Grammar: The English Pronoun. Demonstrative, Reciprocal, Interrogative

Weather forecast

Discussion

What kind of weather do you like best?

How do you write a weather forecast?

Here are some typical expressions used in a weather report:

1. a high of twenty degrees.

2. a low of -25.

3. 20 percent chance of snow.

4. mainly sunny.

5. sunny with cloudy periods.

6. record high/low.

7. above/below average temperatures.

 

Read the weather forecast and answer the questions:

Hello and good morning! Well, we’re off to a good start in the south this week, as most of the rain from the weekend has disappeared – just a few patches of cloud and maybe some

showers here on the east coast. They’ll all clear up by lunchtime, though. Over the next day or so, London and the area around Kent can expect a couple of isolated showers, but mostly dry

through until Thursday.

It’s not such good news for the north-west this week, I’m afraid: more wet weather, and not a lot of sunshine. Some of today’s showers will be heavy – and even thundery in Manchester and across the Pennines. Leeds will escape the thunderstorms, with drizzle and light rain only throughout the rest of the day and tonight.

Elsewhere it becomes dry today, but with some foggy patches towards Wales. In England, tomorrow morning will see a dry, bright start in most places, with high temperatures throughout the week. We might see one or two thunderstorms appearing as the week goes on, with temperatures everywhere at 29 to 30 degrees. By the weekend, unfortunately, the dry weather will make way for mostly cloudy skies and rain. The rain will move from Scotland, down towards the north and reach the south coast by Saturday afternoon. Temperatures, at least, will stay mostly warm at around 21 degrees for the weekend. It might feel like a nice change from the high twenties and early thirties we’ll see

in the week. That’s all from me until tomorrow. Enjoy the mini-heatwave while you can!

Weather report

Read to the following weather reports and answer the comprehension questions.

This is CKNY and I'm Anita Pierce with weather. We couldn't ask for a better day for the first day of Spring. Right now it's fifteen degrees and clear. We're expecting blue skies throughout the day. Though there is only a ten percent chance of showers, this good weather can't last forever. It's raining cats and dogs up north, so we should see rain by morning. Don't forget your umbrella tomorrow. Now, stay tuned for local news.

Начало формы

1. Which season does this weather report take place in? -- summer spring winter fall

Click for answer------- spring

2. What kind of day is it? -- an overcast day a mild day a chilly day a rainy day

Click for answer------- a mild day

3. What is the temperature? -- ten degrees minus ten fifteen below plus fifteen

Click for answer------- plus fifteen

4. Tomorrow it will probably -- snow rain stay sunny be clear.

Click for answer------- rain

5. What does the weather reporter suggest using? -- a raincoat sunglasses an umbrella the radio

Click for answer------- an unmbrella

·

Let it snow

Oh the weather outside is frightful But the fire is so delightful Since we've no place to go Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow It doesn't show signs of stoppin' And I've brought some corn for poppin' The lights are turned down low Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow When we finally kiss goodnight How I'll hate goin' out in the storm But if you'll really hold me tight All the way home I'll be warm The fire is slowly dyin' And, my dear, we're still goodbyin' As long as you love me so Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow He doesn't care if it's in below He's sitting by the fire's glossy glow He don't care about the cold and the winds that blow He just says, let it snow, let it snow, let it snow Let it snow! Oooooh wee goes the storm Why should he worry when he's nice and warm His girl by his side and the lights turned low He just says, let it snow, let it snow I don't care! The weather outside is frightful But that fire is ummm... Delightful Since we've no place to go Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow It doesn't show signs of stopping And I've brought lots of corn for popping The lights are way down low So let it snow, let it snow, let it snow When we finally say goodnight How I'll hate goin' out in the storm But if you'll only hold me tight All the way home I'll be warm The fire is slowly dyin' And, my dear, we're still goodbyin' As long as you love me so Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow

 

 

Пусть идет снег!

