Moscow as a Tourist Destination Moscow City Tourist Information Lecture 5 Moscow Overview - 1

1.  the city of federal significance		город федерального значения
2.  populous		населенный
3.  the bodies of state power		органы                  государственной власти
4.  chamber		палата
5.  The Federation Council		Совет Федерации
6.  headquarters		штаб-квартира
7.  medivial		средневековый
8.  Grand Duchy of Moscow		Великое               княжество Московское
9.  the Tsardom of Russia		Русское царство
10. the Russian Empire		Российская империя
11. contemporary		современный
12. tourist destination		туристический центр
13. Novodevichy Convent		Новодевичий монастырь
14. Church of the Ascension		Церковь Вознесения
15. the   UNESCO   World Heritage List		список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО
16. The Third Rome		Третий Рим
17. The Whitestone		Белокаменная
18. The First Throne		Первопрестольная
19. The Forty Forties		Сорок Сороков
20. The Hero City		Город-герой

Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation, the city of federal significance, the administrative center of the Moscow region, a part of which is not included. It is the largest city of Russia with the population of 12,450,000 people. (2018), one of the ten most populous cities in the world.

Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city on the European continent. Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. The Moscow Kremlin is the residence of the President of Russia. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city. There are a lot of governmental offices, foreign embassies, the headquarters of the largest Russian commercial and public organizations in Moscow.

The city has served as the capital of the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation.

Moscow has acquired a number of epithets most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation:

· The Third Rome (Третий Рим),

· The Whitestone One (Белокаменная),

· The First Throne (Первопрестольная),

· The Forty Forties (Сорок Сороков), and

· The Hero City (город-герой).

In old Russian the word «Сорок» (forty) also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches.

A Moscow resident is called moskvich, rendered in English as Muscovite. Moscow is an important tourist destination. Moscow Kremlin, Red Square,

Novodevichy Convent and Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoyeare included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

                                     

 

Novodevichy Convent

Church of Ascension

Questions

1. What kind of city is Moscow?

2. What‘s the population of Moscow?

3. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, isn‘t it?

4. Why is Moscow considered the political center of Russia?

5. What‘s the residence of the Russian President?

6. What chambers does the Russian Parliament consist of?

7. What offices and foreign organizations are located in Moscow?

8. The city of what states has Moscow been throughout its history?

9. What epithets has Moscow acquired thought its history? 10.Why can Moscow be regarded as a tourist destination?

11.What Moscow sights are included in UNESCO World Heritage List?

1. Москва — столица Российской Федерации, город федерального значения, административный центр Московской области.

2. Москва - крупнейший по численности населения город России, входит в первую десятку городов мира по численности населения (12 450 000 чел).

3. Москва является крупным политическим, экономическим, культурным и научным центром России и Восточной Европы, а также самый крупный город на всем европейском континенте.

4. В Москве находятся федеральные органы государственной власти Российской Федерации. Кремль является резиденцией Президента России.

5. В городе располагаются обе палаты российского парламента (Государственная Дума и Совет Федерации), а также посольства иностранных государств, штаб-квартиры большинства крупнейших российских коммерческих и общественных организаций и объединений.

6. Москва - историческая столица Великого княжества Московского, Русского царства, Российской империи, СССР и современной Российской Федерации.

7. Москва приобрела ряд эпитетов за время истории своего развития, такие как, Третий Рим, Белокаменная, Первопрестольная, Сорок Сороков и Город-герой.

8. Москва — важный туристический центр России. Московский Кремль, Красная площадь, Новодевичий монастырь и Церковь Вознесения в Коломенском входят в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.

Geographical Position

1. at the junction of	- на стыке
2. plain	- равнина
3. upland	- возвышенность
4. lowlands	- низменность
5. urban boundaries	- городские границы
6. the ring road	- кольцевая автомагистраль (МКАД)

Moscow is located in the center of the European part of Russia, between the Volga and the Oka, a t the junction of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland (in the west), the Moskva-Oka plain (in the east) and Meshchera lowlands (in the southeast). The territory of the city after the change of urban boundaries in 2012 is 2550 km². One third (870 km²) is located inside the ring road (MKAD), the rest of 1691.5 square kilometers –outside it.

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits.

The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 m (512 ft). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet). The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).

Questions

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. What‘s the territory of modern Moscow?

3. Does the territory of Moscow cover only the city?

1. Москва находится в центре европейской части России, в междуречье Оки и Волги, на стыке Смоленско-Московской возвышенности (на западе), Москворецко-Окской равнины (на востоке) и Мещерской низменности (на юго-востоке).

2. Территория города после изменения городских границ в 2012 году составляет 2550 км².

3. Треть (870 км²) находится внутри кольцевой автомагистрали (МКАД), остальные 1691,5 км² — за ней.

