edit]'Medicine' as a specialty

5/Shopping

6/Sport

1. Sport is very important in our life. It helps people stay in good shape, keeps them fit, makes them healthy, more organized and better disciplined. The Greeks used to say: “A sound mind in a sound body”. People who go in for sports know from their own experience that this famous saying is true to fact. Millions of people all over the world are fond of sports and games. A great deal of them do professional sports and earn their living by this. They are professional sportsmen and their task is not only to prove they personally are the best in the world but also to prove that the country they represent is the best in a certain kind of sport. But of course the majority of people are just amateurs that go in for sports just for pleasure. They attend gyms or swimming pools once or twice a week, play football with their friend at the weekends or just go jogging in the morning. At the same time, a great number of people don’t go in for sports. Some of them realize that sport is useful but prefer watching sports competitions on TV to going in for sports themselves. Some people consider sport a sheer waste of time.

But still many people are drawn into sporting activities. There is a vast network of sporting clubs and societies and keep-fit centres everywhere, offering a great choice of sports. Normally all kinds of sports fall into winter and summer ones; as for games they can be either indoor or outdoor. The most popular winter sports are ice-hockey, skiing, skating, figure skating, ski-jumping. Summer provides excellent opportunities for swimming, rowing, cycling, track-and-field athletics and many others. Among outdoor games football enjoys the greatest popularity. It is the most popular kind of sports, played in all the countries of the world. Ice-hockey also attracts much attentions and is very popular. These two games, football and ice-hockey, are supposed to be the national pride almost in every country. In every town there are special sporting clubs where boys are trained to become good football and hockey players. Other popular games that are paid much attention to are volleyball, basketball, badminton and tennis.

 

2. People in Omsk like sport activities. Many keep-fit centers are established throughout the town, so every person can find the place, where he can do his favorite sports. Such centers can vary from little fitness studios and gym halls to large sport palaces. I like spending my leisure time skating on ice rink or just jogging across the alley in park.

 

3. As an amateur, I like several kinds of sport, including basketball, skiing, tennis and skating. The last one is my favorite sport activity. Skating helps me to stay fit, healthy, it trains my body and gives me a lot of positive emotions. There are many ice rinks in our city where I can enjoy skating.

 

4. The most popular sport activities in our country are football (soccer), volleyball, ice-hockey, skiing and various styles of wrestling. In recent years, there are a lot of stadiums, athletic clubs and ice hockey rinks being constructed, that stimulates young generation to go in for sport. Abroad, in Europe, they like football, golf and tennis. American national sport games are baseball, basketball and rugby, called football by them. Every sport competition or contest is very interesting not only to participate in, but also to watch and it attracts a great deal of spectators.

 

5. Doing regular physical exercises plays a key role in staying fit and healthy. Many people, performing regular exercises, feel good, healthy and cheerful. Such an activity helps to remain accurate and self-disciplined. Simple exercises are very well as a minimal measure for recreating and recovering for ill or weak people. Nevertheless, if someone aims to have an athletic body, being strong, fast and deft, it will take much more time, means and efforts to reach the goal.  

 

6. The most popular sport in Omsk is ice hockey. The most supported team is “Avangard Omsk”. The team`s plays, that are hold in domestic ice hockey stadium, “Arena Omsk” collect many fans every time. As for me, even I am not so keen on ice hockey, I like to go to “Arena Omsk” occasionally and to cheer my favorite team. Also plays are shown on local TV channels and transmitted by radio and most of people who missed watching the game itself, turn to their TV or radio and follow the course of the play with interest.

 

7. Sport is a way to health and a longer life. People who go in for sports make a very considerable contribution to their health, as it gives them strength, immunity to diseases and keeps them fit. Therefore, sport is a key to a longer life. Moreover, going in for sport makes us cheerful, active and strong-willed, helping to make our life more successful. On the other hand, one should not concern on sport too much. There were many cases when overtraining led to stunted growth, skeletal injuries and eating disorders, no one of such consequences could promote healthy and long life. 

 

8. Violence in sport is a crime

Sport is a competition and a big sport is a big show. In order to collect more audience, sport contest organizers may promote various acts of violence in their shows, like fights or too tough methods of playing. It attracts many fans but such a performance became far from sport itself. Today violence in sport is undesirable and punishable activity, particularly in such exciting kinds of sport like boxing or eastern martial arts, and the rules, that prevent forbidden actions, are followed strictly. Those viewers, who find official sport contests boring, can go watch the production wrestling, which is not a sport competition, but a great show. In addition, sports like rugby and ice hockey contain many rough playing styles that only increase their popularity. 

