Common Hygienic Requirements to School Furniture

Theyinclude the following:

· correspondence to the anthropometrical sizes of children (prevention of disorders of the musculoskeletal system and organs of vision);

· prevention of traumatism;

· non-toxicity of materials and dyes, their stability to disinfection;

· light or green colouring of tables.

Size of School Desks (Tables)

In each classroom there should be desks of not less than 3 sizes, at schools the desks of 6-12 sizes are used having multi-coloured marking for a teacher. At the beginning of classes the teacher should distribute the pupils according to their size (by Flerov’s ruler or by Listov’s formula: № of school desk = 2 first figures of height - 5).

Hygienic Standards of School Furniture

These include:

· Differention– avertical distance from a table to chair – it should be equal to 1/7-1/8 of height or to the distance from the lowered elbow to sitting.

· Distance of sitting – ahorizontal distance between the edge of the table and edge of sitting – it should be 4–5 cm.

· Distance of chair back – a horizontal distance from the edge of table up to back of sitting = the anterior-posterior section of body + 3-5 cm.

· Height of sitting - length of leg + 2 cm.

 

A	B	C

Fig. 22. Distance of sitting: A - negative, B - zero; C - positive.

 

 

Medical-professional consultation and orientation at schoolare carried out by doctors, teachers and experts of youth employment centers with the purpose of choosing the future professions and recommendation to schoolboys in respect to professions suitable for their health state.

Professional orientation includes: information service about availability of vacant occupations, psychological consultations in view of type of the nervous system activity.

Medical-professional consultation is carried out twice:

· in the 5th form for children with abnormalities of physical development, for the rest - in the 7th form;

· in the 10-11th form.

For the first time it is carried out for early revealing and treatment of diseases limiting capacity for work, for the second time – for the final determination of range of professions.

While medical professional consultations the medical documentation for a schoolboy is used, evaluation of physical development and physical examination are carried out, if necessary – a thorough medical examination in hospital is done.

From the medical point of view all professions are divided into 4 groups:

· professions not connected with difficult working conditions;

· professions connected with action of harmful factors;

· professions connected with constant effect of harmful factor complex;

· professions connected with difficult and harmful working conditions.

Hygienic Requirements to Vocational Schools

They should be located close to the basic industrial enterprises or in the suburbs of inhabited locality. The size of a site should be 20 m2 per pupil.Functional zoning: industrial practical training zone (a building for theoretical course and training workshops), sports zone (it is increased in comparison with school), economic, residential area (hostel), green plantations. At block system of building up the corresponding blocks should be present. The requirements to a hostel are the following: the area is 6 m2 per person, availability of the first-aid station.

 

Recommendations for Practical Classes on the Theme

Key Questions

1.The hygienic requirements to the site of CPI. Functional zoning of the site.

2.The hygienic requirements to a group section in CPI (lay-out, illumination, microclimate).

3.The hygienic requirements to children's toys, clothes and footwear.

4.The hygienic requirements to a day regimen of children of different age.

5.Organization of physical training and its control.

6.Adaptation of children to training at school.

7.Estimation of children’s readiness to school training.

8.Estimation of "school maturity" according to Kern-Ierasik test.

9Medical indications to postponing admission to school of six-year-old children.

10.The hygienic requirements to location and area of a school site.

11.The hygienic requirements to layout and building up of school site; functional zoning of site.

12.Systems of school construction. The hygienic requirements to a school building.

13.The hygienic requirements to the basic functional groups of school premises.

14.The hygienic requirements to a classroom.

15.The hygienic requirements to a sports hall, rational arrangement of a physical training lesson.

16.The hygienic requirements to school furniture.

17.The hygienic requirements to the equipment of school workshops.

18.The hygienic requirements to school time-table.

19.Organization of health services at school.

20.Organization of medical-professional consultations at school.

Self Test

1. How many 5-year-old children is one group section in CPI designed for?

*A. 20 children B. 10 children C. 5 children D. 30 children E. 25 children

 

2. What is a group section in CPI?

A. a room for games

B. a room for walks

*C. a set of rooms for staying one group of children

D. a set of rooms for all children in CPI

E. a set of rooms for children’s medical care

 

3. Identify the amount of air per one pupil in a classroom.

*A. 3.75 m3 B. 4.75 m3 C. 1.25 m3 D. 1.0 m3 E. 5.0 m3

 

4. A training section at school is:

A. a set of rooms for staying pupils of one form

B. a classroom

*C. a set of rooms for staying children of the same age of three forms or children of 2 forms of adjacent age groups (2 and 3 forms) with a common recreation room

D. a block at school with a block layout

E. a set of rooms for children of the 1st–10th forms

Problem Solving

1. On the ground of CPI there are the following zones: green plantations, playgrounds for groups, economic area, a building site. The area of the ground per one child is 10 m2. Radius of service of CPI is 500 m. What hygienic standard is broken in this case?

2. Before going to school Tanya’s readiness for training at school was checked by Kern-Ierasik’s test. Thus, the total number of received points was 5. Is she ready to start training at school?

3. In the city on the ground plot of a rectangular configuration having area of 4.4 hectares (44,000 m2) the construction of a comprehensive school for 40 classes is planned. The borders of the site are at a distance of 55 meters from blocks of flats and municipal buildings. On the ground area there are green plantations, such as white acacia, oak, pine, wild grapes. Give the sanitary-hygienic estimation of the ground area. Solve the problem on the opportunity of using the available green plantations on the school site.

4. Give the sanitary-hygienic estimation to location of various premises of comprehensive school. The building of the school is of a block type, has three floors. On the ground floor of the building there is: a tambour, vestibule–cloakroom, corridor, teachers’ room, 5 classrooms for fifth forms, 2 chemistry laboratories, library, lavatory for pupils and personnel of the school. On the first floor there are 3 English language studies, 2 drawing and fine art studies, 3 mathematics studies, 3 physics studies, the Russian language and literature study, 2 chemistry studies, the director’s office, recreation hall, lavatory rooms. On the second floor there are 3 biology studies, doctor’s consulting room, teachers' room.

Standard Answers:

1. The area of the ground of CPI per one child is reduced (normally it should be 40 m2).

2. She is not ready to study at school (normally the minimal result of the test should be 9).

3. The area of the ground is sufficient. The cultivation of wild grapes on a school site is forbidden.

4. The chemistry study should be located on the top (here 2nd) floor, the doctor’s consulting room - on the ground or first floor.

 

 

Independent Work of Students-Pediatricians: