Тема: Історія медицини в Україні.

Робочий зошит

для організації позааудиторної

самостійної роботи студентів та контролю

з предмету

 

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа 2 курс

(вечірня форма навчання)

 

 

Студента(ки) групи __________________________

Відділення " Сестринська справа "-ІV семестр

Курс _________ Група ___________

Викладач ________________________

м. Кривий Ріг-2012

Міністерство охорони здоров'я

 

Криворізький медичний коледж, заснований на спільній

власності територіальних громад сіл, селищ і міст

Дніпропетровської області

 

 

В.Г.Новаковець

 

Робочий зошит

для організації позааудиторної

самостійної роботи студентів

з предмету

 

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа Ш курс

 

(вечірня форма навчання)

 

 

м. Кривий Ріг-2012

 

 

Робочий зошит для організації поза аудиторної самостійної роботи студентів з предмету

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа ІІ курс(для студентів вечірнього відділення). Видання перше.-2012р.- с.

 

 

Рецензенти:Мікушина І.В.,викладач англійської мови, голова циклової комісії іноземних мов Криворізького медичного коледжу, Потрясова В.Б.,методист Криворізького медичного коледжу.

Укладач: Новаковець В.Г., викладач іноземних мов Криворізького медичного коледжу.

Посібник являє собою робочий зошит для організації поза аудиторної самостійної роботи студентів, який складено у повній відповідності до програми з дисципліни "Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням" для вищих медичних (фармацевтичних) навчальних закладів І-ІІІ рівнів акредитації, які здійснюють підготовку молодших спеціалістів відповідно до освітньо-кваліфікаційної характеристики і освітньо-професійної програми підготовки фахівців, затвердженої управлінням освіти і науки МОЗ України в 2011 році та навчальних планів в 2011р.

Робочий зошит студента з курсу англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням є спробою допомогти студентові у підготовці до поза аудиторної самостійної роботи студентів.

 

ЗМІСТ

№ п/п	Теми	Сторінки	Кількість год.
	Пояснювальна записка
Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням
	Історія медицини в Україні.
	Всесвітня організація охорони здоров'я.
	Анестезія.
	Альтернативна медицина.
	Лапароскопічні операції.
	Лікування серця дитини.
	Ожиріння.
	Гінекологічні захворювання.
	Література.
	ВСЬОГО

 

 

Пояснювальна записка

Знання – сила. Цей постулат добре відомий кожному, хто працює в професійному колективі, наприклад, робить складну операцію або їде у на машині швидкої допомоги на виклик до хворого.

Самостійна робота студентів є основним засобом засвоєння студентами навчального матеріалу в час, вільний від обов'язкових навчальних занять. Надзвичайно важливим завданням є самостійна робота, яка полегшує розуміння і закріплення матеріалу в пам'яті, дає можливість засвоїти великий обсяг теоретичних знань, допомагає встановити і зіставити зв'язки між окремими ланцюгами нової інформації.

Предмет допоможе студенту:

- використовувати можливості особистого зростання;

- підвищити самооцінку;

- набути навичок самостійного перекладу текстів;

- дізнатись про нові факти із життя видатних вчених-медиків

Цей робочий зошит для самостійних робіт для студентів ІІ курсу "Сестринська справа", які вивчають англійську мову згідно програми "Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням".

Робочий зошит складається з 8 самостійних робіт. У кожній самостійній роботі представлена мета, питання для самостійної підготовки, медичні тексти, завдання для засвоєння матеріалу, контрольні завдання. Завдання розроблені таким чином, щоб студенти змогли одночасно засвоїти переклади медичних термінів, їх правильне читання, виконання контрольних вправ.

 

 

Розглянуто і схвалено на

Засіданні ЦМК іноземних мов

Протокол №____ від________

Голова ЦМК___________

 

Самостійна робота №1 до практичного заняття №1

Тема: Історія медицини в Україні.

Студенти повинні знати: професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, необхідний для обговорення теми.

Студенти повинні вміти: узагальнювати, систематизувати та порівнювати отриману інформацію;написати реферат про видатних учених;виконати тестові завдання

Read the text attentively and translate.

THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN UKRAINE.

The history of medicine in Ukraine begins with the history of folk medicine.

The first medical hospitals in Kyiv Rus were founded in the 11 thcentury and were mostly in the form of alms houses attached tochurches.In the 14th and 15th centuries new hospitals were built and many physicians gave the first aid to the inhabitants of Ukraine and the soldiers of Bogdan Khmelnytsky's troops.

As the number of physicians was inadequate some medical schools which trailed specialists were opened. Kyiv Academy was founded in 1632. It played a prominent role in the development of the Ukrainian medicine.Many graduates of the Academy continued to enrich their knowledge abroad and received their doctors' degrees there. Many former students of this Academy have become the well-known scientists. They are the epidemiologist D. S. Samoilovych, the obstetrician N, M.Ambodyk-Maximovych, the podiatrist S. F. Chotovytsky, the anatomist 0.M. Shumlyansky and many.others.

At the end of the I8th and during the 19th centuries the medical departments were formed at the Universities of Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa. The total number of physicians has increased m Ukraine. The medicine of Zemstvo was widely used at that time.

During the Crimean War (1854-1856), upon Pirogov's initiative the first detachment of nurses was trained and sent to Sevastopol to help its defenders. It gave the beginning of the organization "Red Cross".

In 1686 the first bacteriological station was organized in Odesa which was of great importance in the development of microbiology and epidemiology. The famous scientists I. I. Mechnikov and M. F. Gamaliya worked at this station and succeeded much in their investigations.

Inspite of favourable conditions for the successful development of natural sciences in Russia many outstanding scientists worked in Ukraine. It is known that the brilliant scientist M. I. Pirogov and his followers, as V. O. Karavayev, O. F. Shimanovsky, M. V. Sklifosovsky and others made valuable contribution in the Ukrainian medicine.

The famous scientists V. P. Obraztsov and M. D. Strazhesko were founders of Kyiv therapeutist’ school. They made a huge progress in the field of cardiology Winch was done in the treatment of many eye diseases by the prominent scientist, academician V. P. Filatov who founded the Institute of Eye diseases in Odesa. Many other outstanding scientists worked in Ukraine whose names are well known m the world.

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2. Answer the questions:

What does the history of medicine in Ukraine begin with?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When were the first medical hospitals founded in Kyiv?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What form were the first Kyiv hospitals in?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When were new hospitals built?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Whom did many physicians give the first aid to?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When was Kyiv Academy founded?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Where (did many physicians receive their doctors' degrees?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What former students of the Academy have become the well-known

scientists?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What Universities were the medical departments founded at?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What medicine was widely used at that time?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Самостійна робота №2 до практичного заняття №2

Тема: Всесвітня організація охорони здоров'я.

Студенти повинні знати: основні правила перекладу професійно орієнтованих іншомовних джерел.

Студенти повинні вміти: складати план до тексту; уміти аналізувати, узагальнювати та систематизувати отриману інформацію.

Mission

The WHO's constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." Its major task is to combat disease, especially key infectious diseases, and to promote the general health of the people of the world.

Establishment

The World Health Organization is one of the original agencies of the United Nations, its constitution formally coming into force on the first World Health Day, (7 April 1948), when it was ratified by the 26th member state. Prior to this its operations, as well as the remaining activities of the League of Nations Health Organization, were under the control of an Interim Commission following an International Health Conference in the summer of 1946. The transfer was authorized by a Resolution of the General Assembly.

Summary of activities

As well as coordinating international efforts to monitor outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as SARS, malaria, and AIDS, the WHO also sponsors programs to prevent and treat such diseases. The WHO supports the development and distribution of safe and effective vaccines, pharmaceutical diagnostics, and drugs. After over 2 decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1980 that the disease had been eradicated - the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.

The WHO is nearing success in developing vaccines against malaria and schistosomiasis and aims to eradicate polio within the next few years. The organization has already endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe (from October 3, 2006), making it an international standard.

In addition to its work in eradicating disease, the WHO also carries out various health-related campaigns — for example, to boost the consumption of fruits and vegetables worldwide and to discourage tobacco use.

Experts met at the WHO headquarters in Geneva in February, 2007, and reported that their work on pandemic influenza vaccine development had achieved encouraging progress. More than 40 clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing. Most have focused on healthy adults. Some companies, after completing safety analyses in adults, have initiated clinical trials in the elderly and in children. All vaccines so far appear to be safe and well-tolerated in all age groups tested.

The WHO also conducts research, on, for instance, whether the electromagnetic field surrounding cell phones has a negative influence on health. Some of this work can be controversial, as illustrated by the April, 2003, joint WHO/ FAO report, which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10% of a healthy diet. This report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation, to which the WHO/FAO responded by including in the report the statement "The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10% of total energy is controversial", but also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies..