Branches of Power

1. branches of power	ветви власти
2. legislative power	законодательная власть
3. executive power	исполнительная власть
4. judicial power	судебная власть
5. commander-in-chief	главнокомандующий
6. to conclude treaties	заключать договора

7. to enforce federal laws	ободрять федеральные законы
8. to determine	определять
9. to ensure	обеспечивать
10.the Supreme Court	Верховный Суд
11.the Arbitration Court	Арбитраж
12.The Constitutional Court	Конституционный суд
13.justice	правосудие
14.people's assessors	присяжные
15.a judge	судья
16.subject to	подвергаться
17.The Federal Assembly	Федеральное Собрание

Russia is a presidential republic. There are three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is controlled and balanced by the President. The President is the head of the state. He serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He makes and concludes treaties, enforces federal laws, appoints members of the executive departments to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

All power in the Russian Federation belongs to the people. They exercise their power through the Parliament, the representative, elective body. The Federal Assembly (Parliament of Russia) consists of two chambers: the Federal Council and the State Duma.

The highest executive and administrative body of state authority of Russia is

the Government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and his candidacy must be approved by the State Duma. The Prime Minister forms the Government which determines directions of economic, social and cultural development of the country.

The President of Russia is head of the state, guarantor of the Constitution of Russian Federation. He ensures coordinated functioning and interaction of all bodies of state power.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Arbitration Court, and the Courts of the Subjects of the Russian Federation. Justice is administered exclusively by the Courts. In accordance with the Constitution judges and people's assessors are independent and subject only to the law.

Moscow is the seat of the legislative, executive and judicial organs of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Constitutional Court, which is located in St. Petersburg.

The Russian government is located in the Government House on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment in central Moscow. The State Duma sits in Hunting Row (Okhotny Ryad). The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. Moscow is also the host of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court.

The Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President. The President‘s working residence is located in the Kremlin Senate building.

Questions

1. What is the political structure of Russia?

2. What are the three branches of power?

3. Who controls all the three powers?

4. What are the functions of the President of Russia?

5. What chambers does the Federal Assembly consist of?

6. What is the highest executive and administrative body of Russia?

7. Who appoints the Prime Minister? What is the judicial branch represented by?

8. What is justice administered by?

9. What judicial body located in St Petersburg?

10. Where is the Russian Government located? Where does the Duma sit? 11.Where is the Federation Council located?

12.Where is the President‘s working residence located?

1. В соответствии с Конституцией РФ, власть представлена тремя ветвями власти: законодательной, исполнительной, судебной.

2. Законодательная власть в России представлена высшим законодательным органом: Федеральным собранием, состоящим из двух палат: Государственной Думы и Совета Федерации.

3. Исполнительная власть в России представлена Правительством, возглавляемым Премьер-министром, который назначается Президентом страны.

4. Президент России является главой государства, гарантом Конституции России и обеспечивает согласованное функционирование и взаимодействие органов государственной власти.

5. Судебная власть представлена системой судов: Конституционный Суд, Верховный Суд, Арбитражный Суд.

6. Правительство Российской Федерации, исполнительный орган власти, находится в Доме правительства РФ на Краснопресненской набережной в центре Москвы. Государственная дума заседает на Охотном ряду. Совет Федерации располагается в здании на Большой Дмитровке.

7. Кроме того, Московский Кремль является официальной резиденцией Президента Российской Федерации. Рабочая резиденция президента в Кремле располагается в здании Сената.

1. Coat of arms	- герб
2. to approve	- одобрять, утверждать
3. The Charter of Moscow	- Устав г. Москвы

4. to adopt	- принимать закон
5. Administrative okrug	- префектура

Moscow is designated as one of three federal cities of Russia – the others being Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol.

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Serget Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 25 districts. All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow which is the highest organ of executive power.

The Moscow City Duma is the city council or local parliament and local laws must be approved by it.

The basin law of the city is the Charter of Moscow that was adopted in 1995.

Questions

1. Who is the city of Moscow headed by?

2. What is the administration structure of Moscow?

3. What is the basic law of the city?

1. Москва      является      самостоятельным субъектом,     так называемым городом федерального значения.

2. Исполнительную власть в Москве осуществляет Правительство Москвы во главе с Мэром, законодательную — Московская городская дума.

3. Управление на местах осуществляется посредством 12 префектур, объединяющих районы Москвы в административные округа по территориальному признаку, и 125 районных управ.

4. Принципы функционирования органов законодательной и исполнительной власти Москвы, в городе определяются Уставом города Москвы.

1. heraldic shield	- геральдический щит
2. armor	- доспехи
3. a spear	- копье
4. serpent	- змий
5. to recant	- отрекаться от веры
6. faith	- вера
7. martyr	- мученик
8. anthem	- гимн

On February 1, 1995 a law was passed on the flag and coat of arms of the city of Moscow. The Coat of arms of Moscow is a dark red heraldic shield, which depicts a horseman – Saint George on a silver horse wearing armor and a blue cape with a golden spear in his right hand striking the black serpent. According to the legend Saint George, was a Roman soldier and officer in Emperor Diocletian‘s army who ordered his death for failing to recant his Christian faith. As a Christian martyr Saint George was later canonized by the Church. Yuri Dolgoruky was named after Saint George.

The heraldic emblem of Moscow has been an integral part of the coat of arms of Russia since the 16th century.

Pre-Muscovite Russia

The emblem had its origins in the Byzantine tradition of depicting a patron saint of the ruling monarch on his seal and coins. Yaroslav the Wise was the first

Russian ruler whose patron saint was Saint George. Accordingly, he built several cities and churches in the name of that saint.

Saint George was also the patron saint of his great-grandson, Yury Dolgoruky, who founded the city of Moscow. The name ‗Yury‘ is Russian for ‗George‘. Yury is thought to have honored his patron saint on his coins which represent a standing warrior holding a sword in his right hand. Yury‘s elder brother, Mstislav the Great, also used a seal featuring a horseman slaying a basilisk. A century later, Alexander Nevsky resumed this usage. A lot of his coins depict a horseman slaying a basilisk or dragon, though the latter is not always visible. Alexander's motivation for reverting to Mstislav's emblem is disputed. It is possible that the image referred to his own victories over the Swedish and German crusaders in the Battle of the Neva and Battle of the Ice.

Muscovite Russia

Alexander's great-grandson, Ivan II, was the first ruler of Moscow to employ as his emblem the standing warrior with a sword in his hand. Ivan's son Dmitry Donskoy chose to represent this warrior riding a horse with a spear in his hand.

The symbol of the horseman slaying the dragon passed down through the generations: from Dmitry to his son Vasily I, then to Vasily II and Ivan III. A coin which featured the image became known as kopeck, from kopyo, the Russian word for ―spear‖.

Ivan III used the triumphant horseman as a state emblem of Russia on his seal from 1479. In 1497, it was replaced with the double-headed eagle, popularly interpreted as a symbol of Ivan's marriage into the last ruling dynasty of the East Roman Empire, thus illustrating his claim to the Byzantine political and cultural heritage.

Both emblems had been used on state seals alternatively until 1562, when the first Russian tsar, Ivan IV the Terrible, combined them by placing a heraldic shield with the triumphant horseman to the chest of the double-headed eagle. This layout has

become known as the coat of arms of the Russian Empire and then of the Russian Federation.

Imperial Russia

At first the charging horseman was interpreted as showing the figure of the ruling tsar slaying an enemy intruding into the Russian lands. This attitude was clearly expressed by the Muscovite statesman Grigory Kotoshikhin, among others. On the title page of the 1663 Bible, the heraldic horseman appears to have the face of Tsar Alexis.

The foreigners visiting Muscovy were the first to notice the emblem's resemblance to the traditional iconography of Saint George and the Dragon. Although during Peter I's reign the horseman was still represented with a crown and his face bore some resemblance to Peter's, this Westernizing monarch was the first to identify the heraldic horseman as St. George.

A learned Italian heraldist in Peter's service, Count Santi, associated the horseman with St. George as the patron saint of the prince who founded Moscow. In 1730, Santi prepared the first detailed description of the heraldic emblem of Moscow, which, drawing on the traditions of Western heraldry, named the horseman as St. George. In Santi's version of the emblem, set against the red field appears a white knight riding a silver horse and charging with his spear against a black dragon reminiscent of Zilant, a heraldic symbol of Muslim Kazan. With several minor modifications, this emblem was officially confirmed December 20, 1781, during Catherine II's municipal reform which involved standardization of the municipal heraldry.

In 1883, it was decided to bring the colours of Moscow's emblem in line with the three colours of the flag of Russia. The colour of the dragon was changed from black to white and the horseman's cloak was altered from gold to azure. These colours do not appear to correspond to the colour scheme traditionally used in Russian icons depicting Saint George and the Dragon. In 1903, the ancient colour scheme was

revived by painter Viktor Vasnetsov in his design of the Tretyakov Gallery façade, whose entrance also displays a large effigy of St. George and the Dragon.

Th century

After the Russian Revolution, the heraldic symbols of the Russian Empire were banned. On September 22, 1924, the Moscow Soviet adopted a new emblem of Moscow which featured a red star, sickle and hammer, and the Revolution Monument in Moscow. The Soviet emblem failed to gain popularity, however, and was rarely used. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the heraldic representation of Moscow reverted to the version used between 1883 and 1918, with some minor modifications.

