Treatment of cardiac pathologies of children

In recent decades, the most important place in the treatment of cardiac pathologies in children have a heart operation. Invasive, that is, with penetration into the inner environment of the organism, the methods are used both for diagnosis and for treatment.

As is known, heart disease is the main cause of mortality in the world. On the first place in this category of disease is coronary heart disease (CHD).

One of the extra heart sounds is a heart murmur, which usually indicates turbulent and irregular blood flow within the cavities and through the valves of the heart. A heart murmur in children can have either physiological or pathological causes. Usually, a physiological heart murmur in children disappears once the underlying condition is treated or once the child reaches their teenage years or adulthood. A pathological heart murmur in children indicates an underlying heart trouble that is usually structural in nature. It needs to be assessed and managed by a cardiologist.

The operation also has risks. These are rare, but can include pelvic infection, the formation of scar tissue after surgery, and damage to the bowels or bladder. In very rare cases, damage to blood vessels or uncontrolled bleeding.

Normally, the heart only produces two sounds called sound 1 (S1) and sound 2 (S2), heard as “lub-dub” on auscultation. In the presence of a murmur, these sounds are interrupted, preceded, or followed by a swishing or whistling sound, which is called a murmur. Common heart murmur types encountered in children are normal physiological, or innocent, murmurs.

Innocent murmurs are also called functional, benign, vibratory, or flow murmurs. Causes include a thin chest wall, a straight back, anemia, and fever. Children generally have thin chest walls and relatively straighter backs that make the heart closer to the surface of the chest. Blood flow is then easily heard and reported as a murmur.

When a child has a fever or anemia, the rate of his or her blood flow increases to facilitate the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs. The increased blood flow leads to turbulent flow within the heart and manifests as a murmur that eventually disappears as the fever or the anemia resolves. Two innocent murmurs that are sometimes mistaken as abnormal ones include Still’s murmur and venous hum. Still’s murmur, also called musical murmur because of its musical quality, usually occurs in children between the ages 3 and 6 years. Venous hum is a soft humming murmur that can be heard over the jugular veins, also occurring in 3- to 6-year-old children.

In general, with the exception of the venous hum, heart murmurs characterized as either diastolic, holosystolic, or late systolic are abnormal in nature. A murmur that has any of these qualities should prompt the physician to search for an abnormality in the heart or blood vessels. Pathological or abnormal causes of heart murmur in children include structural abnormalities of the heart valves, heart cavities, or arteries connected to the heart. Such structural abnormalities may be congenital or acquired.

Congenital anomalies like atrial septal defect (ASD), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and ventral septal defect (VSD) all manifest with murmurs. ASD, VSD, and tetralogy of Fallot are conditions wherein there is an abnormal communication between the left and right sides of the heart. Acquired conditions such as rheumatic heart disease due to untreated streptococcal infection can lead to narrowing or insufficiency of the heart valves. Narrowing leads to valvular stenosis, while insufficiency leads to valvular regurgitation. Both of these also present with heart murmurs.

Write the translation of the italicized sentences.

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Самостійна робота №5

Тема: Ожиріння.

Знати: -хвороби травного тракту, їх симптоматику та клінічну картину;

Вміти: -визначати особливості догляду за хворими гастроентерологічного відділення;

-аналізувати методи діагностування цих захворювань;

-робити власні висновки щодо раціонального харчування та ведення здорового способу життя;

-перекладати іншомовні джерела професійного спрямування.

Overweight

Exercise 1. Read the text.

Health professionals define “overweight” as an excess amount of body weight that includes muscle, bone, fat and water. Measuring the exact amount of a person’s body fat is not easy. Obesity occur when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. What causes this imbalance between calories in and calories out may differ from one person to another. Genetic, environmental, psychological and other factors may all play a part.

Several serious medical conditions have been linked to obesity including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke. Obesity is also linked to higher rates of certain types of cancer. Obese men are more likely than non-obese men to die from cancer of the colon, rectum or prostate. Obese women are more likely than non-obese women to die from cancer of the gallbladder, breast, uterus, cervix or ovaries.

The method of treatment depends on your level of obesity, overall health condition and motivation to loose weight treatment may include a combination of diet, exercise, behavior, modification and sometimes weight-loose drugs.in some cases of severe obesity, gastrointestinal surgery may be recommended. In recent ears body mass index (BMI) has become the medical standard used to measure overweight and obesity. BMI uses a mathematical formula based on a person’s height and weight. BMI equals weight and kilograms divided by height in meters squared (BMI=kb/m²)Although the BMI ranger a not exact ranges of healthy and healthy weight, they are useful guidelines. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 indicates a person is overweight. A person with a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.

Write the translation of the text in writing.

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Самостійна робота №6

Тема: Візит до лікаря.

Знати: -особливості роботи поліклінік, правила виклику лікаря додому;

Вміти: висловлювати скарги щодо стану свого здоров’я, а також компетентно реагувати на їх висловлювання;

-складання діалогів, типових ситуацій повсякденного життя з використанням мовних моделей;

-розповідати про свій останній візит до лікаря.

AT THE DOCTOR

Make sure you know the meanings of the following words/word combination.

To be run down – перевтомлюватися;

to measure smb’s blood pressure вимірювати тиск;

sick list – лікарняний;

to suffer from – страждати від;

to strip to the waist – роздягатися до пояса;

filling – пломбування зуба;

keep one’s bed – постільний режим;

to feel/to have pain in – відвідувати/мати біль в;

short sight – короткозорість;

long sight – далекозорість.

 

Suggest Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations.

Consulting room________________________________________________________

to send for/to call a doctor________________________________________________

to see the patient________________________________________________________

medical aid____________________________________________________________

first aid_______________________________________________________________

first-aid station _________________________________________________________

to give first aid_________________________________________________________

to check/to sound lungs__________________________________________________

to listen to heart________________________________________________________

to see one’s tongue______________________________________________________

to feel one’s pulse_______________________________________________________

to keep one’s breath_____________________________________________________

to take a deep breath_____________________________________________________

 

Match the following English words and their definitions.

1.temperature a) smth that is done to cure someone who is ill

2.nurse b) a building where sick people receive medical treatment

3.hospital c) a vehicle that is used to take people who are ill to hospital

4.health d) a general condition of your body and how healthy you are

5.ward e) a disease of the body or the condition of being ill

6.treatment f) used as a measure of whether you are sick or not

7.medicine g) someone whose job is to look after people who are ill

8.complication h) a medical problem that makes treatment more difficult

9.patient i) a substance used for treating illness, esp. liquid you drink

10.ambulance j) someone who is receiving a medical treatment from a doctor

11.illness k) a large room in a hospital where sick people stay

1.___ 5.___ 9.___

2.___ 6.___ 10.___

3.___ 7.___ 11.___

4.___ 8.___

 

Complete the table.