 

9. Spectators particularly enjoy watching international matches and contests; and events such as the Olympic Games or the Football World Cup attract more and more spectators as time goes by. The most popular spectator sport is football. Football is played on a Saturday afternoon in most British towns and the fans, or supporters, of a particular team will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. The British are known as terrific football fans. If their famous team loses the game it is a national disaster. There are four divisions of the football league. Not surprisingly the best teams are in the first division. But the best supporters are often in the fourth division. Conflicts between the police and tough football fans became usual.  

 

10. For many people sport is a serious and expensive business involving hours if daily training. Some people start training at a very early age, which is reflected in the increasing number of world champions in their teens. Sport has become too connected to big business. Sponsorship, advertising and appearance money for top sports people have all led to a situation where it sometimes seems that the athlete comes second to the accountant. Top sports people view their sport as a way of making as much money as possible in as short a time as possible. As a result of this desire, some participants are prepared to take drugs to help their performances – and therefore help their bank balance. On the other hand, without these potential record-breaking performances, sport would not be as attractive to watch on TV. Thus, sport at an amateur level should be for enjoyment and fitness, and should provide an outlet for surplus energy. At the same time, we have to say that professional sport has lost these aims and is now being used by some purely as a way of making money.

 

7/Man in the movies. Theatre

8/You and Your Health

What Do You Know About Disease?

Just what is disease? Disease is a change from the condition of good health. In disease, the normal structure or function of the body is harmed or weakened. Disease is often called sickness or illness.

A disease may last a brief time or a long time. It may be mild or severe. Some diseases such as the common cold may go away after a few days without any treatment. Other diseases require medical treatment to cure them. Still other diseases may require a lifetime of medical supervision to manage them.

Favourable standards of living help promote health. Also the body itself has defenses against disease. But now and then the defenses give way and illness occurs. Disease germs may break through the defenses. Parts of the body may begin to function poorly or something may go wrong with certain chemical reactions in the body.

Symptoms of Illness

How do people know they are ill? Often they have symptoms such as pain, nausea, sore throat, lack of appetite, fatigue, or fever. However, a disease may be present without a person knowing it. Sometimes a disease is discovered during a routine health examination (check-up).

Illnesses, that can be passed along by an infected person to a well person either directly or indirectly are called infectious or communicable diseases.

In early 1900s infectious diseases were still a serious public health problem. Today as a result of improved hygiene and living conditions, new drugs, new kinds of medical treatment, and the widespread use of vaccines, the picture has changed. Many diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, scarlet fever, small pox, and diphtheria have been almost wiped out. However, some of these diseases – and others – pose problems in certain areas of the world.

The cold is the most common communicable disease. So far, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses capable of causing cold symptoms. For this reason, no vaccine exists to immunize against colds. Some diseases are not caused by disease-producing microorganisms. These diseases cannot be passed from person to person. No immunity can be produced for this diseases. They are called non-communicable. Among them are most diseases of the heart, allergy and lots of others.

Strange diet.

1. Paleolithic Diet

Also called the caveman diet, the Paleolithic diet is a nutritional plan based on what human species ate about 2.5 million years ago: fish, animals, plants. The rationale for this is that natural selection has adapted Paleolithic humans to the food in that era. But in the 10,000 or so years since we’ve invented agriculture, we’ve drastically changed our diet and have not had time to adapt to it.

2. Fletcherizing

Horace Fletcher earned the nickname “The Great Masticator” by his diet of chewing food thirty thirty two times (about 100 times per minute) before swallowing. After chewing, you would tilt your head back so the food would slide down your throat. Any food leftover, you would have to spit out. Fletcher pushed this to the extreme, suggesting dieters chew their drinks!

3. Sleeping Beauty

When you’re asleep, you can’t be eating. Proponents of the Sleeping Beauty diet sedate themselves heavily for many days, so that when they wake up they’re much thinner. Obviously, there are immense health risks involved.

4. Tapeworm

Tapeworms attach to the human intestinal tract, acting as a parasite that siphons off nutrients from the food you eat. If you swallow a tapeworm in a cyst and let it grow inside you, dieters claim the worm will help you lose 1-2 pounds a week.

5. Fruitarianism

A subset of veganism, fruitarians eat nothing but fruits, nuts and seeds, without meat, vegetables or grain. Some fruitarians believe this was the original diet of Adam and Eve from the Bible, thinking that a return to the food of Eden will in turn lead to a perfect life.

6. Breatharianism

Breatharians claim that food and water aren’t necessary, that it’s possible to live merely on sunlight. There have been no properly documented successes, and many have died trying to prove it. Nonetheless, there are many famous breatharians with a dedicated following.

 

Advances in Modern Technology and Medicine

Judging from the science fiction nature of current medical technology development, we may have only just begun. Ongoing research and development includes artificial blood, artificial skin, an array of other artificial organs, computer assisted diagnosis for most specialties including radiology and pathology. New drugs will target Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, infections and cardiovascular disease. New ways of delivering medications promise to be more effective and less invasive. There are new ways of treating cancer that focus on fast dividing cells that do not harm healthy tissue.

 

 

1. It is rather easy to get rid of cold. You should to stay in bed for a while, for or 3 days. But sometimes you haven`t any time to stay in bed, so you should make some radical ways, like use some medicines or use folk remedies. I prefer tea with ginger, or big amount of vitamin C and sleep for a while.

For stopping a nosebleed I use some bandages and cold for a nose.

I think for staying young looking you should be in good shape and always to keep fit or live in cold places…..

2. Of course some times when I was in school I shirked sometimes…..

3. I agree with this statement because when you stay in good shape your immunity is strong so no disease couldn`t harm you. You should to do sports may be jogging a little bit every morning so you become more healthier. Also you shouldn`t forget that your meal must be healthy, eat more vegetables and fruits especially in summer…….

4. Я не знаю что писать. Как вариант начало темы (подчерк.)

5. Рассказать про диеты, и поделится своим опытом (strange diet)

6. When you watch TV you always can find advertising of amassing looking hamburgers or chips and it always says that it is very delicious and healthy. But is it right? If look at USA or Brittan where fast food is widely spred you can see a lot of fat people especially children. So we can make a conclusion that fast food bed for health but sometimes you may eat it in a small amounts.

Another lovely food that you couldn`t eat is food on which you have allergy. It may be so delicious but if eat it can make a lot of harm fo you. Even kill you.

7. Часть текста Symptoms of Illness.

8. We live in democratic world, so why not. You should choose by yourself smoke or not. But it shouldn`t be problem for other people who don`t smoke. Of course it is your choice to kill yourself by smoking your lungs or having a lung cancer.

9. I radically disagree with this crape. I think it is big mistake to make cosmetic surgery for healthy young people for looking like your lovely pop star or something like that. Because in future you will be disappointing about such actions. Also any surgery even the smallest could end with unpredictable results.

10. Specialties

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities will have their own body or college (collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although currently not all use the term "Royal"), which have their own entrance exam. The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (e.g., emergency departments), which leads to the desire to form a unifying body of doctors and thence the prestige of administering their own exam.

Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery." "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "Internal Medicine". In the UK, this would traditionally have been evidenced by obtaining the MRCP (An exam allowing Membership of the Royal College of Physicians or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland). "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "General Surgery." (In the UK: Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS).)There are some specialties of medicine that at the present time do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia. Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above – for example anaesthesia developed first as afaculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is by sitting the FRCA (Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists).

 

SurgerySurgical specialties employ operative treatment. In addition, surgeons must decide when an operation is necessary, and also treat many non-surgical issues, particularly in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU), where a variety of critical issues arise. Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. Surgery has many sub-specialties, including general surgery, cardiovascular surgery,colorectal surgery, neurosurgery, maxillofacial surgery, oncologic surgery, orthopedic surgery,otolaryngology, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery, transplant surgery, trauma surgery, urology,vascular surgery, and pediatric surgery. In some centers, anesthesiology is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as ophthalmology anddermatology, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se.

Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time consuming.

Main article: Internal Medicine

Internal medicine is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases, either of one particular organ system or of the body as a whole. According to some sources, an emphasis on internal structures is implied.^[36] In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists". Elsewhere, especially inCommonwealth nations, such specialists are often called physicians.^[37] These terms, internist or physician (in the narrow sense, common outside North America), generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities.

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such general physicians would see any complex nonsurgical problem; this style of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they generally limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenterologists andnephrologists specialize respectively in diseases of the gut and the kidneys.^[38]

In the Commonwealth of Nations and some other countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians (or internists) who have subspecialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, general pediatrics is often a form of Primary care.

There are many subspecialities (or subdisciplines) of internal medicine:

§ Cardiology

§ Critical care medicine

§ Endocrinology

§ Gastroenterology

§ Geriatrics

§ Haematology

§ Hepatology

§ Infectious diseases

§ Nephrology

§ Oncology

§ Pediatrics

§ Pulmonology/Pneumology/Respirology

§ Rheumatology

§ Sleep medicine.

Training in internal medicine (as opposed to surgical training), varies considerably across the world: see the articles on Medical education and Physician for more details. In North America, it requires at least three years of residency training after medical school, which can then be followed by a one to three year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above. In general, resident work hours in medicine are less than those in surgery, averaging about 60 hours per week in the USA. This difference does not apply in the UK where all doctors are now required by law to work less than 48 hours per week on average.