As the Russian Orthodox Church does not allow sculptural representations of saints, no statues of Saint George and the Dragon were erected in Moscow prior to the Revolution. After the emblem was restored on November 23, 1993, a cluster of statues on the subject were unveiled in Poklonnaya Hill, Tsvetnoi Boulevard, Manege Square, and other places in Moscow. Most of these were sculpted by Zurab Tsereteli, who also had other versions of the subject installed in such cities as New York.

―Moya Moskva‖ is the anthem of the city of Moscow since 1995. The music was composed in 1941 by Isaak Dunayevsky and the lyrics were written by Sergey Agranyan and Mark Lisyansky. The original lyrics had four verses, of which the last

pertained to Joseph Stalin. They were replaced by the current lyrics which were introduced during the Leonid Brezhnev era.

Questions

1. What is the Coat of arms of Moscow?

2. What is its origin?

3. What do you know about Saint George?

4. What is Moscow anthem?

1. 1 февраля 1995 г. был принят закон о флаге и гербе города Москвы.

2. Герб Москвы представляет собой темно-красный геральдический щит, на котором изображен всадник – Святой Георгий Победоносец на серебряном коне в серебряных доспехах и голубом плаще, поражающий золотым копьем черного Змия.

3. Согласно древнему преданию, Святой Георгий был римским воином родом из Лидии, который принял христианство в числе первых, а во время гонения на христиан, возглавляемых императором Рима Диоклетианом, Святой Георгий принял мученическую смерть за отказ отречения от веры и был канонизирован церковью как Великомученик и Святой.

4. Именно Святой Георгий был ангелом Юрия Долгорукого – основателя Москвы, т.е. был назван в его честь.

5. Гимном Москвы является песня "Моя Москва". Текст песни написал М. С. Лисянский и С. И. Агранян, автор музыки - И.О. Дунаевский.

Transport

1. transportation hub	- транспортный узел
2. landmark	- достопримечательность
3. rail terminal	- ж/д вокзал
4. commuter train	- электричка

5. cargo

- груз, грузовой

Moscow is a major transportation hub including 5 airports, 9 railway stations and 3 river ports. The Moscow Metro which was opened in 1935 is recognized as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 206 stations.

Railway

Moscow has several train stations serving the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals

are:

Belorussky Rail Terminal

Belorussky station is one of nine main railway stations in Moscow. It was opened in 1870 and rebuilt in its current form in 1910-12.

Construction of the railway from Moscow to Smolensk, and then to Minsk and Warsaw, started in the second half of the 1860s. Construction of the station, known as Smolensky, began in late April 1869. A grand opening of the Moscow-Smolensk railway took place on 19 September 1870, the station became the sixth in Moscow. In November 1871 after the extension of the railway to Belarus, the station was renamed Belorussky Station.

On 15 May 1910 the right wing of the new station opened, and on 26 February 1912 and the left wing opened. The station was designed by architect Ivan Strukov.

On 4 May 1912 the railway was renamed the Alexander Railway, the station was renamed Alexander Station. In August 1922 the Alexander and the Moscow- Baltic railways were merged into the Moscow-Belarus-Baltic, so the station was renamed Belorussian-Baltic station.

In May 1936 and, after yet another reorganization of the railways, the station received its present name — Belorussky Station.

Kazansky Rail Terminal

Оne of nine railway terminals in Moscow, situated on the Komsomolskaya Square, across the square from the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations. Kazansky station primarily serves two major railway lines radiating from Moscow: the eastbound one, to Kazan, Yekaterinburg, and points beyond (one of the routes of the Trans-Siberian Railway), and the south-east-bound one, to Ryazan. After Ryazan, the south-eastern line branches a number of times, so that trains originating from Kazansky station serve most of south-eastern Russia, Kazakhstan, and the post-Soviet Central Asian states (mostly via the Trans-Aral line). Commuter trains serving these two directions use Kazansky station as well. Occasionally, long-distance trains serving the eastbound Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod line use Kazansky station as well. However, the commuter trains of that line never do so, as they always arrive to Moscow's Kursky Rail Terminal. Construction of the modern building according to the design by architect Alexey Shchusev started in 1913 and ended in 1940. The building resembles the Söyembikä Tower in Kazan.

Kievsky Rail Terminal

The Kiyevsky station is one of the nine main railway stations of Moscow, Russia. It is the only railway station in Moscow to have a frontage on the Moskva

River. The station is located at the Square of Europe, in the beginning of Bolshaya Dorogomilovskaya Street in Dorogomilovo District of Moscow.

As the name suggests there are regular services to Kiev as well as Belgrade, Zagreb, Varna, Bucharest, Sofia, Niš, Budapest, Prague, Vienna and Venice.

