Бортникова Т. Г. , зимина Е. И. , кондакова Н. Н. ,

Бортникова Т.Г., Зимина Е.И., Кондакова Н.Н.,

Лычаная С.А., Романова В.М.

Лексический минимум:

Английский язык

Учебное пособие для развития лексических навыков студентов направлений 380301 "Экономика", 380302 "Менеджмент", 380305 "Бизнес-информатика", 380303"Управление персоналом", 380304 "Государственное и муниципальное управление", 430301"Сервис".

Тамбов 2014

Рецензенты:

 

 

Бортникова Т.Г., Зимина Е.И., Кондакова Н.Н., Лычаная С.А., Романова В.М.

Лексический минимум: английский язык. Учебное пособие для развития лексических навыков студентов направлений 380301 "Экономика", 380302 "Менеджмент", 380305 "Бизнес-информатика", 380303"Управление персоналом", 380304 "Государственное и муниципальное управление", 430301"Сервис". - Тамбов: ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина, 2014.

 

Учебное пособие разработано для студентов первого и второго курсов бакалавриата. В нем представлены задания для самостоятельной работы с лексикой, изучаемой в рамках тем курса, а также примеры тестовых заданий для подготовки к контрольным работам по курсу.

 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебное пособие «Лексический минимум: английский язык» состоит из восьми глав, содержащих современные профессионально ориентированные материалы. Каждый текст пособия снабжен кратким словарем и упражнениями, целью которых является усвоение лексики данного текста, контроль за пониманием содержания прочитанного, развитие навыков чтения и устной речи. Книга рассчитана на студентов вузов, специалистов, изучающих английский язык в связи с деятельностью в сфере экономики и финансов. Может быть полезна старшеклассникам и всем лицам, изучающим английский язык в группах и самостоятельно.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Unit I. The Workshop of the World

Unit II. How It All Started

Unit III. Made in Britain

Unit IV. The Welfare State: Food for Thought

Unit V. Choosing a Career

Unit VI. The Power of Economics and Economists

Unit VII. Why We Study Economics?

Unit VIII. Types of Resources

 

 

UNIT I

THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

Little more than a century ago, Britain was «the workshop of the world». It had as many merchant ships as the rest of the world put together and it led the world in most manufacturing industries. This did not last long. In 1885 one analysis reported, «We have come to occupy a position in which we are no longer progressing, but even falling back... We find other nations able to compete with us to such an extent, as we have never before experienced.» Early in the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by the United States and Germany. After two world wars and the rapid loss of its empire, Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain its position even in Europe.

At present, the nation's industries can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary sector is concerned with raw materials such as cereals and minerals. Processing these materials is the field of the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution, but does not manufacture goods. The construction industry can be thought of either as part of the manufacturing sector, or as a separate fourth sector.

Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large manufacturing sector. Food, fuel and raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with finished goods manufactured in Britain: the country was known as «the workshop of the world». Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing fewer and fewer people. For example, during the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s the mining and energy industries lost 20 per cent of their jobs. This was mainly through increases in productivity, so that fewer workers were producing the same output more efficiently. Productivity rose by 14 per cent in the same period in British industry as a whole, although it had previously been low by comparison with other advanced industrial nations. Meanwhile service industries like banking and catering were expanding their workforce.

Generally speaking, among the main trends in industrial activity in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s have been the decline in heavy-industry andthe growth of the offshore oil and gas industries together with related productsand services; the rapid development of electronic and microelectronic technologies and their application to a wide range of other sectors; and a continuous rise in the service industries' share of total employment. Tourism, for example, is now one of Britain's most important industries and a growing source of employment (supporting more than one million jobs).

Britain has a mixed economy, based partly on state ownership but mainly on private enterprise. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 72 per cent of total employment and 74 per cent of the goods and services produced in Britain. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to sell state-owned industries such as British Telecom and British Airways to private investors, thereby further increasing the size of the private sector.

 

Vocabulary

workshop (n)	мастерская
merchant (n)	купец
manufacturing industry	производящая промышленность
compete (v)	соревноваться
economically (adv.)	в сфере экономики
primary sector	добывающая промышленность
raw materials	сырье
cereals (n, pl.)	зерновые культуры
minerals (n, pl.)	полезные ископаемые
process (v)	перерабатывать
manufacturing sector	сектор производства
service sector	сфера (индустрия) услуг
services (n, pl.)	услуги
distribution (n)	распределение благ, товаров, услуг
goods (n, pi)	товары
construction industry	строительная индустрия
mining industry	угольная промышленность
energy industry	энергетическая промышленность
job (n)	рабочее место; работа
productivity (n)	производительность (труда)
output (n)	производство; объем производства
banking (n)	банковское дело
catering (n)	обслуживающий сектор
workforce (n)	рабочая сила
decline (n)	спад
offshore oil and gas	морские разработки нефти и газа
share (n)	доля; акция
employment (n)	занятость
mixed economy	смешенная экономика
state ownership	государственная собственность
private enterprise	частное предпринимательство
investor (n)	инвестор

