Направление 030900. 62 «юриспруденция»

TERM 2

VARIANT I.

LAW

 

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

1. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing.

2. The laws of many European countries were developing on the basis of Roman law.

3. The Napoleon Code has influenced the laws of many countries in America.

4. In the first year you will study Roman law as it is the basis on the laws of most European countries.

5. The institute of jury still exists in many countries. By the eleventh century many European countries had begun to use Roman law in their courts.

6. The law on partnership was codified by the Parliament in 1972.

7. Statutes are made by the Government; customs are created by the people. Customs are not created by societies consciously.

8. Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws.

9. Customs are sometimes still recognized by the courts.

10. Roman law was used in the courts by many European countries.

11. Many English laws derive from judicial precedents.

12. In modern times most rules of law have reflected general custom.

13. Continental or Roman law has developed in most of Continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa.

14. Common law was developing gradually throughout the history. Continental systems of law have resulted from the attempts of governments to produce a set of codes.

15. The lawmakers wanted to show that legal rules of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs.

16. The laws are interpreted by the courts.

17. The lawmakers were influenced by the model of the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church.

18. Laws had been put into writing by Greeks by the 16th century B.C.

19. In a civil case a verdict was given by a jury.

20. Don’t worry. Speeches are being prepared by professional speech-writers.

21. The law of the world has been influenced by Roman law.

22. Many of the early rules of the common law were general customs.

23. One of the largest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the Code of Hammurabi.

24. The largest number of the jury was in Greece.

25. Roman law is one of the greatest systems which has ever existed.

 

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the verbs “to have” and “to be”.

 

1. Each country of the world has its own system of law.

2. In Greece each city had its own law.

3. The Atheans did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases.

4. The members of the jury listened to the speeches made by the persons who had brought the case before them.

5. French public law has never been codified.

6. The law is not enforced against young children.

7. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct.

8. The task of the jury is to bring in a verdict.

9. The jury is still discussing the verdict.

10. The courts are interpreters of the law.

11. Anglo-Saxon law is the other great system of law.

12. The general nature of the law is that it is enforces equally against all members of the nation.

13. Informal rules have very little to do with the laws created by governments.

14. English law has developed through decisions in individual cases.

15. The system based on English Common law has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States.

16. When they were codifying their legal systems they looked to the examples of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.

17. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law.

18. Many customs have existed since "time immemorial".

19. Some laws are descriptive, others are prescriptive.

20. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are guided by informal rules.

21. Uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by gradual development of the doctrine of precedents.

22. The rules of social institutions are observed by those who belong to them.

23. Throughout the history British courts were developing Common law.

24. Customs and court rulings are as important as status.

25. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced the law of many countries in Europe and South America.

 

Exercise 3. Fill in the prepositions: in, into, by, of, between, from, to. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 

1. The members... the jury listened... speeches and gave their verdict.

2. By A.D. 528 Roman law had become so immense that it was necessary to have a clear, systematic code... all the laws.

3. Customs are not made... governments.

4. Laws are traditionally divided... two main categories.

5. Solicitors do not participate... court proceedings.

6. There is no whole system... codification which prevails... many countries.

7. Judicial decisions are often reduced... writing in the form of law reports.

8. Before 1066 law was administered... series of local courts.

9. Common law systems differ... Continental law.

10. In all societies relations... people are regulated... prescriptive laws.

11. In England the volume … unwritten law is larger than the volume of written law.

12. Despite greater internationalization most law is still made and enforced … governments.

13. There is a great difference … the world’s systems of law.

14. The interpretation … the Courts remains till either a higher Court decides that this interpretation was wrong or Parliament passes another law.

15. One of the earliest codes – the Code of Hebrew law is contained … the Book of Exodus … the Bible.

Exercise 4. Choose the right word or word-combination.

1. The English word “law” refers to limits upon various...

a) rules of social institutions

b) members of the society

c) forms of behaviour

2. The rules of social institutions are not enforceable by any...

a) political authority

b) social rules

c) social relations

3.... need not be made by governments and they need not be written down.

a) rules

b) laws

c) customs

4. When governments make... for their citizens they use a system of courts backed by the police.

a) customs

b) relations

c) laws

5. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal... which already exist in society.

a) norms of behaviour

b) rules of conduct

c) social norms

 

Exercise 5. Insert the right words: laws, commit, crime, customs, rules.

 

1. Customs are informal... of social and moral behaviour.

2. The rules of social institutions are more formal than....

3.... need not be made by governments.

4. We accept... if we belong to particular social institutions.

5.... are made by governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.

6. The law is not enforced against young children when they....

 

Exercise 6. Mark the statements that are true.

1. Social customs and rules are both enforced by governments.

2. Many laws reflect social customs.

3. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are regulated by laws made by governments.

4. Informal rules have very little to do with laws created by governments.

5. Prescriptive laws prescribe how people behave.

6. Relations between people are regulated by customs, rules of social institutions and government-made laws.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences.

1. Descriptive laws describe how people usually....

2. In all societies... are regulated by prescriptive laws.

3. It is important to distinguish between....

4. Sometimes we can break the rules and do not suffer....

5. If we continually... of social institutions other people may refuse to do with us.

 

Exercise 8. Match English and Russian equivalents. Mind that the following word-combinations you will find in the text.

1.	forms of behaviour	a.	система судов
2.	rules of social institution	b.	члены общества
3.	members of the society	c.	формы поведения
4.	English system of courts	d.	нормы социальных институтов
5.	accept the rules	e.	проводить законы в жизнь
6.	break the rules	f.	нарушать нормы
7.	suffer penalty	g.	создавать законы
8.	make laws	h.	принимать правила
9.	enforce the laws	i.	терпеть наказание

 

Exercise 9. Read text 1 and translate it into Russian in written form.