The station was built between 1914 and 1918 in the Byzantine Revival style pronounced in the 51 m (167 ft) high clocktower. Originally named the Bryansk station, it was designed by Ivan Rerberg and Vladimir Shukhov, it is considered an important landmark of architecture and engineering of the time.

Kursky Rail Terminal

Kurskaya railway station was built in 1896. There are currently plans to completely rebuild or refurbish the station. Kursky station, unlike most Moscow terminals, operates two almost opposite railroad directions from Moscow: one toward Kursk, Russia, after which the station is named, that stretches on into Ukraine, and another toward Nizhniy Novgorod, which is less used by long distance trains, mostly for the high-speed service to Nizhniy. Kursky is connected to the Lengradskiy

Line from the other side, enabling long-distance trains from St. Petersburg to other cities to pass through Russia's capital. Because of its three directions, its adjacency to the city center, and its connection to three major metro lines, Kursky is one of Moscow's busiest railway stations.

Leningradsky Rail Terminal

The Leningradsky Railway Station serves North-Western directions, notably Saint Petersburg. International services from the station include Tallinn, Estonia, operated by GoRail, and Helsinki, Finland. It is the only Moscow railway terminal operated by October Railway rather than Moscow Railway. The station was constructed between 1844 and 1851 to an eclectic design by Konstantin Thon as the terminus of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway, a pet project of Emperor Nicholas I. Regular connection was opened in 1851. Initially it was known as Peterburgsky (i.e., St Petersburg station). Upon the Emperor's death five years later, the station was named Nikolayevsky (and the railway Nikolayevskaya) after him and retained this name until 1924, when the Bolsheviks renamed it Oktyabrsky terminal (and the corresponding railway to October railway), to commemorate the October Revolution. The present name was given a year later when the city of Petrograd became Leningrad.

Thon's design follows closely that of the station's counterpart in St. Petersburg. The monotonous regularity of rustication and pilasters is enlivened with Italianate details (ground floor windows strongly reminiscent of the Palazzo Rucellai) and an elegant clocktower at the centre (probably inspired by the Palazzo Senatorio  in

Rome). Even more rigorous is the exterior of the nearby Moscow Customs House

(1844–1852), also by Thon. The interior of the station was modernized and renovated in 1950 and 1972.

Paveletsky Rail Terminal

Paveletsky Station, originally called Saratovsky Railway Station, was named after the settlement of Pavelets, when the railroad heading south-east from Moscow reached that point in 1899. The ornate building of the station, completed in 1900 and extensively reconstructed in the 1980s, remains one of the biggest Moscow railway stations. In 1924, it was the place where Muscovites came to meet the body of deceased Lenin. The Lenin Funeral Train is still a permanent exhibit at the Museum of the Moscow Railway. The Aeroexpress train links Paveletsky station with Domodedovo Airport. The old building of the station was built in 1900 by Alexander Krasovsky. In 1899 the Ryazan-Ural Railway reached Moscow, so that a new railway station was needed.

Rizhsky Rail Terminal

It is located at Rizhskaya Square, at the crossing of Mira Avenue and Sushchyovsky Val. The station is served by Rizhskaya metro station. Although Rizhskiy Station is relatively the least busiest station in Moscow, its connection to Latvia is Moscow's only, and is highly used. On the intersection of two main roads, Rizhskiy is adjacent to a Holiday Inn hotel, a large market, and numerous Moscow apartments and offices. In addition, Rizhskiy Station has some of the best architecture of all the Moscow ―vokzals‖.

The construction of the railway between Moscow and Vindava (Moscow-Vindava Railway) started in 1897. On June 30, 1901 the passenger traffic between Moscow and Volokolamsk was opened. Since the main station in Moscow was not ready at the time, the eastern terminal station in Moscow was Sortirovochnaya (currently Podmoskovnaya).

The Vindavsky railway station, currently the Rizhsky railway station, was opened on September 11, 1901. The building, in the style of eclecticism, was built using the project of the architect Stanislav Brzhozovsky. The construction was supervised by the architect Yuly Diederichs.

After 1918, when Latvia became independent, the former Vindava direction decayed, since it did not serve any big cities. In 1930, the station was renamed Baltiysky railway station, in 1942 — Rzhevsky railway station, and in 1946, when Latvia has been already annexed by Soviet Union, it was renamed Rizhsky railway station. Originally, the suburban direction was scheduled to be electrified in 1943, but the electrification of the stretch between Moscow and Nakhabino only occurred in 1945, after World War II was finished.

Savyolovsky Rail Terminal

Savyolovsky station was built during the years 1897–1902, when a 130 km long railway running north from Moscow and connecting it to the towns of Kashin, Kalyazin, Uglich, and Rybinsk was constructed.