Structure

WHO Headquarters in Geneva

WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO web site, “Other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly.” The WHO has 193 member states.

The Republic of China (Taiwan) was one of the founding members of the WHO, but was compelled to leave after the People’s Republic of China was admitted to the UN in 1972 and Taiwan left the UN. Taiwan has applied for participation in the WHO as a 'health entity' each year since 1997 but is denied each year because of pressure from China. China claims sovereignty over Taiwan, and its position is that Taiwan is represented in the WHO system by China. In practice, Taiwanese doctors and hospitals are denied access to WHO information, and Taiwanese journalists are denied accreditation for participation in WHO activities.

The WHO Assembly generally meets in May each year. In addition to appointing the Director-General every five years, the Assembly considers the financial policies of the Organization and reviews and approves the proposed programme budget. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work in general.

Membership

The WHO has 193 Member States, including all UN Member States except Liechtenstein, and 2 non-UN members, Niue and the Cook Islands. Territories that are not UN Member States may join as Associate Members (with full information but limited participation and voting rights) if approved by an Assembly vote: Puerto Rico and Tokelau are Associate Members. Entities may also be granted observer status: examples include the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Holy See (Vatican City).

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2.Make up questions the text.

1.

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2.

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3.

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4.

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Самостійна робота №3 до практичного заняття №3

Teма: Анестезія

Студенти повинні знати: професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, необхідний для вивчення теми.

Студенти повинні вміти: опрацювати іншомовні джерела професійного змісту; складати діалоги між пацієнтом і медичними працівниками під час прийому в лікарню.

Read and translate the text

ANESTHESIA

Anesthesia is used in surgery to minimize pain, discomfort, and shock for surgical patients. There are several types that can be used depending on the needs of the surgery: general, local, regional, and conscious sedation. When anesthesia works as expected, the patient feels no pain during a procedure, and often does not remember the proceedings either. It increases patient comfort, which can in turn reduce recovery times. With the knowledge that they are not inflicting pain, it also makes it easier for a medical staff to work.

When anesthesia comes to mind, most people think of general anesthesia. This type is a complete loss of consciousness in the patient accomplished through a combination of injected and inhaled drugs. It is often used for highly invasive surgeries, or cases when total relaxation of the patient is required. General anesthesia carries the most surgical risk because of the state of complete unconsciousness. As a result, the anesthesiologist will manage the patient carefully throughout surgery.

The exact mechanism through which general anesthesia works is unclear. It is believed that the anesthetics act on the brain to produce unconsciousness, and on the nerves and spinal cord to promote immobility and reduce pain. This type is maintained through carefully monitored administration of additional inhaled drugs throughout the surgery.

Local anesthesia involves injected drugs which numb a small area. Many patients have experienced a local anesthetic in the form of Novocaine, which is used in dental applications. Local anesthetics are used when the patient would feel pain, but doesn't need to be unconscious. Any small, localized procedure such as setting stitches is suitable for the local type.

Regional anesthesia is similar to local, except that it covers a wider area of the body. It works by blocking nerve impulses, and is often used during labor and delivery in the form of an epidural. Sometimes, regional anesthesia is used for long term pain management in individuals who experience chronic lower body pain. It allows doctors to block sensations to the entire lower body, or single limbs.

Conscious sedation is an anesthesia practice where the patient remains conscious, but is fully relaxed, does not feel pain, and will not usually remember the experience. This type is useful in situations where patients need to cooperate with medical staff, or when a procedure is not serious enough to warrant putting them to sleep. In cases where a patient is not stable enough for general anesthesia, conscious sedation may be used.

Anesthesia is a vital part of surgical practice, allowing doctors to operate safely and painlessly on patients. The wide variety of anesthetics available allows anesthesiologists to select the most suitable type and anesthetic drug for the patient. Many people will experience some form during their lifetime, and will appreciate the lack of pain associated with it.

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2. Answear the questions

1.When is anesthesia used?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.What types of anesthesia do you know?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is local anesthesia?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is regional anesthesia?

 

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5. What is conscious sedation?

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Самостійна робота №4 до практичного заняття №4

Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine is defined as any health practice that takes the place of, or is incompatible with, conventional Western medicine. Distinction must be made between alternative medicine and complementary medicine. Complementary medicine may involve nontraditional medical practices, but is undertaken along with traditional healing approaches. Alternative medicine implies using only nontraditional methods.