Погода на улице ужасна, Но огонь в камине так восхитителен! И так как нам некуда пойти, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Похоже, что снегопад и не собирается прекращаться И я принес немного кукурузы для поп-корна Огни потухают Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Когда мы целуемся на прощание, Как мне не хочется выходить в эту метель, Но если ты покрепче меня обнимешь, Всю дорогу домой мне будет тепло! Огонь постепенно затухает, А мы все еще прощаемся, Пока ты так сильно любишь меня, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Ему не важно, что будет дальше, Он сидит у теплого камина, Ему не важно, что холодно и дует ветер, Он только повторяет: пусть идет снег, идет снег, идет снег! Пусть идет снег! Ооо метель не стихает Зачем беспокоиться об этом, когда ему тепло и хорошо? Его девушка рядом с ним и свет постепенно затухает, Он только повторяет: пусть идет снег, идет снег, идет снег! Мне неважно! Погода на улице ужасна, Но огонь в камине ммм... Восхитителен! И так как нам некуда пойти, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Похоже, что снегопад и не собирается прекращаться И я принес много кукурузы для поп-корна Огни потухают Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Когда мы наконец попрощаемся, Как неохотно я пойду в эту метель, Но если ты покрепче меня обнимешь, Всю дорогу домой мне будет тепло! Огонь постепенно затухает, А мы все еще прощаемся. Пока ты так сильно любишь меня, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег!

 

 

II. GRAMMAR

What is a pronoun? One of the most important forms of grammar in the English language is the pronoun. This is something that you will come across very frequently when studying the language and it is important that you are aware of what a pronoun is, how it is used and where it fits into a sentence. We are going to be taking a look at how pronouns work and what they are used for, this will be intertwined with some examples so that we can gain a better understanding of their function.

A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. A pronoun may take place of the name of a person, place or thing.

Pronouns List

We see pronouns in the English language every day. They help to make our texts more interesting. To understand how to use a pronoun properly you need to be familiar with the differences between different types of pronouns.

Below find a list of common pronouns and the main categories in which they belong.

• Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves
• Personal: subjective (he/ she, I, you and they); objective (me, you, her/ him, it, them, and us); possessive(hers/his, mine, yours, its, ours, and theirs)
• Relative: whom, that,who, and which
• Indefinite: all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone, another
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, and those
• Interrogative: who, what which, and what
•  Reciprocal Pronouns: one another and each other.
• Intensive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves

Subject pronoun examples:

• I like to watch TV, but he does not.
• You cannot judge a tree by its bark.
• She struck him on the nose.
• He studies hard to pass the exam.

Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence.

Object pronoun list: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

Examples:

• Sophia likes me but not him.
• John will call you soon.
• Don’t tell her the truth.
• I helped him pull his boots off.

Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronoun will end in -self or -selves and is used in reference to another pronoun. Words within the category are himself, herself, themselves, yourself/ves, myself, itself.

• He takes care of himself.
• She can do it by herself.
• You could travel by yourself.

In English, reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself.

Reflexive pronoun list: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Examples:

• She tried it herself.
• Tom hurt himself.

In English they all end in – self or – selves and must refer to a noun phrase elsewhere in the same clause.

Possessive Pronouns

In English, possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. They are: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Possessive pronoun list: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Examples:

• Do you see that woman over there? Her dog is very friendly.
• Is that your house? No, ours is the one beside it.
• his is my laptop. It’s mine.
• These books are mine, not yours.
• This is my brother ‘s book. It’s his.

Pin

Demonstrative Pronouns

This type of pronoun is used to indicate something, the words in the category are these, those, that, this.

• These are the shoes that I am going to wear.
• He likes the green flowers but he prefers those red ones over there.
• I would like that one.

The demonstrative pronouns are the same words as the demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, and those). They often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position. They can be either near or far in distance or time, specifically.

Demonstrative pronoun list: this, that, these, those.

Pronoun examples:

• This is an enormous field.
• Can you see that?
• These are delicious cookies.