The modern name of the station originates from the name of a village Savyolovo (now a district of the town of Kimry) situated along the line.

As the line was built by a private company, the place of the rail station was initially built outside Moscow next to the outpost of Butyrka.

Initially known as Butyrsky station, the station lacks the ornateness and grandeur of Moscow's other stations and consists of a central two-story section flanked by two single story wings.

When the station marked its 90th anniversary, it was internally redeveloped, expanded and restored adding a second floor and improving the quality of platforms.

Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal

Yaroslavsky station is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the longest railway in the world. Its name originates from the ancient city of Yaroslavl, the first large city along the railway, situated 284 km along the railway from Moscow. The first Yaroslavsky station was built on this site in 1862, next to the Moscow's first rail terminal.

The existing Neorussian revival building facing Komsomolskaya Square was built in 1902–1904 by Fyodor Shechtel. The main departure hall beneath the fairy-tale roof connected directly into the boarding concourse. In 1910, its platforms and concourse were expanded by Lev Kekushev.

Two major additions, in 1965–66 and 1995, further expanded station capacity.

Currently, the station serves around 300 pairs of trains daily.

All Moscow Railway Terminals are located close to the city center, but each handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. There are smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are relatively cheap, they are the mode of preference for travelling Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivistok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 kilometres (87 mi) large railway stations. The Moscow little Ring Railway is only used for cargo traffic.

Questions

1. What is the transportation infrastructure of Moscow? What makes it a transportation hub?

2. When was the Moscow metro opened? How many stations does it include?

3. How many rail terminals are there in Moscow?

4. What trains are used to come to Moscow from suburbs and satellite cities?

5. What is the Moscow Little Ring Railway used for?

Air

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International Airport, Bykovo Airport, Ostafyevo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty percent of all international flights. Domodedoivo Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughout, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo's. The three other airports particularly offer flights within Russia and to and from states from the former Soviet Union. Moscow's airports vary in distances from MKAD beltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35 kilometres (21 mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometres (13.7 mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometres (6.25 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5 mi) from MKAD.

There are several smaller airports near Moscow, such as Myachkovo Airport, intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.

Questions

1. How many airports serve Moscow?

2. Which airport is the most common entry for foreign passengers?

3. Which airport is the farthest from Moscow?

4. Which airport is the nearest to Moscow?

5. What is Myachkovo Airport intended for?

Road

1. highway	- автомагистраль
2. Moscow Ring Road (MKAD)	- МКАД
3. acute	- острый
4. traffic jam	- затор, пробка

5. insufficient

- недостаточный

Moscow is the center of a network of federal highways of different directions that connect the capital with the administrative centers of the Russian Federation, and cities of neighboring countries. Moscow has a well-developed transport infrastructure with three transport rings: Garden Ring, Third Transport Ring and Moscow Ring Road. There are plans to construct the Central Ring Road (Ring Road) in the suburbs of the city to unload the transit traffic.

The MKAD, along with the Third Transport Ring and the future Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. However, there are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.

Since the 1990s, Moscow has been facing the acute transportation problem. There are over 2.6 million cars in the city on a daily basis. Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The city government has taken a number of attempts to resolve this problem by road construction. So, Ring Road was reconstructed, Third Ring Road was built, the construction of the Fourth Ring began in 2008, but the transport problem remains unresolved.

The problem of insufficient number of parking spaces also remains unsolved.

Questions

1. How many transport rings are there in Moscow?

2. What ring is going to be constructed in the suburbs of the city?

3. What transportation problem does Moscow face?

4. In what way does the Moscow government try to solve the transportation problem?

1. Москва является центром сети федеральных автомагистралей различных направлений.

2. В самой Москве имеется развитая транспортная инфраструктура, содержащая в частности три транспортных кольца: Садовое, Третье транспортное и Московская кольцевая автомобильная дорога.

3. Начиная с 1990-х годов Москва столкнулась с острой транспортной проблемой. В Москве продолжается бурный рост автомобильного парка. Увеличился также объѐм грузовых перевозок автомобильным транспортом в городе. Значительный рост автопарка привѐл к возникновению большого количества дорожных заторов.

4. В 2008 году началось строительство Четвертого кольца, но транспортная проблема остаѐтся неразрешѐнной.

Ground transportation

1. A share (route) taxi	- маршрутка
2. turnover	- пассажирооборот
3. a bus terminal	- автовокзал
4. vehicle	- транспортное средство

There is an extensive network of street public transport in Moscow: buses, trolleybuses, trams, taxis, share taxis (marshrutka) which carry about 12 million passengers every day. Some routes operate around the clock.

At the beginning of 2016 the total length of the route network was 9020 km, and in the structure Mosgortrans there were 17 bus parks 7 trolley parks, Filevsky and Novokosinsky bus and trolleybus depots, 5 tram depots.

Marshrutkas are minibuses that follow fixed routes. The role of the modern marshrutka is theoretically similar to the share taxi, that use minibuses in other countries.

The Russian word "маршрутка" is the colloquial form for "маршрутное такси", which literally means "routed taxi (cab)" ("маршрут" referring to a planned route that something follows, and "такси" meaning "taxi (cab)").

You can get on and off anywhere along the route. To get off just let the driver know. Marshrutkas tend to go a little faster than buses, though this may be due to more reckless driving!

―Route taxicabs‖ were introduced in Moscow for the first time in the USSR in 1938, operated by ZiS-101 limousines. It was the only chance for ordinary people to ride luxurious ZiS cars, reserved otherwise for higher officials. At first they were meant mainly for tourists and joined mainly stations and airports. Unlike ordinary taxicab using the taximeter, routed taxicab rides were paid per zones, like trams, buses and trolley buses; the fare was less than in ordinary taxis, but higher than in large- scale public transports.

During the WWII (Great Patriotic War), as cars were requisitioned by the Army, routed taxi services were ceased. They returned to Moscow in 1945. It was only by the 1950s that these were reintroduced in most cities where they were used before the war.

Bus and trolleybus

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mile), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

Every large street will have at least one bus or trolleybus route running along it with stop approximately every 150 m.

Outside the city center, extensive bus networks radiate from the stations to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow's heavy traffic reduces the buses and trolleybuses' fixed schedules to vague impressions of actual timings, but apart from towards the end of the day services are frequent.

Services on some routes can be considerably reduced after 9PM. Timetables for almost all buses, trolleybuses and trams are posted online (in Russian). All three kinds of tickets (―TAT‖ s, ―E‖ dinye's and ―90 minutes‖ since 2013) are valid for paying in buses, trolleybuses and trams.

Tram

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which was first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. From their inauguration in 1899 to their heyday in the 1930s, trams were a  useful way of getting around. However, the opening of the metro and the introduction of trolleybuses both in the mid-1930s marked the end of the trams' usefulness. The

network has been radically reduced with much being given over to trolleybuses.

Taxi

Taxi service market in Moscow has changed dramatically over the years 2014– 2015. New technology and service platforms displaced many private drivers and small service providers. By the beginning of 2015 newcomers were servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow and are still rapidly growing. A taxi can be called using a smartphone, tablet or PC in 5–15 minutes. Commercial taxi services are available. In addition, route taxis are in widespread use.

Questions

1. What public transport is used in Moscow?

2. What is the total length of the route network in Moscow?

3. How many bus parks, trolley parks and tram depots are there in Moscow?

4. What is the daily turnover of passengers of intercity passenger buses?

5. What is the tram system like in Moscow?

6. How popular is the taxi service in Moscow? Who usually use it – Moscow residents or city visitors?

7. What is a share (route) taxi?

1. В Москве действует разветвлѐнная сеть уличного общественного транспорта: маршрутов автобусов, троллейбусов, трамваев, маршрутных такси, которые перевозят около 12 миллионов пассажиров ежедневно.

2. В Москве широко распространены маршрутки (Маршрутное такси) — автобусы, осуществляющие перевозку пассажиров и багажа по установленным маршрутам. Крупнейшим оператором в настоящее время является Автолайн.

Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow and the neighbouring Moscow oblast cities Krasnogorks, Reutov and Kotelniki. Opened in 1935 with one 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) line and 13 stations, it was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union. As of 2019, the Moscow Metro excluding the Moscow Central Circle and Moscow Monorail has 232 stations (263 with Moscow Central Circle) and its route length is 397.3 km (246.9 mi), making it the fifth longest in the world. The system is mostly underground, with the deepest section 84 metres (276 ft) underground at the Park Pobedy station, one of the world's deepest. It is the busiest metro system in Europe, and a tourist attraction in itself.

Central Moscow is best to be explored on foot, but distances can be huge so the famous Metro system is a great help. It is comprehensive, boasts some great architecture, and is cheap. You can easily find any station you need on the map.

―United‖  (―Edinye‖,  labeled  with  letter  E)  or  ―90  minutes‖  tickets  and  their equivalents (banking cards, if you have any, of tickets, valid for a time period) can be used to pay for the underground trips. More information on new payment system on transport, introduced in Moscow in 2013 is in a separate article. Information on fares is available on the official website.

Some parts of the metro are very deep, and some transfers between lines are very long. In the city centre it can save time to go directly to the above-ground entrance of the line you want to take, rather than to enter at a connecting station and transfer underground. The metro webpage estimates travel times between any pair of stations. From the deep lines, the escalator ride can be several minutes. On the escalators, stand on the right.

The most interesting stations in terms of decor are Komsomolskaya, Novoslobodskaya and Kievskaya on the ring line, Kropotkinskaya on the red line, Kievskaya, Arbatskaya and Ploshchad Revolyutsii (there are lot of sculptures on sides of this station) on dark blue line, Mayakovskaya and Novokuznetskaya on the green line (watch out for the mosaics on the ceiling). The Mayakovskaya one is also one of the deepest, which allowed it to be used as a makeshift assembly hall for a Party meeting marking the anniversary of the Revolution during the German bombardments in the winter of 1941. Officially, the Metro is open from 5:30AM - 1AM Station entrances close at 1AM, and this when last trains start from all of the termini stations.

Monorail

The Moscow Metro company operates a short monorail line. The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Sergey Eisenstein Street, passing close to VVTs. The line was opened in 2004. No additional fare is needed (first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge).

Moscow Central Circle

The Moscow Central Circle or MCC designated Line 14 or just Encircle Line (Окружная линия) and marked in a strawberry red/white color is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) orbital urban/metropolitan line that encircles historical Moscow. The line is rebuilt from the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway and opened to passengers on 10 September 2016 and is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the state-run Russian Railways selected as the

operation subcontractor. The infrastructure, trackage and platforms are owned and managed by Russian Railways while most station buildings are owned by MKZD.

Questions

1. What is a rapid transit system in Moscow?

2. How many stations are there in the metro?

3. What was the first metro station built in the Moscow region?

4. When was the Moscow Monorail opened?

5. When was the MCC opened? How important is this new line for carrying passengers?

1. С 15 мая 1935 года в Москвеработает метрополитен, являющийся основным средством передвижения в пределах столицы. По протяжѐнности линий Московский метрополитен занимает пятое место в мире.

2. Всего в московском метро 206 станций и 13 линий, без учѐта монорельса и МЦК.

3. Московская монорельсовая транспортная система — монорельсовая дорога, построенная в Северо-Восточном административном округе.

4. Московское       центральное                               кольцо (МЦК) —                          маршрутная линия железнодорожного                          пассажирского   транспорта в Москве. Представляет собой городской электропоезд, курсирующий по Малому кольцу Московской железной дороги (МК МЖД).

5. На линии устроен 31 остановочный пункт с пересадками на 10 линий метро и 9 радиальных направлений.

Water transportation

Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal, on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River

Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moskva River

The Moskva River, also known as the Moscow River, is a river of western Russia It rises about 90 miles west of Moscow, and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts, passing through central Moscow.

About 70 miles south east of Moscow, at the city of Kolomna, it flows into the Oka River, itself a tributary of the Volga, which ultimately flows into the Caspian Sea.

Moskva and Moscow are two different renderings of the same Russian word Москва. The city is named after the river. The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist.

Moscow is situated on its banks. The river also flows through the towns of Mozhaysk, Zvenigorod, Zhukovsky, Bronnitsy, Voskresensk, and — at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka — Kolomna.

As of 2007, there are 49 bridges across the Moskva River and its canals within Moscow city limits; the first stone bridge, Bolshoi Kamennyi Bridge, was erected in 1692. Within the city, the river is 120–200 metres wide, the narrowest point being under the Kremlin walls. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north- west of the city). Canals, built within Moscow city limits, have created a number of islands. Some of them have names in Russian, some have none. Major, permanent islands (west to east) are:

· Serebryany Bor. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s.

· Tatarskaya Poima, commonly known as Mnyovniki. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s

· Balchug Island, also known as Bolotny Ostrov, lying just opposite the Kremlin. The island was formed by the construction of the Vodootvodny Canal in the

1780s, and has no official name in Russian. Moscow residents informally call it

―Bolotny Ostrov‖ (Bog Island) while members of Moscow's English-speaking community refer to it as Balchug.

· One uninhabited island north of Nagatino.

· Three uninhabited islands east of Nagatino, connected by the Pererva dam and lock system.

Since winter 2009—2010 on the Moskva River new entertainment is entered: walk on the winter river on the ice breaker. There are five walking river ice breakers which ply on a route from a mooring Hotel Ukraine to the Novospassky Monastery and back. Duration of walk will make about 2 hours.

Questions

1. Where does the monorail line run?

2. How many river terminals are there in Moscow?

3. Which terminal is the main hub for long-range river routes?

4. How many freight ports serve Moscow?

1. Благодаря системе каналов Москва с советских времѐн была известна как

«порт пяти морей» - Балтийского, Белого, Каспийского, Азовского и Черного

2. От Северного и Южного речных вокзалов ходят круизные теплоходы, соединяющие Москву с Санкт-Петербургом, Астраханью, Ростовом-на- Дону и другими городами России.

3. В период навигации на Москве-реке работают несколько маршрутов речного трамвая.