Alternative medicine includes a broad range of practices. Some healing therapies are based on Ancient Chinese beliefs, like acupuncture and the use of certain herbal compounds. Others focus on Hindu, or Ayurvedic, therapies including diet changes, the practice of yoga, and emphasizing the connection of mind, body, and spirit.

Mind, body, and spirit healing is also championed as holistic health, and can be alternative or complementary. Dr. Deepak Chopra, for example, practices medicine in this way, leaning more toward alternative than conventional thinking, although he holds a Western medical degree. His teachings have been hotly contested in the medical community.

Some other examples of alternative medicine include massage, meditation, chiropractic techniques and practice, spiritual healing, exercise practices like Tai Chi, and aromatherapy. This is just a short list of an almost inexhaustible supply of alternative therapies. Many people use some form of alternative medicine when they take vitamins or herbal supplements without consulting a doctor. For example, many people who contract a cold use Airborne, a nutritional supplement, instead of seeing a doctor. With no traditional medical advice, the user of Airborne practices alternative medicine.

Alternative practitioners can often point to thousands of years of anecdotal evidence that suggests certain alternative practices are successful. The Western medical community largely stands opposed to such practices, but as complementary medicine has advanced, there are now medical schools that teach “alternative” methods. Many physicians now embrace complementary medicine because it creates more options for addressing a medical condition.

Some people turn to alternative medicine when the traditional medical community can offer them no help or cure for a condition. Again, anecdotal evidence suggests that certain therapies may help to improve quality of life for these people. Western physicians acknowledge the more established methods of alternative medicine and recommend alternative therapies for patients they cannot help through traditional medicine. While some physicians remain skeptical, alternative medicine is often looked upon as a last resort strategy.

Unfortunately, most health insurance companies do not provide coverage of alternative medicine of any kind. If one is lucky, chiropractic care may be included in a health plan. Generally, though, one has to pay for acupuncture, yoga classes, nutritional supplements or any other alternative therapy. Caution should be observed when embarking on an alternative medicine health plan, because most governments do not regulate alternative practices, and as with traditional medicine, there are some unscrupulous or unqualified practitioners.

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2.Translate key word combinations

 

1.Alternative medicine - _________________________________

2.Complementary medicine - ___________________________________

3. Healing approach - _________________________________

4.Medical condition - _________________________________

5. Established methods - _________________________________

6. Take vitamins - __________________________________

7. Medical community - __________________________________

8. Some people - __________________________________

9. Western physicians - __________________________________

10. Some healing - ___________________________________

Самостійна робота №5 до практичного заняття №5

Read and translate the text

A laparoscopic operations

A laparoscope is a thin, flexible tube-like surgical tool which is inserted into the body and used to view the internal organs and perform minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This type of surgery is also referred to as keyhole surgery, band-aid surgery, or pinhole surgery, due to the nature of the laparoscope. It is inserted through a very small incision, usually in the abdomen, rather than the large incisions made by other surgical methods.

Often outfitted with a video camera, a laparoscope acts like a telescope to magnify the organs. Powerful lights are attached to illuminate them, and the results are sent to a television screen in the operating room. Special surgical tools are inserted through the laparoscope, and through small incisions that are made nearby its entrance to the body. Surgeons perform the procedure by monitoring their activity on the screen.

The most common operation performed with a laparoscope is the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, or the removal of the gallbladder. However, a laparoscope may also be employed in cases of endometriosis, polycystic ovaries, uterine growths, fallopian tube blockages, and abdominal adhesions. In some cases, a laparoscope is used in the initial stages of a colectomy, or removal of the colon, and a nephrectomy, or removal of the kidneys. It is almost always used for surgeries of the loins or abdomen.

There are other types of surgery that make use of the laparoscope. If the surgery is performed in a joint, it is known as an athroscopy. If it is performed in an existing orifice, such as the mouth or nose, it is known as an endoscopy. When used for abdominal surgery or surgery of the loins, it is known simply as a laparoscopy.

A laparoscopy has many advantages over traditional open abdominal surgery. There is a reduction in bleeding, less pain and recovery time due to the smaller incision, less time spent in the hospital after the surgery, and a faster return to normal activities. There is also a reduced risk of infection, due to the internal organs being less exposed to external contaminants.

For all its advantages, use of laparoscope for surgery may occur, resulting in the need for a larger incision to stop the hemorrhaging.