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronoun is used to talk about something which is not specific. Words in the category are some, all, few, none, either, one, nobody, both, each, anyone, several etc.

• Nobody is going to the party.
• There are several people in my class.
• I like both of these photos.

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific beings, objects, or places. Indefinite Pronouns can also function as other parts of speech too, depending on context.

Indefinite Pronoun List: another, anybody/ anyone, anything, each, either, enough, everybody/ everyone, everything,…

Pronoun examples:

• I don’t want anyone to see it.
• Is there anything in that box?
• You can’t blame him for everything.
• Each company is fighting to protect its own commercial interests.
• Much has happened since we met.
• No one can cope with her in English.

Relative Pronouns

This type of pronoun can be used as a way of giving additional information within a sentence, pronouns in this category are that, who, which, whom…

• This is my brother who lives in New Zealand.
• This is the ball that my dog likes best.

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. In English, relative pronouns are who, whom, which, whose, and that. They refer back to people or things previously mentioned, and they are used in relative clauses.

Relative pronoun list: who, whom, which, whose, that.

Pronoun examples:

• The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.
• Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
• She is an artist whose work I really admire.
• The author whom you criticized in your review has written a letter in reply.

Intensive Pronouns

The intensive pronoun is used as a reference to another pronoun or noun in the same sentence as a way of emphasizing it.

• The dog caught the ball itself.
• Sarah cooks dinner herself.
• I eat my candy myself.

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is used in a question, the words within the category are who, whom – кто; whose – чей; which -который, какой; what – что, какой; when -  когда; where -где, why – почему, зачем; how - как.

Whom – объектная форма местоимения who - используется преимущественно в письменной речи. В современном английском языке наблюдается тенденция к употреблению единой формы местоимения who в любой позиции.

• How many apples do you have?
• Which way is the hotel?
• Is that where the chair goes?

Употребление вопросительных местоимений

1) Местоимение who выступает в функции существительного, местоимения what, which, whose употребляются как существительные и прилагательные, а местоимения when, where, why, how используются как наречия.

a) Если местоимение wh о, what является подлежащим, то оно согласуется с глаголом в единственном числе

Who lives in this house? – The Smiths –

Кто живёт в этом доме? – Семья Смитов

What was in the box? – Pencils –

Что было в коробке? – Карандаши

b) В качестве вопросительных местоимений-прилагательных употребляются which и   what

Местоимение which предпочтительно, если говорящий предполагает выбор из ограниченного числа возможностей, местоимение what более естественно в ситуации неограниченного выбoра

Which/what train are you going to take?

На каком поезде вы собираетесь поехать?

Which bread do you want – white or brown?

Какой хлеб вы хотите – белый или чёрный?

What language is spoken in Senegal?

На каком языке говорят в Сенегале?

Reciprocal Pronouns

The reciprocal pronoun is used to show an action or feeling which is reciprocated, words in this category are one another and each other.

• They are happy with each other.
• The two friends really care about one another.

1) К взаимным местоимениям относятся местоимения each other u one another, имеющие значение друг друга. Местоимение each other предпочтительно в случае, если речь идет о двух участниках, а местоимение one another употребляется, если участников больше двух. Однако это правило часто не соблюдается.

John and Max don’t like each other.

2) При необходимости перед each other или one another употребляется предлог

Her last two books bear a strong likeness to one another

3) Взаимные местоимения могут стоять в форме притяжательного падежа

They looked in each other’s eyes.

 

Pronoun Rules

As with all types of grammar, there are rules surrounding the use of the pronoun. Let’s take a look at these now.

1) If the pronoun is being used as a subject it is known as a subject pronoun and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, although this is not always the case. An example of this would be She went to the shop.

The words he, I, she, we, whoever, they, it etc are all subject pronouns,

2) Secondly, a subject pronoun can be used if they are renaming the sentence subject, in this case, they always come after to be verbs, these might be verbs such as were, am, are, is, etc. An example of this would be That is she or This is him talking.

3) Another rule is that if the word who is being used as a pronoun to refer to a person, it will take the form of the verb to which that person corresponds, this might sound strange as this rule is not always followed but an example might look like this It is I who am going to town.

4) An object pronouns is used to refer to the object of a sentence. Object pronouns might include the words him, me, her, us, them, etc. An example of this might be Sarah watched her. In this example. her is the object of the verb watched.

5) When a possessive pronoun is used, the use of an apostrophe is never required.

6) When using the pronouns which, that, and who you should use either a singular or plural verb depending on what the pronoun is referring to. For example, look at the following sentence.

• John is one of those men who likes fishing.
• John and Bob are two of these men who like fishing.

You can see that the verb like has been modified to become plural when the pronoun who refers to two people as opposed to one.

Gender Pronouns

Gender pronouns exist in a binary system: male or female. In this system, he/him/his or she/her/hers are pronouns used to delineate gender. These pronouns occur in the 3rd person singular.

Pronoun Video

https://7esl.com/english-pronouns/

 

Conclusion

Pronouns are words which are used as a replacement for a noun and are commonly seen throughout the English language. There are various types of pronouns and certain rules that must be followed in order to create a grammatically correct sentence.

Pronoun Quiz Exercises

Pronoun Quiz #1

Pronoun Quiz # 2

Are answers.

1. He was  a barbaric king' (What..?)

What kind of king was he?

2. ln a far-offcountry. (Where...?)

3. He invited all the people to come and watch. (Whom.?)

4. Yes, he had to open a door. (General)

5. Because the man was innocent. (Why...?)

6. His daughter had been in love with the wrong man. (Why...?)

7. Yes, he did. He ordered the young  man to come to the arena.(Disjunctive)

8. The princess was barbaric like her father. (What kind of...?)

9. She made a slight, quick movement to the right. (How...?)

10. No one but her lover. (Who...?)

 

Weather forecast

Grammar: The English Pronoun. Demonstrative, Reciprocal, Interrogative

Задачи:

· Закрепить лексический материал по теме «Погода».

· Развивать умения на слух воспринимать прогноз погоды.

· Учиться составлять и презентовать прогноз погоды.

· Познакомиться с английскими местоимениями: указательные, взаимные, вопросительные.

· Практиковать их употребление в упражнениях.

· Отрабатывать навыки чтения и письма.

· Отрабатывать навыки построения диалогической речи на основе темы: времена года, погода, прогноз погоды

· Отрабатывать навыки монологического высказывания по теме: времена года, погода, прогноз погоды

Плохая погода:

chilly – прохладно

humid – влажная

scorching – знойный

muggy – тепло и влажно, удушливо

bitter cold – чрезвычайно холодный

terrible – ужаснаяn

changeable – переменчивая

unsettled – неустойчивая

inclement – суровая

unpredictable – непредсказуемая

miserable – отвратительная

foul – мерзкая

hot — жарко

cold — холодно
hurricane — ураган с дождем
tornado — торнадо
overcast — пасмурно
gloomy — мрачно (очень темно)
smog — смог

drizzle — морось, моросит
below zero – ниже нуля

Хорошая погода

sunny – солнечный

mild – мягкий

sunshine – солнечный свет

clear – ясное, чистое

cloudless – безоблачное

excellent – отличная

superb – чудесная

nice – приятная

warm - тепло
bright — ярко (про солнце)
clear — безоблачно
thaw – оттепель

to clear up – проясняться, расчищаться (о небе)

to brighten – светлеть

Облачность

cloud – облако

cloudy – облачно

fog – туман

foggy – туманно

murky – пасмурно

mist – дымка, легкая туманность

raw – промозгло

rain clouds – дождевые тучи

snow clouds – снеговые тучи

overcast – затянутое тучами

to darken – темнеть

to cloud over – затягиваться облаками

Дождь

rainy – дождливо

rain – дождь

pouring – проливной

drizzle – морось, моросит

thunderstorm – гроза

lightning – молния

thunder – гром

sunshower – грибной дождь

rainbow – радуга

puddle – лужа

mud – грязь

pour — идет ливень (глагол)
downpour — ливень (существительное)
showers — проливные дожди
flood — наводнение
sleed — смесь града и дождя