 

Vocabulary exercises

1. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. In the early 1900-s Britain was the world leader in most manufacturing industries.
2. At the beginning of the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by Italy and Spain.
3. After the rapid loss of its empire, Britain was able to maintain its position in Europe.
4. Now the nation's industries can be divided into three sectors of activity.
5. Raw materials are cereals and minerals.
6. Manufacturing sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution.
7. In the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s the mining and energy industries created 20 per cent of their jobs.
8. Banking and catering were expanding their workforce.
9. Nowadays, tourism supports more than one million jobs.
10. British economy is based totally on state ownership.

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. We find other nations able to _____ with us to such an extent as we have never before experienced.

2. The service sector ______ of various kinds such as transport or distribution.

3. The construction industry can be thought of either as ______, or as a separate fourth sector.

4. Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large ______.

5. Raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with ______ manufactured in Britain.

6. Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing ______.

7. In the 1980s and 1990s there was a decline in ______.

8. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 74 per cent of the goods and services produced ______.

9. In the mid-eighties the ______ accounted for 72 per cent of total employment.

10. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to ______ state-owned industries.

 

3. Fill in the table with the data from the text:

The 1980-s	The 1990-s

4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

конкурировать
обгонять
испытывать
потеря империи
в настоящее время
ранее в своей истории
в больших количествах
готовые товары
спад в промышленности
увеличивать

 

5. Translate into Russian:

put together
to occupy a position
to such an extent
increasingly difficult
a separate fourth sector
employ few people
by comparison with
other advanced industrial nations
generally speaking
total employment

 

 

6. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

New consumers

Demand for goods fuelled the Victorian economy. Though British manufactures dominated European and transatlantic markets, domestic demand provided a secure bedrock for mid-Victorian prosperity. Increased demand resulted from rising incomes particularly for the middle classes and for workers with particular skills such as engineering. Demand was also driven by the sheer increase in numbers of consumers. This was a product of the population explosion and coupled with greater wage dependency, landlessness and urbanization. Increased wage earning opportunities for women and juveniles boosted family spending, notably in textile districts and in the towns. More people were buying a greater variety of textiles, clothing, shoes, household and domestic items - on their list was china, cutlery, mirrors, books, clocks, furniture, curtains and bedding, as well as a variety of small wares, such as buckles, ribbons, buttons, snuff boxes and other fancy goods. More beer, butter, bread, milk, meat, vegetables, fruit, fish and all other foodstuffs were now being bought rather than made or grown at home.

It has been argued that this 'consumer revolution' from the later 18th century and into the Victorian period was also driven by social emulation. This was where each social class aspired to the habits and patterns of consumption of their superiors. This is difficult to substantiate but in a period of social flux and transformation there is no doubt that clothing, personal and household possessions were important ways of communicating one's position in society. Ever-changing fashions and designs also stimulated demand whilst new forms of marketing and retailing made products more easily available to the consumer. This was manifest in the growth of urban and village shops, the use of shop window displays, the development of city department stores (from the 1880s), and the extension of newspaper and billboard advertising.

 

25.  Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. Demand for goods increased the Victorian economy.
2. Demand resulted from decreasing incomes of the middle classes.
3. Demand was also driven by the sheer decrease in numbers of consumers.
4. Increased wage earning opportunities for women and juveniles boosted family spending.
5. Few people were buying a greater variety of textiles, clothing, shoes, household and domestic items
6. More beer, butter, bread, milk, meat, vegetables, fruit, fish and all other foodstuffs were made or grown at home.
7. In a period of social flux and transformation clothing, personal and household possessions were important ways of communicating one's position in society.
8. Fashions and designs by no means stimulated demand.
9. There appeared many urban and village shops.

26. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

подпитывать
внутренний спрос
число потребителей
Умения и навыки
Основа, фундамент
население
Взрыв
заработная плата
сплотиться, объединиться
течение, поток, прилив

27. Translate into Russian:

demand for goods
transatlantic markets
a secure bedrock
sheer increase
landlessness
to boost family spending
household and domestic items
'consumer revolution'
Juveniles
available to the consumer

28.  Find in the text the antonyms for the following words:

Foreign
generally
Poverty
decrease
Vendor
frustrate
Rural
Supply

UNIT II

 

HOW IT ALL STARTED

The end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in British history. These changes included the loss of the American colonies in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in agriculture and industry.

