Types of Layout of Residential Quarters

The initial inhabited city unit is a quarter, i.e. part of residential buildings limited by streets and lanes. They can have different size depending on type of quarter building up, namely:

· A continuous building up is encountered in old quarters of city center — all area of a quarter has buildings. The drawbacks of this type of layout are bad airing, lighting, high level of noise, air pollution, high density of occupation.

· A closed building up — it is a continuous building up on periphery a quarter, while inside there are empty places. Disadvantages of this type are bad airing, high level of noise and pollution. It is recommended for conditions of Far North.

· A perimeter building up — the buildings are located with intervals on perimeter of a quarter, inside which there are green plantations. It is used at reconstruction of old types of building. Its disadvantage is an increased noise level.

· A line building up — buildings are located in linear fashion along streets. There are better conditions for airing and light, but there is a high level of transport noise.

· A stitch building up — a narrow part of buildings faces the roads. There are better hygienic conditions but disadvantage is an architectural monotony of quarters.

· A free building up — buildings are located in one quarter in apparent disorder, but hygienic requirements are taken into consideration.

In modern layout of residential zones as the initial inhabited city unit not a quarter but a microdistrictistaken. A microdistrict is a large inhabited housing estate for 10-12 thousand inhabitants with free building up. In the center of microdistrict there are consumer service establishments — school, polyclinic, post office, etc. Highways are only on periphery of microdistrict. At such layout there are only city establishments in the center that reduces time losses at traveling by transport for microdistrict inhabitants.

Protection of City Environment from Pollution

· Administrative-legislative measures.

· Hygienic measures — revealing and assessment of all sources of city pollution, control of projected objects, participation of SES in drawing up general plans of city development, control over realization of these plans. The current control is sanitary inspection of degree of pollution and taking measures to decrease the pollution.

· Architectural measures — functional zones of cities, reconstruction of systems of building cities and inhabited quarters, location of sanitary-protective zones, planting trees and gardens in cities.

· Technical and sanitary-engineering measures — the closed technology, change of technology with the purpose to decrease pollutant emissions, construction of sewage disposal plants on emission points and sewage treatment, etc.

Hygienic Requirements to Premises

The basic purpose of hygienic requirements to premises is to provide optimal conditions for rest, work of people.

Microclimate: temperature is 18-22°С, relative humidity is 40-60%, speed of air movement is 0.2-0.4 m/sec.

Ventilation: air changes per hour is 0.5-1 (in kitchens — 2-3), СО2 content — 0.1 %, volume of air exchange per 1 person is 20-30 m3/h.

Illumination:

· natural — light coefficient is 1/8-1/10, coefficient of natural illumination — 0.5-0.75 %.

· artificial: general — 40-50 lux, local — 100 lux, combined — 150 lux.

Noise level — up to 30 dB (at night).

Cleaning of Populated Areas from Waste Products

Introduction of hygienically proved methods of removal and neutralization of solid and liquid waste products in populated areas remains one of the prime problems of public health care all over the world.

An unsatisfactory state of affairs in this sphere constitutes a real threat of adverse epidemiological conditions in the populated areasand is an important reason for growth of infectious and non-infectious pathology.

One of priority problems of environmental quality in Ukraine and Crimea is an unsatisfactory situation with waste products, namely:

· Accumulation of great amount of highly toxic waste products and absence of effective and ecologically safe methods of their neutralization.

· Unsatisfactory sanitary conditions and overload of dumps with solid household waste products (dumps), absence of places for new dumps.

· Insufficient degree of cleaning household sewage, thrown in coastal seawater areas, that results in high microbe pollution of seawater presenting epidemic danger for bathing and hence closing many sea beaches.

Wastes in populated areas are divided into 2 groups:

· liquid — sewage,

· solid — household wastes, factory wastes, etc.