storm — шторм (дождь с громом и грозой)
to рail — град (глагол)
hailstones — град (частички града)
to patter – барабанить

to pour down – хлынуть

to drip – капать

to cease – прекратиться

to let up – ослабевать, приостановиться

Снег

snow — снег
snowy — снежно
shower sleet – мокрый снег

snowfall – снегопад

blizzard – метель

black ice – гололед

slush – слякоть

hail – град

snowflake – снежинка

snowdrift – сугроб

icicle – сосулька

freezing – очень холодно

frosty – морозно

frost — мороз

to fall – идти, падать

to cover up – покрывать

to melt – таять

to swirl – кружиться

to be snowed under – быть занесенным снегом

Ветер

windy – ветрено

wind – ветер

brisk – свежий

gusty – порывистый

moderate – умеренный

strong – сильный

breeze – бриз, легкий ветерок

windless – безветренный

stormy – штормовая, грозовая

gale-force wind – штормовой ветер

blustery — сильные порывы ветра
gale — невероятно сильные порывы ветра (почти ураган)
to blow – дуть

to rise – крепчать, набирать силу

to strengthen – усиливаться

to fall away – ослабевать

to howl – выть

degrees — градусы

Above zero — выше нуля (плюсовая температура)

Below zero — ниже нуля (минусовая температура

 

Preparation task

Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).

Vocabulary Definition

1. …… throughout

2. …… isolated

3. …… a patch

4. …… drizzle

5. …… to clear up

6. …… elsewhere

7. …… a heatwave

8. …… to make way for

a. a small area

b. to disappear

c. on its own, without other similar things around it

d. during all of a period of time

e. in other places

f. to move so that there is space for something to enter

g. very light rain

h. a period of weather that is much hotter than normal

Tasks

Task 1

Write the words in the correct group.

thunderstorms dry showers a heatwave

wet weather drizzle bright

Rainy weather Sunny weather

Task 2

Are the sentences true or false?

Answer

1. It will start raining at lunchtime today in the east.

2. The weather in the north-west will be worse than in the south.

3. There will be thunder in Leeds tonight.

4. Most of England will be hot this week.

5. Wet weather will move from the north to the south at the weekend.

6. It will stay hot when the rain comes.

Every radio and TV show, and many newspapers and websites, report the weather. They give weather forecasts (what they think the weather will be in the future) and sometimes they report on what the weather has been in the past. Here are some typical expressions used in a weather report:

• a high of twenty degrees
• a low of -25
• 20 percent chance of snow
• mainly sunny
• sunny with cloudy periods
• record high/low
• above/below average temperatures
• a few flurries
• 5-day forecast
• temperatures are going to drop/dip (go down)
• temperatures are going to plunge (rapidly get very cold)
• temperatures are going to rise/climb (go up)
• temperatures are going to soar (rapidly get very hot)
• a warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving)

 

Discussion

What kind of weather do you like best?

How do you write a weather forecast?

Here are some typical expressions used in a weather report:

1. a high of twenty degrees.

2. a low of -25.

3. 20 percent chance of snow.

4. mainly sunny.

5. sunny with cloudy periods.

6. record high/low.

7. above/below average temperatures.

 

Read the weather forecast and answer the questions:

Hello and good morning! Well, we’re off to a good start in the south this week, as most of the rain from the weekend has disappeared – just a few patches of cloud and maybe some

showers here on the east coast. They’ll all clear up by lunchtime, though. Over the next day or so, London and the area around Kent can expect a couple of isolated showers, but mostly dry

through until Thursday.

It’s not such good news for the north-west this week, I’m afraid: more wet weather, and not a lot of sunshine. Some of today’s showers will be heavy – and even thundery in Manchester and across the Pennines. Leeds will escape the thunderstorms, with drizzle and light rain only throughout the rest of the day and tonight.

