TESTS 1. Вставьте вместо пропусков необходимые слова.

1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer
data in the storage device is called the data____ time.

a) sequence; b) access; c) value

2.______ memories have no moving parts.

a) electronic; b) mechanical; c) electromechanical

3. Magnetic______ were the main elements used for pri­
mary memory in digital computers for many years.

a) cores; b) tapes; c) disks

4.______ is more commonly used for memory at present.

a) bipolar semiconductor; b) MOS; c) field-effect tran­sistor

5. Magnetic disks constitute the_____ storage media.

a) internal; b) primary; c)secondary

6. Data are stored in______ codes in primary as well as in

secondary storage.

a) digital; b) binary; c) numerical

7. Data access time is_____ in electronic memories than

that in electromechanical memories.

a) longer; b) much longer; c) shorter

8. Electronic memories have____ capacities for data stor-

age.

a) more; b) larger; c) less

97 Unit 7. Storage

2. Согласуйте слова левой колонки с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.

1. Primary a) one of the performance characteris-

tics of storage measured in binary digits;

2. Secondary b) memory that has random access to

the information;

3. Magnetic disc c) combination of units of information;

4. Binary codes d) the main method of secondary stor-

age performing both sequential and random storage;

5. RAM e) area of memory where protected pro-

grams can be read from but not writ­ten on;

6. Bit f) a fixed number of consecutive bits

representing a character;

7. Byte g) the principal flexible second storage

circuit element;

8. ROM h) part of memory having lower speed

but greater capacity;

9. Floppy i) a unit of information or binary digit;

10. Capacity. j) the most expensive part of memory

having the least capacity and the fast­est access time.

Unit 8 CENTRA L PROCESSING UNIT

1 Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

central processing unit (CPU) - центральный процессор

(ЦП)

interchangeably [,mt₃'tfemd33bli] - взаимозаменяемым

образом

precisely [pn'saish] — точно

internal memory - внутренняя память; внутреннее ЗУ activity [sk'tiviti] - деятельность; работа; действия опе­рации to issue ['isju:] - посылать (сигнал); выводить, выдавать

(сообщение) response [n'spons] - ответ; отклик; реакция; отвечать;

реагировать

to interprete [m'tspnt] - интерпретировать; истолковы­вать;

according to [a'bdin ts] - согласно; в соответствии с level - уровень; степень; мера; выравнивать input-output port - порт ввода-вывода control unit (CU) [bn'troul 'ju:nit] - устройство управ­ления arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) - арифметико-логическое

устройство

switch ['switJl - переключатель; коммутатор; переклю­чать; переходить direct [di'rekt] - направлять; адресовать; указывать;

прямой; непосредственный step-by-step operations - пошаговые операции to select [ss'lekt] - выбирать; выделять (на экране) on the other hand - с другой стороны exponentiation [ekspe'nenji'eifn] - возведение в степень

99 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit

call for — требовать; предусматривать

to load ['loud] — загружать; выполнять загрузку

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какой компонент составля­ет сердце компьютерной системы и в чем заключается его функция.

Text 1. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

It is well known in computer science that the words 'com­puter' and 'processor' are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, 'computer* refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, con­trol and processing components make up the heart of the com­puter system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various com­ponents of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the opera­tion of the entire system by issueing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In4igital computers the CPU can be divided into two func­tional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-log­ical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic cir­cuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The con­trol unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-log­ical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction* multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 100

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU op­erate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­
пользуя информацию текста.

1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why? 2. What components make up the heart of the com­puter system. 3. What is the function of the CPU? 4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system? 5. Name the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs). 6. What are the CPU functional units made of? 7. What is the function of the CU? 8. What operations are performed in the ALU? 9. Where are data processed? 10. Where are data to be processed loaded into?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Хорошо известно; к компьютеру относятся; внутренняя память; составлять суть; выполнять; координировать дея­тельность; определяя в каком порядке; управлять работой всей системы; при необходимости; в соответствии с ко­мандами; уровни памяти; порт ввода-вывода; переключа­тели; режим включения или выключения; передавать сиг­налы; указывать последовательность пошаговых операций; основная память; управлять ходом выполнения програм-

101 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit

мы; с другой стороны; выполнять вычитание, сложение, воз­ведение в степень, деление, умножение; для того чтобы.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counter­clockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print­ing direction; transmission direction.

Level: access level; application level; data level; device level; difficulty level; error level; function level; hardware level; high level; input level; output level; performance level; presentation level; program level; protection level; resource level; security level; software level; structural level; system level; transmisson level.

Processor: arithmetic processor; central processor; command processor; control processor; data processor; error processor; general-purpose processor; special-purpose processor; image processor; language processor; mail processor; message proces­sor; numeric processor; parallel processor; peripheral processor; text processor.

Switch: to switch between programs; to switch between win­dows; to switch disks; to switch on; to switch off; to switch over; binary switch; command switch.

Step: conversion step; final step; procedure step; program step; programming step; step by step; one step at a time; to step down; to step out; to step up; to take steps.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый
причастный оборот.

1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called mem­ory. 4. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes pos­itively charged. 5. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it. 6. Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions passing through it.

7. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechan-