be doing                                          (6 Infinitives)

 

 

must

 

«+» ≈ 90%

должно быть

скорее всего

вероятно

по всей вероятности

очевидно

по всей видимости

и т.д.

logical assumption, deduction based on the circumstances

 

= I am almost sure/ certain that smth is true.

 

Present

(одновременно)

must do – must be done

must be doing

ü Where is John? - He must be studying in the library. He has an exam tomorrow.

ü He was the only person to pass the exam this morning. He must be clever.

Past

(раньше)

must havedone – must have been done

must have been doing

ü Where is John? - He must have gone to the cinema. There is a new film on.

ü I am tired. – You must have been working hard lately.

_{Он позвонил им, но никто не ответил. Он подумал, что все, должно быть, спят (в тот момент, когда он думал)}

He called them but nobody answered. He thought that everybody must be sleeping.

_{Он позвонил им, но никто не ответил. Он подумал, что все уже, должно быть, давно спят, и положил трубку (и до того, как подумал, и в тот момент)}

He called them but nobody answered. He thought that everybody must have been sleeping for a long time and put down the receiver.

 

Future

(потом)

«+» will probably do

«-» probably won’t do

evidently

to be (un)likely to do - to be (un)likely to be done

to be sure/certain to do - to be sure/certain to be done

ü He will probably leave late at night.

ü She thought he would probably leave late at night.

ü He is sure to find out everything later.

ü They are unlikely to take an exam.

ü Evidently, she will call him tomorrow.

«-»

must not

must have not

должно быть, не

Должно быть, он ничего не знает.

He must know nothing.

Должно быть, у него нет книг.

He must have no books.

Должно быть, он нигде не был.

He must have been nowhere.

Должно быть, он не любит зиму.

He must dislike winter.

Должно быть, он не может прыгать.

He must be unable to jump.

Должно быть, он не понял её.

He must have misunderstood her.

Должно быть, она не знала его адреса.

Evidently, she didn’t know his address.

Должно быть, он не приехал.

He must have failed to arrive.

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may - 50% certain

could 40%

might certain

!возможно

 может быть

possibility in a specific situation

= it is possible

= perhaps

 

He may be clever.

He might be clever. more

He could be clever. tentative

She said he might be clever.

She said he could be clever.

Present

Future

(всегда, потом, одновременно)

may

could  do – be done

might  be doing

ü Where is John? – He may/could/might be working in the library.

ü It may/could/might snow tomorrow.

Past

(раньше)

may

could   havedone – have been done

might  have been doing

ü When did he do the work? – He may/could/might have done it yesterday.

ü She said he could/might have done it in July.

         «-»

 

He might not know it.      mightn’t

He might not have done it.

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can’t

couldn’t

не может быть, чтобы

= almost certain that this is impossible

= disbelieve, negative deduction

= strong doubt about the statement

 

ü He can’t be 30. He looks much older.

ü He couldn’t be 30. (more tentative)

ü She said he couldn’t be 30.

 

can’t

couldn’t

do – be done