. As you get older, changes in the kidneys1 structure cause them to lose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Also, the muscles in your ureters, bladder, and urethra tend to lose some of their strength. You may have more urinary infections because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty your bladder completely. A decrease in strength of muscles of the sphincters and the pelvis can also cause incontinence, the unwanted leakage of urine. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine. Disorders of the urinary system range in severity from easy-to-treat to life- threatening.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (ВРИ) is a condition in men that affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate is located at the bottom of the bladder and surrounds the urethra. BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland that can interfere with urinary function in older men. It causes blockage by squeezing the urethra, which can make it difficult to urinate. Men with BPH frequently have other bladder symptoms including an increase in frequency of bladder emptying both during the day and at night. Most men over age 60 have some BPH, but not all have problems with blockage. There are many different treatment options for BPH.

Interstitial cystitis (1С) is a chronic bladder disorder also known as painful bladder syndrome and frequency-urgency-dysuria syndrome. In this disorder, the bladder wall can become inflamed and irritated. The inflammation can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder, decreased bladder capacity, pinpoint bleeding, and, in rare cases, ulcers in the bladder lining. The cause of 1С is unknown at this time.

Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate gland that results in urinary frequency and urgency, burning or painful urination (dysuria), and pain in the lower back and genital area, among other symptoms. In some cases, prostatitis is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. But the more common forms of prostatitis are not associated with any known infecting organism. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating the nonbacterial forms of prostatitis.

Renal (kidney) failure results when the kidneys are not able to regulate water and chemicals in the body or remove waste products from your blood. Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden onset of kidney failure. This can be caused by an accident that injures the kidneys, loss of a lot of blood, or some drugs or poisons. ARF may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recover. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual reduction of kidney function that may lead to permanent kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease (KSRD) You may go several years without knowing you have CKD.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria in the urinary tract Women get UTIs more often than men. UTIs are treated with antibiotics. Drinking lots of fluids also helps by flushing out the bacteria The name of the UTI depends

on its location in the urinary tract. An infection in the bladder is called cystitis. If the infection is in one or both of the kidneys, the infection is called pyelonephritis. This type of UTI can cause serious damage to the kidneys if it is not adequately treated.

Your primary doctor can help you with some urinary problems. Your pediatrician may be able to treat some of your child's urinary problems. But some problems may require the attention of a urologist, a doctor who specializes in treating problems of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system and may be able to help with some urinary problems. A gynecologist is a gynecologist who specializes in the female urinary system. A nephrologist specializes in treating diseases of the kidney.