Feminine Nouns                                               Masculine Nouns

 

A great many person nouns in English are capable of ex­pressing both feminine and masculine person genders by way of the pronominal correlation in question. These are referred to as nouns of the "common gender". Here belong such words as person, parent, friend, cousin, doctor, president, etc.

  E.g.: The President of our Medical Society isn't going to be happy about the suggested way of cure. In general she in­sists on quite another kind of treatment in cases like that.

The capability of expressing both genders makes the gen­der distinctions in the nouns of the common gender into a variable category. On the other hand, when there is no special need to indicate the sex of the person referents of these nouns, they are used neutrally as masculine, i.e. they corre­late with the masculine third person pronoun.

In the plural, all the gender distinctions are neutralized in the immediate explicit expression. Alongside of the grammatical (or lexico-grammatical, for that matter) gender distinctions, Eng­lish nouns can show the sex of their referents lexically, either by means of being combined with certain notional words used as sex indicators, or else by suffixal derivation.

Cf.: boy-friend, girl-friend; man-producer, woman-producer; washer-man, washer-woman; landlord, landlady; bull-calf, cow-calf; cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow; he-bear, she-bear; master, mistress; actor, actress; executor, executrix; lion, lioness; sultan, sultana; etc.

Thus, the category of gender in English is inherently semantic, i.e. meaningful as it reflects the actual features of the named objects, besides it is represented in the nounal system as a whole.

5. Article Determination

Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying the noun in communicative collocations. Its special character is clearly seen in comparison with the words of half-notional semantics such as this, any, some, etc. These determiners interpret the referent of the noun in relation to other objects or phenomena of a like kind, whereas the semantic purpose of the article is to specify the nounal referent in the most general way, without any explicitly expressed contrasts.

Another peculiarity of the article, as different from the determiners in question, is that, in the absence of a deter­miner, the use of the article with the noun is quite obligatory.

Taking into consideration these peculiar features of the article, it’s importat to determine its status in the system of morphology, namely to decide whether the article is a purely auxiliary element of a special grammatical form of the noun which functions as a component of a definite morphological category, or it is a separate word, i.e. a lexical unit in the determiner word set, of a more abstract meaning than other determiners.

To arrive at a definite decision, the consideration of the properties of the English articles should be made:

semantic evaluation as such,

a situational estimation of their uses,

analysis of their categorial features in the light of the oppositional theory,

a paradigmatic generalization.

 

                             5.1 Semantic evaluation

A mere semantic observation of the articles in English, i.e. the definite article the and the indefinite article an, at once discloses not two, but three meaningful characterizations of the nounal referent achieved by their correla­tive functioning, namely: one rendered by the definite article, one rendered by the indefinite article, and one rendered by the absence (or non-use) of the article. Let us examine them separately.

The definite article expresses the identification or individualization of the referent of the noun: the use of this ar­ticle shows that the object denoted is taken in its concrete, individual quality. This meaning can be brought to explicit exposition by a substitution test. The test consists in replac­ing the article used in a construction by a demonstrative word, e.g. a demonstrative determiner, without causing a prin­cipal change in the general implication of the construction. Of course, such an "equivalent" substitution should be un­derstood in fact as nothing else but analogy: the difference in meaning between a determiner and an article admits of no argument. Still, the replacements of words as a special diagnostic procedure, which is applied with the necessary reservations and accord­ing to a planned scheme of research, is quite permissible. In this case it undoubtedly shows a direct relationship in the meanings of the determiner and the article, the relation­ship in which the determiner is semantically the more ex­plicit element of the two.

Cf.: But look at the apple-tree!-* But look at this apple-tree!

The town lay still in the Indian summer sun.— That town lay still in the Indian summer sun.

The water is horribly hot.— This water is horribly hot.

It's the girls who are to blame.— It's those girls who are to blame.

The indefinite article, as different from the definite ar­ticle, is commonly interpreted as referring the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects; in other words, the indefinite article expresses a classifying general­ization of the nounal referent, or takes it in a relatively general sense. To prove its relatively generalizing functional meaning, we may use the diagnostic insertions of specifying-classifying phrases into the construction in question; we may also employ the transformation of implicit comparative constructions with the indefinite article into the correspond­ing explicit comparative constructions.

Cf.: We passed a water-mill. —We passed a certain water-mill.

It is a very young country, isn't it?- It is a very young kind of country, isn't it?

What an arrangement! —What sort of arrangement!

This child is a positive nightmare. -— This child is positively like a nightmare.

The procedure of a classifying contrast employed in prac­tical text-books exposes the generalizing nature of the in­definite article most clearly in many cases of its use.

E.g.: A door opened in the wall. — A door (not a window) opened in the wall.

We saw a flower under the bush.-* We saw a flower (not a strawberry) under

the bush.