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Asyndetic sentence: a sentence whose clauses are not connected either by a conjunction or by any other connective (compare Syndetic sentence) Complex sentence: a sentence containing one or more subordinate clauses Composite sentence: a sentence consisting of more than one clause, whether compound or complex Compound sentence: a sentence consisting of two or more co-ordinated clauses Correlation: a name suggested for the grammatical category which finds its expression in the difference between non-perfect and perfect forms, e. g. took / had taken Functional sentence perspective: division of a sentence into its theme (the starting point) and rheme (the new information supplied) Junction: a connection of two words or phrases without any predicative relation between them, as in a new house, a barking dog Nexus: any connection of two words or phrases with a predicative relation between them, as in he spoke; I heard him speak Opposition: any relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and in external signs, e. g. street / streets; take / took Rheme: that element of a sentence which contains the new information; opposed to theme (see also Functional sentence perspective) Stative: a part of speech expressing the state a subject is in, and characterised by the prefix a-, e. g. asleep, ablaze, astir Syndetic sentence: a composite sentence whose clauses are connected either by a conjunction or by some other connective (mainly a relative pronoun or relative adverb) Theme: that element of a sentence which contains the starting point, as opposed to rheme (see also Functional sentence perspective)
SUBJECT INDEX ABLAUT 357 ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION 260—263 ADJECTIVE 23, 26, 29, 58-65 adjectivisation of nouns 64—65 degrees of comparison 58—61 prepositions and adjectives 150— 151 special meaning of the superlative 62—63 substantivisation 63—64 ADVERB 25, 31—32, 146-148 ~ and proposition 153 ~ or particle 162—163 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 286—302 ~ of concession 297—298 ~ of manner and comparison 298-301 ~ of place 287—288 ~ of purpose 296—297 ~ of result 295—296 ~ of time 288—292 causal ~ 292—293 conditional ~ 293—294 other types 301—302 ADVERBIAL MODIFIER 211—216, 225— 230, 243—246 loose ~ 236—237 AGREEMENT 175—176 ALTERNATION 18, 25 APPOSITION 231, 237 loose ~ 237, 307 APPOSITIONAL CLAUSES 303—304 ARTICLE 49—57 absence of the ~ 55—57 definite ~ 52—53 definite ~ with the superlative 61-62 difference between the definite and the indefinite ~ 54—55 indefinite ~ 53—54 number and meaning 50—51 ASPECT 76—85 common ~ 80, 84—85 continuous ~ 76—85 ASYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES 331-335 different types of mixed sentences 326—327 ATTRIBUTE 28—31, 72, 73, 213—216, 221-224 loose ~ 235—236 ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES 284—285, 307, 313, 320-321 AUXILIARY VERBS 25, 35 CASE 24, 28-29, 41-47, 66-69, 355-356 ~ in pronouns 66—69 common ~ 42 genitive ~ 24, 42—48 objective ~ 66—69 CLAUSE 270—274 ~ of alternative agreement 301 ~ of consequence 295 ~ of exception 302 ~ of manner and comparison 298-301 ~ of proportionate agreement 301 adverbial ~ 286—302 appositional ~ 303—304 contact ~ 320 declarative ~ 365—366 object ~ 279—284 parenthetical ~ 304—305 predicative ~ 276—277 relative ~ 271, 273—274 subject ~ 275—276 that- ~ 308—310 COLLECTIVE NOUNS 39—41 COMPLEX SENTENCE 269—274, 319 COMPOSITE SENTENCE 264—265 syndetic ~ 264—265 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES 317 COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE 207—210 COMPOUND SENTENCES 265—268 COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE 204— 207 CONJUNCTION 32—33, 34, 156—159 prepositions and conjunctions 157-159 phrases equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions 179— 181 types of conjunctions 316 CONJUNCTIONAL PHRASES 178—181 CONTINUOUS ASPECT: see Aspect CO-ORDINATED AND SUBORDINATED CLAUSES 316 CORRELATION 93—94 DECLARATIVE CLAUSES 265—266 DERIVATION OF WORD FORMS (TYPES OF) 24—26 analytical types 25—28 suppletive formations 26 synthetic types 24—25 DIRECT ADDRESS 231-232, 247 ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES 252—253 ENDINGS 23—25 FORM 27 FORMAL WORDS 34—35 FUNCTION 28 Subject Index
FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE 191 — 197 GERUND 130—132, 135—136 GOVERNMENT 176 GRAMMAR AND STYLE 354—359 GRAMMATICAL STATEMENTS 9—10 HIGHER SYNTACTICAL UNITS 346—348 HOMOGENEOUS CLAUSES 314 HOMONYMOUS FORMS 137—143 INDIRECT SPEECH 282, 334—336 INFINITIVE 130—132 ~ as adverbial modifier 227— 229 ~ sentences 251—252 INFLECTION 23—24 INFORMS 25, 31, 130—132, 135—136 INSERTED CLAUSES 325—327 INSERTIONS 233—235 INTERJECTION 33—34, 166—167 INTERROGATIVE FORMS 126—127 JUNCTION 260 LOOSE PARTS 235-236 MEANING 27—28 MODAL WORDS 33, 164—165 MOOD 99-113 imperative ~ 101 —102 indicative ~ 99—101 ~ and tense 110—113 MORPHEME 21—23, 49 MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSES OF VERBS: see VERB MORPHOLOGY 11—13, 21—26, 355—358 NEGATIVE FORMS 125—126 NEXUS 260 NOTIONAL WORDS 34—35 NOUN 28, 36—48, 355—356 adjectivisation 64—65 case 41—47 collective nouns 39—40 nouns of multitude 39—40 number 36—41 NOUN CLAUSES 271 NUMBER 24, 36-41, 47-48, 123- ~ in nouns 28, 36—41, 47—48 ~ in pronouns 69—70 ~ in verbs 123—125 NUMERAL 30, 72—73 OBJECT 28-30, 31, 211-213, 217- 221 257 259 OBJECT CLAUSES 279-284, 307-308 prepositional ~ 282—283 OBJECTIVE PREDICATIVE: See PREDICATIVE ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES 250—251 infinitive sentences 251—252 OPPOSITION ORDER OF SENTENCE PARTS: see WORD ORDER PARALLELISM OF SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS 310—312 PARENTHESES 233—235 loose ~ 237 PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES 304—305, PARTICIPLE 24 ~ or gerund 135—136 continuous ~ 131 second ~ 132—135 PARTICIPLE SENTENCES 202—204 PARTICLES 32—33, 160—163, 247—249 PARTS OF A SENTENCE 187—190, 198—247 main parts 198—210 predicate 198—210 secondary parts 211—230 subject 198—200 PARTS OF SPEECH 27—35 PERFECT 90—98 PERSON 123-125 PHRASES 171—181 ~ equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions 179—181 agreement 175—176 government 176 PLURALIA TANTUM 37—39 PREDICATE 198-210, 229-230, 238— types 200—202 PREDICATIVE 28-30, 66-67, 73, 260 objective ~ 74, 260 PREDICATIVE PHRASES 172—173 PREFIXES 16—19 PREPOSITION 31-32, 35, 149-155, 157—159 phrases equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions 179-181 prepositions and conjunctions 31—32, 157—159 PRONOUN 26, 29-30, 66-72 case 66—69 classification 66 limits of the pronoun class 71— number 69—70 types 70—71 PUNCTUATION 336—345 RHEME 192-197, 202, 240, 243-246, 252-253,282, 316 Subject Index
REPRESENTATION 351—352 REPRESENTED SPEECH 334—335 SECONDARY PREDICATION 257—263 SENTENCE 182—190 ~ and clause 188—190 ~ with a dependent appendix 255—257 ~ with homogeneous parts 254-255 ~ with secondary predication 257 260 classification 183—188 elliptical ~ 190, 252—253 imperative ~ 185—187 infinitive ~ 251—252 negative ~ 188—189 one-member ~ 250—251 participle ~ 202—204 parts of a ~ 189—190, 198—247 simple ~ 188—189 types of simple ~ 189—190 SEQUENCE OF TENSES 328—332 SINGULARIA TANTUM 38—39 SOUND ALTERNATION 18, 25 STATIVE 30—31, 74—75 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 10—11 STYLE 354—359 SUBJECT 28—29 SUBJECT CLAUSES 275—276, 306—307 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 270—274, 320-321 SUBORDINATE STATEMENTS 272—274 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 272 SUBSTITUTION 252—253 SUFFIXES 15—17, 23, 46 SYNDETIC COMPOSITE SENTENCES 264—268 SYNTAX 12—15, 358—359 TENSE 86—88 general definition 86—87 THAT -CLAUSES 308—310 THEME 192—193, 196—197, 201— 202, 245-246, 281-282 TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE TO COMPOSITE SENTENCES 254—263 VERB 9—10, 15—16, 31—35, 76, 355—358 emphatic do -forms 127—128 interrogative forms 126—127 morphological classes 144—145 negative forms 125—126 number 123—124 person 123—124 VERBALS 130—136, 138, 141 second participle 132—135 tense and correlation 131—132 voice 132 VOICE 114—122 active and passive ~ 115 middle ~ 119-122 reciprocal ~ 118—119 reflexive ~ 116—118 WORD-BUILDING 15—18 WORD ORDER 238—249 general points 238 secondary parts 241—249 subject and predicate 238—241 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition............................................................................... 3 Preface to the First Edition..................................................................................... 3 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 5 Part One. Morphology Chapter I. Essentials of Morphology........................................................... 