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2.Make up the questions to the text

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Самостійна робота №6 до практичного заняття №6

Heart diseases in children

One of the extra heart sounds is a heart murmur, which usually indicates turbulent and irregular blood flow within the cavities and through the valves of the heart. A heart murmur in children can have either physiological or pathological causes. Usually, a physiological heart murmur in children disappears once the underlying condition is treated or once the child reaches their teenage years or adulthood. A pathological heart murmur in children indicates an underlying heart trouble that is usually structural in nature. It needs to be assessed and managed by a cardiologist.also has risks. These are rare, but can include pelvic infection, the formation of scar tissue after surgery, and damage to the bowels or bladder. In very rare cases, damage to blood vessels or uncontrolled bleeding

Normally, the heart only produces two sounds called sound 1 (S1) and sound 2 (S2), heard as “lub-dub” on auscultation. In the presence of a murmur, these sounds are interrupted, preceded, or followed by a swishing or whistling sound, which is called a murmur. Common heart murmur types encountered in children are normal physiological, or innocent, murmurs.

Innocent murmurs are also called functional, benign, vibratory, or flow murmurs. Causes include a thin chest wall, a straight back, anemia, and fever. Children generally have thin chest walls and relatively straighter backs that make the heart closer to the surface of the chest. Blood flow is then easily heard and reported as a murmur.

When a child has a fever or anemia, the rate of his or her blood flow increases to facilitate the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs. The increased blood flow leads to turbulent flow within the heart and manifests as a murmur that eventually disappears as the fever or the anemia resolves. Two innocent murmurs that are sometimes mistaken as abnormal ones include Still’s murmur and venous hum. Still’s murmur, also called musical murmur because of its musical quality, usually occurs in children between the ages 3 and 6 years. Venous hum is a soft humming murmur that can be heard over the jugular veins, also occurring in 3- to 6-year-old children.In general, with the exception of the venous hum, heart murmurs characterized as either diastolic, holosystolic, or late systolic are abnormal in nature. A murmur that has any of these qualities should prompt the physician to search for an abnormality in the heart or blood vessels. Pathological or abnormal causes of heart murmur in children include structural abnormalities of the heart valves, heart cavities, or arteries connected to the heart. Such structural abnormalities may be congenital or acquired.

Congenital anomalies like atrial septal defect (ASD), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and ventral septal defect (VSD) all manifest with murmurs. ASD, VSD, and tetralogy of Fallot are conditions wherein there is an abnormal communication between the left and right sides of the heart. Acquired conditions such as rheumatic heart disease due to untreated streptococcal infection can lead to narrowing or insufficiency of the heart valves. Narrowing leads to valvular stenosis, while insufficiency leads to valvular regurgitation. Both of these also present with heart murmurs.

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Тема: Ожиріння.

Студенти повинні знати: знати особливості догляду за хворими гастроентерологічного відділення.

Студенти повинні вміти: робити власні висновки щодо раціонального харчування та ведення здорового способу життя;перекладати іншомовні джерела професійного спрямування.

 

1.Read and translate the text.

Obesity

Severe obesity, also known as morbid obesity, occurs when a person is severely overweight. Physicians generally measure obesity using a scale known as the body mass index (BMI), which helps doctors determine what percentage of a person's weight is body fat. Persons with a BMI of 30 or higher are generally considered obese, while persons with a BMI of 40 or higher may be considered to be suffering from severe obesity. Some experts define severe obesity as being 100 pounds (45.4 kg) or more overweight. Morbid obesity is considered a serious public health problem, because it raises a person's risk of developing multiple health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and depression.

Unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be major contributors to obesity, especially in the developed world. Women who have had children may be more likely to experience obesity, due to the weight gain that can occur during pregnancy. Persons who are overweight as children or adolescents may be more likely to experience adult obesity.

Certain health problems, including chronic insomnia, and the use of certain prescription drugs, can contribute to weight gain and obesity. Researchers believe that environmental and genetic factors can play a large role in obesity. People who immigrate from less-developed to more-developed nations appear, for instance, more likely to develop obesity as they adopt the lifestyle and eating habits of the more prosperous culture.

Obesity and morbid obesity can put a patient's health at serious risk. Health complications related to severe obesity can include hypertension, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. Persons suffering from severe obesity often have an elevated risk of arthritis, reproductive problems, stroke, and various cancers. Experts believe that even a small reduction in body weight can help drastically lower the risk of health complications related to obesity.

When obesity becomes severe, diet and lifestyle changes alone may no longer be sufficient to treat the condition. While diet and lifestyle changes are almost always considered essential to treating severe obesity, medication or surgery may also be advised. Some prescription weight-loss drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration may assist weight loss by hampering the body's ability to absorb fats from food. Bariatric surgeries, including gastric bypass or the lap-band procedure, can assist weight loss by reducing the size of a patient's stomach or shortening the digestive tract so that it absorbs fewer nutrients. Weight loss surgeries and medications can have serious side effects, and are usually only considered for patients suffering severe obesity accompanied by dangerous medical complications.

 

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2.Make up questions to the text

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Самостійна робота №8 до практичного заняття №8

Cervical erosion

Cervical erosion is a gynecological condition in which the squamous cells that normally cover the surface of the cervix are replaced with columnar cells from inside the cervical canal. These cells appear red and inflamed, but they are not cancerous, and the cervix itself does not literally erode. Generally, this condition is very easy to treat, as it usually resolves itself once the cause of the abnormal cell growth has been addressed.

Many people with cervical erosion do not experience symptoms, and they learn about the condition during a routine pelvic examination. Sometimes, it is accompanied with abnormal bleeding or a vaginal discharge. The issue with this condition is that, since the columnar cells do not belong on the surface of the cervix, they can sometimes become infected, which is why routine pelvic examinations are important, as they allow doctors to catch such conditions early.

There are four primary potential causes for cervical erosion: pregnancy, chemical exposure, trauma, and infection. Pregnancy and the use of hormonal birth control appear to be linked to the condition because of the changes in the hormonal balance of the body. Chemicals such as spermicide, some lubricants, and some douches can also irritate the surface of the cervix, causing this problem. Infections such as herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and pelvic inflammatory disease are also linked with cervical erosion, as is trauma such as a poorly-inserted speculum, or rough sexual activity.

Once a doctor identifies the cause, the condition can usually be resolved. Patients may be given medications to treat infection, or encouraged to take a rest from sexual activity and to change brands of lubricants, condoms, or spermicides. If the area is given a chance to rest and recover, the normal squamous cells will usually start growing again, and the surface of the cervix will return to its usual state.

Cervical erosion is also referred to as cervical ectroption or cervical ectropy. It is important to remember that it is not cancerous, although some gynecological cancers can cause this condition. Women can reduce the risk of developing this problem by using safe sex practices, getting regular gynecological checkups, and paying close attention to signs of infection and inflammation that could indicate the presence of a gynecological problem.

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2.Відповісти на запитання

 

1.What is cervical erosion?

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2.Why are routine pelvic examinations important?

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3.What causes cervical erosis?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.What infections are also linked with cervical erosion?

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5.What can also irritate the surface of the cervix?

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6.What is accompanied with abnormal bleeding or a vaginal discharge?

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Список рекомендованої літератури

І.Захарчук "Англійська мова. Здоров'я."Київ,2007.

2.Л.Верба"Граматика сучасної англійської мови", 2004.

3.А.Янков"Англійська мова для студентів-медиків",Київ,2004.

4. Д.Остін,"Англійська мова для медсестер",Варшава,2008.

5.А.Маслова"Англійська мова для студентів-медиків", Москва,2002

6.А.Петриківський,Сучасні англо-українські словники, Харків,2009.

7.Є.Мансі"Медицина і спорт",Київ,2009.

 

Робочий зошит

для організації позааудиторної

самостійної роботи студентів та контролю

з предмету

 

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа 2 курс

(вечірня форма навчання)

 

 

Студента(ки) групи __________________________

Відділення " Сестринська справа "-ІV семестр

Курс _________ Група ___________

Викладач ________________________

м. Кривий Ріг-2012

Міністерство охорони здоров'я

 

Криворізький медичний коледж, заснований на спільній

власності територіальних громад сіл, селищ і міст

Дніпропетровської області

 

 

В.Г.Новаковець

 

Робочий зошит

для організації позааудиторної

самостійної роботи студентів

з предмету

 

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа Ш курс

 

(вечірня форма навчання)

 

 

м. Кривий Ріг-2012

 

 

Робочий зошит для організації поза аудиторної самостійної роботи студентів з предмету

"Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням"

Спеціальність:5.120101 Сестринська справа ІІ курс(для студентів вечірнього відділення). Видання перше.-2012р.- с.

 

 

Рецензенти:Мікушина І.В.,викладач англійської мови, голова циклової комісії іноземних мов Криворізького медичного коледжу, Потрясова В.Б.,методист Криворізького медичного коледжу.

Укладач: Новаковець В.Г., викладач іноземних мов Криворізького медичного коледжу.