Elsewhere it becomes dry today, but with some foggy patches towards Wales. In England, tomorrow morning will see a dry, bright start in most places, with high temperatures throughout the week. We might see one or two thunderstorms appearing as the week goes on, with temperatures everywhere at 29 to 30 degrees. By the weekend, unfortunately, the dry weather will make way for mostly cloudy skies and rain. The rain will move from Scotland, down towards the north and reach the south coast by Saturday afternoon. Temperatures, at least, will stay mostly warm at around 21 degrees for the weekend. It might feel like a nice change from the high twenties and early thirties we’ll see

in the week. That’s all from me until tomorrow. Enjoy the mini-heatwave while you can!

Weather report

Read to the following weather reports and answer the comprehension questions.

This is CKNY and I'm Anita Pierce with weather. We couldn't ask for a better day for the first day of Spring. Right now it's fifteen degrees and clear. We're expecting blue skies throughout the day. Though there is only a ten percent chance of showers, this good weather can't last forever. It's raining cats and dogs up north, so we should see rain by morning. Don't forget your umbrella tomorrow. Now, stay tuned for local news.

Начало формы

1. Which season does this weather report take place in? -- summer spring winter fall

Click for answer------- spring

2. What kind of day is it? -- an overcast day a mild day a chilly day a rainy day

Click for answer------- a mild day

3. What is the temperature? -- ten degrees minus ten fifteen below plus fifteen

Click for answer------- plus fifteen

4. Tomorrow it will probably -- snow rain stay sunny be clear.

Click for answer------- rain

5. What does the weather reporter suggest using? -- a raincoat sunglasses an umbrella the radio

Click for answer------- an unmbrella

·

Let it snow

Oh the weather outside is frightful But the fire is so delightful Since we've no place to go Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow It doesn't show signs of stoppin' And I've brought some corn for poppin' The lights are turned down low Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow When we finally kiss goodnight How I'll hate goin' out in the storm But if you'll really hold me tight All the way home I'll be warm The fire is slowly dyin' And, my dear, we're still goodbyin' As long as you love me so Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow He doesn't care if it's in below He's sitting by the fire's glossy glow He don't care about the cold and the winds that blow He just says, let it snow, let it snow, let it snow Let it snow! Oooooh wee goes the storm Why should he worry when he's nice and warm His girl by his side and the lights turned low He just says, let it snow, let it snow I don't care! The weather outside is frightful But that fire is ummm... Delightful Since we've no place to go Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow It doesn't show signs of stopping And I've brought lots of corn for popping The lights are way down low So let it snow, let it snow, let it snow When we finally say goodnight How I'll hate goin' out in the storm But if you'll only hold me tight All the way home I'll be warm The fire is slowly dyin' And, my dear, we're still goodbyin' As long as you love me so Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow

 

 

Пусть идет снег!

Погода на улице ужасна, Но огонь в камине так восхитителен! И так как нам некуда пойти, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Похоже, что снегопад и не собирается прекращаться И я принес немного кукурузы для поп-корна Огни потухают Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Когда мы целуемся на прощание, Как мне не хочется выходить в эту метель, Но если ты покрепче меня обнимешь, Всю дорогу домой мне будет тепло! Огонь постепенно затухает, А мы все еще прощаемся, Пока ты так сильно любишь меня, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Ему не важно, что будет дальше, Он сидит у теплого камина, Ему не важно, что холодно и дует ветер, Он только повторяет: пусть идет снег, идет снег, идет снег! Пусть идет снег! Ооо метель не стихает Зачем беспокоиться об этом, когда ему тепло и хорошо? Его девушка рядом с ним и свет постепенно затухает, Он только повторяет: пусть идет снег, идет снег, идет снег! Мне неважно! Погода на улице ужасна, Но огонь в камине ммм... Восхитителен! И так как нам некуда пойти, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Похоже, что снегопад и не собирается прекращаться И я принес много кукурузы для поп-корна Огни потухают Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег! Когда мы наконец попрощаемся, Как неохотно я пойду в эту метель, Но если ты покрепче меня обнимешь, Всю дорогу домой мне будет тепло! Огонь постепенно затухает, А мы все еще прощаемся. Пока ты так сильно любишь меня, Пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег, пусть идет снег!

 

 

II. GRAMMAR

What is a pronoun? One of the most important forms of grammar in the English language is the pronoun. This is something that you will come across very frequently when studying the language and it is important that you are aware of what a pronoun is, how it is used and where it fits into a sentence. We are going to be taking a look at how pronouns work and what they are used for, this will be intertwined with some examples so that we can gain a better understanding of their function.

A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. A pronoun may take place of the name of a person, place or thing.

Pronouns List

We see pronouns in the English language every day. They help to make our texts more interesting. To understand how to use a pronoun properly you need to be familiar with the differences between different types of pronouns.

Below find a list of common pronouns and the main categories in which they belong.

• Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves
• Personal: subjective (he/ she, I, you and they); objective (me, you, her/ him, it, them, and us); possessive(hers/his, mine, yours, its, ours, and theirs)
• Relative: whom, that,who, and which
• Indefinite: all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone, another
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, and those
• Interrogative: who, what which, and what
•  Reciprocal Pronouns: one another and each other.
• Intensive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves

Subject pronoun examples:

• I like to watch TV, but he does not.
• You cannot judge a tree by its bark.
• She struck him on the nose.
• He studies hard to pass the exam.

Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence.

Object pronoun list: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

Examples:

• Sophia likes me but not him.
• John will call you soon.
• Don’t tell her the truth.
• I helped him pull his boots off.

Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronoun will end in -self or -selves and is used in reference to another pronoun. Words within the category are himself, herself, themselves, yourself/ves, myself, itself.

• He takes care of himself.
• She can do it by herself.
• You could travel by yourself.

In English, reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself.

Reflexive pronoun list: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Examples:

• She tried it herself.
• Tom hurt himself.

In English they all end in – self or – selves and must refer to a noun phrase elsewhere in the same clause.

Possessive Pronouns

In English, possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. They are: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Possessive pronoun list: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Examples:

• Do you see that woman over there? Her dog is very friendly.
• Is that your house? No, ours is the one beside it.
• his is my laptop. It’s mine.
• These books are mine, not yours.
• This is my brother ‘s book. It’s his.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

This type of pronoun is used to indicate something, the words in the category are these, those, that, this.

• These are the shoes that I am going to wear.
• He likes the green flowers but he prefers those red ones over there.
• I would like that one.

The demonstrative pronouns are the same words as the demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, and those). They often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position. They can be either near or far in distance or time, specifically.

Demonstrative pronoun list: this, that, these, those.

Pronoun examples:

• This is an enormous field.
• Can you see that?
• These are delicious cookies.

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronoun is used to talk about something which is not specific. Words in the category are some, all, few, none, either, one, nobody, both, each, anyone, several etc.

• Nobody is going to the party.
• There are several people in my class.
• I like both of these photos.

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific beings, objects, or places. Indefinite Pronouns can also function as other parts of speech too, depending on context.

Indefinite Pronoun List: another, anybody/ anyone, anything, each, either, enough, everybody/ everyone, everything,…

Pronoun examples:

• I don’t want anyone to see it.
• Is there anything in that box?
• You can’t blame him for everything.
• Each company is fighting to protect its own commercial interests.
• Much has happened since we met.
• No one can cope with her in English.

Relative Pronouns

This type of pronoun can be used as a way of giving additional information within a sentence, pronouns in this category are that, who, which, whom…

• This is my brother who lives in New Zealand.
• This is the ball that my dog likes best.

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. In English, relative pronouns are who, whom, which, whose, and that. They refer back to people or things previously mentioned, and they are used in relative clauses.

Relative pronoun list: who, whom, which, whose, that.

Pronoun examples:

• The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.
• Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
• She is an artist whose work I really admire.
• The author whom you criticized in your review has written a letter in reply.

Intensive Pronouns

The intensive pronoun is used as a reference to another pronoun or noun in the same sentence as a way of emphasizing it.

• The dog caught the ball itself.
• Sarah cooks dinner herself.
• I eat my candy myself.

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is used in a question, the words within the category are who, whom – кто; whose – чей; which -который, какой; what – что, какой; when -  когда; where -где, why – почему, зачем; how - как.

Whom – объектная форма местоимения who - используется преимущественно в письменной речи. В современном английском языке наблюдается тенденция к употреблению единой формы местоимения who в любой позиции.

• How many apples do you have?
• Which way is the hotel?
• Is that where the chair goes?

Употребление вопросительных местоимений

1) Местоимение who выступает в функции существительного, местоимения what, which, whose употребляются как существительные и прилагательные, а местоимения when, where, why, how используются как наречия.

a) Если местоимение wh о, what является подлежащим, то оно согласуется с глаголом в единственном числе

Who lives in this house? – The Smiths –

Кто живёт в этом доме? – Семья Смитов

What was in the box? – Pencils –

Что было в коробке? – Карандаши

b) В качестве вопросительных местоимений-прилагательных употребляются which и   what

Местоимение which предпочтительно, если говорящий предполагает выбор из ограниченного числа возможностей, местоимение what более естественно в ситуации неограниченного выбoра

Which/what train are you going to take?

На каком поезде вы собираетесь поехать?

Which bread do you want – white or brown?

Какой хлеб вы хотите – белый или чёрный?

What language is spoken in Senegal?

На каком языке говорят в Сенегале?

Reciprocal Pronouns

The reciprocal pronoun is used to show an action or feeling which is reciprocated, words in this category are one another and each other.

• They are happy with each other.
• The two friends really care about one another.

1) К взаимным местоимениям относятся местоимения each other u one another, имеющие значение друг друга. Местоимение each other предпочтительно в случае, если речь идет о двух участниках, а местоимение one another употребляется, если участников больше двух. Однако это правило часто не соблюдается.

John and Max don’t like each other.

2) При необходимости перед each other или one another употребляется предлог

Her last two books bear a strong likeness to one another

3) Взаимные местоимения могут стоять в форме притяжательного падежа

They looked in each other’s eyes.

 

Pronoun Rules

As with all types of grammar, there are rules surrounding the use of the pronoun. Let’s take a look at these now.

1) If the pronoun is being used as a subject it is known as a subject pronoun and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, although this is not always the case. An example of this would be She went to the shop.

The words he, I, she, we, whoever, they, it etc are all subject pronouns,

2) Secondly, a subject pronoun can be used if they are renaming the sentence subject, in this case, they always come after to be verbs, these might be verbs such as were, am, are, is, etc. An example of this would be That is she or This is him talking.

3) Another rule is that if the word who is being used as a pronoun to refer to a person, it will take the form of the verb to which that person corresponds, this might sound strange as this rule is not always followed but an example might look like this It is I who am going to town.

4) An object pronouns is used to refer to the object of a sentence. Object pronouns might include the words him, me, her, us, them, etc. An example of this might be Sarah watched her. In this example. her is the object of the verb watched.

5) When a possessive pronoun is used, the use of an apostrophe is never required.

6) When using the pronouns which, that, and who you should use either a singular or plural verb depending on what the pronoun is referring to. For example, look at the following sentence.

• John is one of those men who likes fishing.
• John and Bob are two of these men who like fishing.

You can see that the verb like has been modified to become plural when the pronoun who refers to two people as opposed to one.

Gender Pronouns

Gender pronouns exist in a binary system: male or female. In this system, he/him/his or she/her/hers are pronouns used to delineate gender. These pronouns occur in the 3rd person singular.