21 Chapter II. Parts of Speech............................................................................ 27 Chapter III. The Noun..................................................................................... 36 Chapter IV. The Article................................................................................... 49 Chapter V. The Adjective............................................................................... 58 Chapter VI. The Pronoun and the Numeral................................................ 66 Chapter VII. The Stative......:......................................................................... 74 Chapter VIII. The Verb: Aspect.................................................................... 76 Chapter IX. The Verb: Tense......................................................................... 86 Chapter X. The Verb: The Perfect............................................................ 90 Chapter XI. The Verb: Mood......................................................................... 99 Chapter XII. The Verb: Voice...................................................................114 Chapter XIII. The Verb: Person and Number. Other Morphological Categories............................................. 123 Chapter XIV. The Verb: Verbals................................................................... 130 Chapter XV. The Verb: Polysemantic and Homonymous Forms.. 137 Chapter XVI. The Verb: The Problem of Morphological Classes.. 144 Chapter XVII. The Adverb............................................................................ 146 Chapter XVIII. The Preposition..................................................................... 149 Chapter XIX. The Conjunction..................................................................... 156 Chapter XX. The Particle................................................................................. 160 Chapter XXI. Modal Words............................................................................ 164 Chapter XXII. The Interjection. Words Not Included in the Classification 166 Part Two. Syntax Chapter XXIII. Phrases.................................................................................. 171 Chapter XXIV. The Sentence........................................................................ 182 Chapter XXV. Functional Sentence Perspective......................................... 191 Chapter XXVI. Parts of a Sentence. The Main Parts.............................. 198 Chapter XXVII. Secondary Parts.................................................................. 211 Chapter XXVIII. Secondary Parts in Detail................................................ 217 Chapter XXIX. The Apposition, Direct Address, Parentheses, and Insertions. Loose Parts 231 Chapter XXX. Word Order.............................................................................. 238 Chapter XXXI. One-member Sentences and Elliptical Sentences.. 250 Chapter XXXII. Transition from Simple to Composite Sentences.. 254 Chapter XXXIII. The Composite Sentence. Compound Sentences.. 264 Chapter XXXIV. Complex Sentences.......................................................... 269 Chapter XXXV. Subject Predicative Clauses.............................................. 275 Chapter XXXVI. Object Clauses and Attributive Clauses........................ 279 Chapter XXXVII. Adverbial Clauses............................................................ 286 Chapter XXXVIII. Appositional Clauses and Parenthetical Clauses. 303 Chapter XXXIX. Some General Remarks on Syndetic Composite Sentences...................................................................................... 306 Chapter XL. Asyndetic Composite Sentences. Inserted Clauses... 318 Chapter XLI. Sequence of Tenses................................................................. 328 Chapter XLII. Indirect and Represented Speech....................................... 331 Chapter XLIII. Punctuation.......................................................................... 336 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 346 A List of Some Less Familiar Terms..................................................................... 362 Subject Index............................................................................................................ 363 Борис Александрович Ильиш
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