SL text- analysis-transfer-restructuring- TL text.

In the begging we have the speaker of the source language that creates a source language text. And at the end we have a target language text. So we can take into consideration that these people those who speak the Sl don’t know the TL. So we have the translator or the interpreter and he reads or listens to the Sl and analysis it.

Analysis – to divide the text into meaningful parts.

The translator divides the text into meaningful parts, he finds out how these meaningful parts can be expressed. He looks for equivalents in the TL and tries to translate every meaningful part. If he can’t find equivalents he finds adequate structures that can compensate for the absence of equivalents. Then he finds that he can’t assemble the text according to the pattern that he’s given in the Sl text, because the parts that he translated came to look different. And he was to explain some things because there are cultural peculiarities, language peculiarities. And to make the text he has to restructure the text and then he assembles a new text- the TLT. And the TLT is transferred for recipient. This is the process and this is the result.

Factors influencing the process of translation.

Translation is a means that enables interlingual communication. That’s why the specifics of a communicative situation are of such importance for a translator.

The process of translation is influenced by many factors:

1) the motive and the purpose of the communication,

motive- is why we start communication.

Purpose- is what we want to achieve at the eng of communication.

2) the communicative intention of the speech act- the means we use t achieve the purpose (polite request, flattery, a claim, an order, pay a compliment, etc.)

3) linguistic function of the text

Informative- the continent of the text

Expressive- the form of the text

Imperative- the style of the author.

4) the mode of discourse used in the source text,

-Description - is a static picture of events or objects.

- Narration - dynamic picture, the text is divided into parts preterminated by the chronological order.

- exposition (explanation) the listener or reader doesn’t have any idea of the notion. The division of the text into parts is preterminated by the statement and several frames.

(e.g. cause- effect frame, the purpose- result frame) Within one frame certain ideas are discussed and the coherence of the text is ashored by the frame itself. And by certain connective.

Argumentation - here the recipient knows something about the notion but the purpose is to ruin his point of viewpoint of view to find fault with it and then to give a new idea instead it. The validity of a new idea should be supported by facts. The structure is similar to exposition but instead of giving a single statement. You give a theasis and an antithesis.

5) the qualities of the participants,

status, goal, the point of the topic of the communication, negative or positive attitude, interest, knowledge, education, age, motivation, etc.

6) the conditions of the communication.

Environment, circumstances (official meeting), atmosphere, time.

The principle of (un)translatability.

Some scholars say that than does not exist at all. We can not translate.

1. No 2 languages having the same phonology it is impossible to re-create the sound of a work composed in one language in another language.

2. No 2 languages having the same syntactic structure. It is impossible to re-create the syntax of a word composed in one language in another

3. No 2 languages having the same vocabulary, it is impossible to re-create the vocabulary of a work composed in one language in another language.

4. No 2 languages having the same literary history, it is impossible to re-create the literary forms of a work composed in one language in another language.

5. No 2 languages having the same prosody, it is impossible to re-create the prosody of a literary work composed in one language in another language.

But other scholars believe that the translation exists.

We use translation every day. People translate to communicate. The key- word is experience. On this respect we may speak about general experience (this experience that we all possess) and individual experience. The mentality of people is different. That is why poem very often do not understand what we mean, we have to explain what we mean, we have to paraphrase what we mean, we have to define what we mean within the frame work of one and the same language, of one and the same culture. And is this case we may say that we use interlinguistic translation and we use intralinguistic translation. So, translation exists and we use it every day.

4) Translation theories (the theory of regular correspondences, situational theory).

The TRC was generally recognized as the first fundamental linguistic theory of translation. As a linguistic basis of translation J.I. Recker suggested establishing certain correspondences between the source language and the target language. In doing so he distinguished three categories of regular correspondences in translating: 1) equivalents; 2) analogues; 3) adequate replacements.

1) equivalents -single valued (однозначный) term, (The United Nations- Организация Объединенных наций)

2) analogues- adequate units between TL and SL (synonyms) (Fair has 2 translations честный и справедливый, fair
share- справедливая доля, fair deal- честная сделка)

3) adequate replacements- antonymic translation (the meaning of the whole) (A good riddance!- Скатертью дорожка!)

The situational (denotative) model ( the way from the SL to the TL leads through reality, i.e., the translator uses his/her knowledge and previous experience of the world at the point of transfer) → “interpretation” Apart from some insignificant differences, there is a common reality surrounding us, and thus in linguistic interaction it is only the linguistic signs that differ, the signified objects, i.e. the denotata are the same. The translator traces the SL signs back to the world of denotata common to all of us, or, in other words, he/she clarifies which situation of the objective world is described by the SL text. A typical case of translation based on the denotative model is the translation of realia → the translator can make several choices: 1) can borrow the foreign word, equate it with a similar TL realia, 2) invent a new TL word, etc. We translate according to the denotative model when there is only one possible solution in the TL for the naming or description of an object or situation.

 

Translation theories (transformational, semantic, levels of equivalence).

- the substitution of SL signs with TL signs.

The process of translation in the light of the transformational model

(1) analysis phase: the translator goes back from the SL surface structure to the SL core sentences or deep structure via a series of transformations (intralingual transformation); analysis phase ® they call “back-transformation”,

 

(2) second phase: these are replaced by the equivalent core sentences or deep structure of the TL (interlingual transformation); synthesis phase ® they call “restructuring”

 

(3) synthesis phase: the translator reaches the TL surface structure from the TL core sentences or deep structure via a series of transformations (intralingual transformation) they assume a “transfer” phase in between.

 

The semantic model

-approach translation from the point of view of meaning or sense

-it became more and more fashionable to assume that the translator might be breaking down the words of the SL sentences into semantic constituents

The process of translation according to the semantic model:

The transfer from one language to another happens through a semantic deep structure consisting of some system of basic meanings.

= sense ® text ® sense model

Process:

(1) translator first understands the text to be translated

(2) he/she expresses what he/she has understood in the given language, i.e. he/she expresses the sense of the text.

The sense of the text refers to the common ground that can be found in all texts intuitively regarded identical with the given text. They intend to describe this common content-related invariant with the help of a special semantic language, the so called basic language.

→ Process of translation:

-the translator switches from idiomatic English to the English basic language (independent sense analysis),

-switches from the English basic language to the TL basic language (this is what can actually be considered translation),

-from the TL basic language he/she switches onto the idiomatic TL (independent sense synthesis).