How does the immune system work?

Ex. 11, pp. 175 Corrected version for you to compare

1) By 8 o’clock they will have had dinner.

2) By the end of the week he will have finished the translation.

3) Before you come I will have done all the work.

4) She will have looked through the article by 12 o’clock.

5) They will have received our letter by Monday.

6) By the time we get to the forest the rain will have stopped.

7) I think he will have answered the letter by this time.

8) We will begin to work after we read all the instructions.

9) We will not do anything until he takesnecessary steps.

10) The committee will have prepared the plan by tomorrow.

11) I suppose that when my letter reachesyou I will have already returned from your voyage.

12) He will pass an exam after he learnsall the material.

13) I am afraid they will not have discussed all the questions by the time they come.

14) We will not be ableto start the experiment before we obtain the necessary data.

15) The secretary will have already looked through all the papers before the boss comes.

16) My train will have left by the time you cometo the station.

Your immune system defends the body from infection. It is made up of a complex network of cells, _____tissues_________ and organs in your body. An underactive or overactive immune system can cause ____health____ issues.

What is the immune system?

The immune system is found in:

• skin
• ____bone______ marrow
• the thymus, a ____gland_____ in your upper chest
• white blood cells, which fight ______infection________
• lymph, a milky fluid carrying white blood cells
• the lymphatic system, a network of tiny ____vessels________ that carry lymph around the body
• _____ lymp nodes________, small lumps in your groin, armpit, around your neck and elsewhere
• the spleen, an organ under your ribs on the left
• ____mucous_______ membranes, like the lining of the inside of your mouth

The ___limphatic________ system allows immune cells to travel between tissues and the bloodstream. The lymphatic system contains lymphocytes (white blood cells; mostlmostly      T cells ___________ and B cells),which try to recognise any bacteria, ____ viruses _______ or other foreign substances in your body and fight them.

Lymph nodes are found in certain areas such as the base of the __neck _________ and the armpit. They be­come swollen or enlarged in ___responce_ ______ to an infection.

The ______skin______ and mucous membranes are the first line of defence against bacteria, viruses and other for­eign substances. They act as a physical ____barrier______, and they also contain immune cells.

When your skin has a cut, harmful _____microbes_________ (tiny particles) can enter and invade your body. The cut triggers certain immune cells in the bloodstream that try to destroy the invaders.

In an infection, ___________white blood cells_______________ identify the microbe, produce antibodies to fight the infection, and help other immune responses to occur. They also '____remember__________' the attack.

This is how vaccinations work - ________vaccine__________ expose your immune system to a dead or weakened microbe or to proteins from a microbe, so that your body is able to recognise and respond very quickly to any future ___________responce_____________ to the same microbe.

Related conditions

Overactivity of the immune system is related to disorders such as _______allergies_______________ and autoimmune _______diseases______________.

Allergies involve an immune response to something considered harmless in most people, such as ________allegens__________ or a certain food.

Autoimmune diseases, such as ______multiple_____________ and rheumatoid arthritis, occur when your im­mune system ____attacks____________ normal components of the body.

Underactivity of the immune system, or __________immune deficiency________________, can increase your risk ofinfection. You may be born with an immunodeficiency, or _______another disease____________ it due to medical treatment or another disease.

2.2  Please complete the missing words:

Read and fill in the missing words.

Our body has a powerful army that 1. ……… protects …………..it from various types of threats. This personal army is called the 2. …………… immune …………….system. Every day we encounter a huge number of bacteria, viruses and other disease-causing 3. …………… organisms ………... However, we don’t 4. ………… fall ill …………..every other day. Which is due to our immune system. The immune system can be broadly 5. ………… divided ……………..into two parts – innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s first natural 6. ……… defense ………….to any intruder. Its main goal is to 7. ………… prevent ………………any intruder from entering the body.

There is also the adaptive immunity. This system is more 8. …………… efficient ………….., as it can differentiate between different types of pathogens. 

The job of the immune system is to fight these pathogens and get them out of the body. What’s so incredible about the immune system is that it 9. ………… remembers ………………how to fight the infection, so if the pathogen comes back for round two, the body can beat it off 10. …………… straight …………….away!

2.3 Tips to boost your immune system audio https://english-portal.com.ua/worksheet/Immune_System_Worksheet#topadv

Listen and choose

Listen again and answer the questions. https://english-portal.com.ua/worksheet/Immune_System_Worksheet#topadv

What is the best antioxidant food? Broccoli, nuts, berries, pineapple, peppers, corn, spinach, seafood, cauliflowers, citrus fruits etc.

What are the benefits of taking zinc? Zinc makes our immune system stronger

Why sleep is so important? If you don’t sleep enough your organism doesn’t produce enough hormones.

How much time should you spend in the sun for vitamin D? 14 minutes

What is the benefit of garlic? Garlic makes your healthier and improves condition of the immune system

Why do they say laughter is the best medicine? Laugh relieves stress and keeps your heart racing

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