Скелет человека ( The Skeletal System )

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст (Read and translate the text):

  The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that produces red blood cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system cells, is found inside bones.

  The spine is the central support for the body. Another word for the spine is the backbone. The spine is made of separate irregular bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae are made up of spongy or cancellation bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone. In between each vertebrae is a layer of cartilage that keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. There are twenty-six vertebrae in the spine. Although each vertebra can only move a little bit, the total spine is very flexible. The spine of a human being is curved. Most other mammals have a straight spine. The curves allow the spine to support and balance the body on only two legs.

  The breastbone, or the sternum, is linked to the bones which make up the ribs. The sternum is a flat bone that is about 6 inches long. The ribs curve around from the spine to the front of the body. This makes a bony framework which is known as the thoracic case. This case helps protect your chest.

  Most people have 12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are connected to the sternum by cartilage. This makes the ribs more flexible, which is necessary during breathing. The first seven pairs of ribs are attached directly to the breastbone. The eighth, ninth and tenth pairs are attached to the sternum by a cartilage band. The last two pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum or cartilage. The last five pairs of ribs are called false ribs.

  The bones of the hands and feet are flexible. The foot has twenty-six bones, one less than in the hand. The bones in the toes are shorter and fatter than the bones in the fingers. This helps us to balance on two feet. The seven bones in the ankle are called tarsal bones. The main part of the foot is made of metatarsal bones. Phalanges are the bones in the toes. The arch in the foot helps to support the body's weight. Each hand has twenty-seven separate bones. These are connected with muscles and tendons. Hand bones are also called the metacarpus. Just like the foot, the bones in the fingers are called phalanges. The fingers have three phalanges and the thumb has two. These joints allow the finger to flex. Because of this, the human hand can make more precise and finer movements than other creatures.

  The hip bones help us stand upright and move. They support much of the body's weight. Each hip is made up of three bones. These bones are called the ilium, ischium, and pubis. When you are born, these three bones are separated. As you get older, they begin to join together. The main bones of the legs are the femur, tibia and fibula. Another name for the femur is the thigh bone. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee This is the longest bone in the body. The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. As it helps to support the body's weight, the tibia is the strongest bone in the body. The thinner bone is the fibula and helps to control the movement of the ankle. Another name for the fibula is the shin bone. The bone that is at the middle of the leg is the patella, or knee cap.

Задание 2. Переведите слова и выражения (Find English equivalents):

Придает форму телу, защищает органы, мягкая ткань, очень подвижен, позвоночник, позвонки, костный каркас, рёбра, грудина, необходимо во время дыхания, тазовая кость помогает, копчик, бедро, лодыжка, сустав.

Задание 3. Переведите слова и выражения (Find Russian equivalents):

Made up of bones, ligaments and tendons, twenty-six vertebrae, to support and balance the body, the ribs curve around from the spine, are attached to the breastbone, the arch in the foot, to stand upright and move, very flexible, a hip bone, a coccyx, curved, an ulna.

Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы (Answer the questions):

1. What is the skeletal system made up of?

2. What is the spine?

3. How many vertebrae are in the spine?

4. Is the spine of a human being curved?

5. Do the ribs curve around from the spine to the front of the body?

6. What are the main bones of the legs?

7. What bone is the longest in the body.

Задание 5. Расскажите о скелете человека по плану (15 предложений) (Tell about the Skeletal System according to the plan (15 sentences):

1. The skeletal system is made up of…

2. The skeletal system works…

3. The spine is…

4. The spine is made of…

5. The breastbone, or the sternum, is linked to…

6. The ribs curve around from the spine to…

7. The bones of the hands and feet are…

8. The foot has…

9. The main part of the foot is made of…

10. Each hand has…

11. The fingers have…

12. The hip bones help us…

13. Each hip is made up of…

14. The main bones of the legs are…

15. The longest bone in the body is …