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. The driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. This was only made possible, however, by a series of inventions such as the steam-engine.

The Industrial Revolution in Victorian Britain entered its second stage: new industries were developed, new factories were built, and Britain’s products were exported all over the world. Andit was duringQueen Victoria's reign that Britain became known as «the workshop of the world».

Life in the new factories and towns was one terrible hardship. Men, women, and children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums.At the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. In the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. Parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832, which granted the franchise to tenants of land, was followed by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); legal recognition of trade unions.

World War I was followed by a period of severe hardship. It was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a General Strike in 1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners' wages.

The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the collapse of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929. In" Britain unemployment reached huge proportions: over three million people, out of a total workforce of 14 million, were out of work.

World War II had cost Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. After the war the Labor government, using the planning experience gained during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and electricity industries, and extended the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (NHS, National Health Service). This legislation came to be known as the Welfare State.

There then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. During the 1950s, there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%.Most families could now afford a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society. By the start of the 1960s, however, production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise.

The main problems faced by the Government were economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage freezes and a 14% devaluation of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. And it was not until the International Monetary Fund began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway. This recovery was also dueto the high levels of oil production reached in the North Sea.

Margaret Thatcher — the Iron Lady, as she was called — was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade. Budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax, and state-owned facilities such as water and British Gas have been handed over to voters. Britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. Mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. In many respects, the country has. Most significant is Mrs. Thatcher's creation of a new breed of Briton. Using the driving forces of greed and selfishness,Mrs. Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their pockets, more home ownership, more of everything. And after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off.

 

Vocabulary

agriculture (n)	сельское хозяйство
hand - work	физический труд
machine - work	механизированный труд
demand (n)	спрос
steam - engine	паровой двигатель
product (n)	товар
trade unionism	профсоюзное движение
franchise (n)	право голоса (на выборах)
tenant (n) (of land)	арендатор (земли, земельного участка)
trade(s) union	профсоюз
unemployment (n)	безработица
strike (n)	забастовка
owner (n)	владелец
coalmine (n)	угольная шахта
financial (a)	финансовый
market (n)	рынок
social services	социальное обеспечение
insurance (n)	страховка; страхование
legislation (n)	законодательство; свод законов
economic (a)	экономический
production (n)	производство
affluent society	богатое общество (общество всеобщего благоденствия)
price (n)	цена
wage freeze	замораживание заработной платы
devaluation of sterling	девальвация фунта стерлинга
budget (n)	бюджет
income tax	подоходный налог
voter (n)	избиратель

Vocabulary exercises

1. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. At the end of the 18th century there were the most profound political changes in British history.
2. The Industrial Revolution was characterized by hand-work at home.
3. The Industrial Revolution has nothing to do with Victorian Britain.
4. After Queen Victoria's reign Britain became known as «the workshop of the world».
5. Life in the new factories and towns was quite easy.
6. People worked for high wages and lived in good houses.
7. At the end of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism.
8. Parliament never came to terms with the new social conditions.
9. During the 1950s, there was an increase in the private sector.
10. The main problems faced by the Government were social.

 

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. At the end of the 18th century, there were the most ______changes in British history.

2.  These changes included ______ in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in ______.

3. The industry was transformed from ______ at home to ______ in factories.

4. The driving force behind this development was the ______ in population.

5. Britain's products were ______ all over the world.

6. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous _ _____.

7. The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the ______ of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929.

8. And it was not until the ______ began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway.

9. Margaret Thatcher was elected _____ in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade.

10. Mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to ______.

 

3. Fill in the table with the data from the text:

The end of the 18th century	The period after World War I	The period after World War II

 

4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

Глубокий
сельское хозяйство
паровой двигатель
правление
Опасный
грязные трущобы
огромные пропорции
кораблестроение
срочно необходимый
оздоровление

5. Translate into Russian:

consequent increase
driving force
terrible hardship
to come to terms with
to grant the franchise
to talk of an affluent society
in an unsuccessful attempt
to reduce income tax
a dramatic recovery
to get underway

6. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

QUIZZ

The Victorian Era refers to

a. The life and times of Queen Victoria

b. The time Victoria Principal acted in 'Dallas'

c. The reign of Queen Victoria

d. The time when Victoria Falls were discovered

e. The period when Victoria, Australia was founded and colonized

 

Who was Prince Consort?

 

a. Prince Philip

b. Prince Charles

c. Prince Charming

d. Prince Edward

e. Prince Albert

 

UNIT III

MADE IN BRITAIN

You now know that Britain used to have many manufacturing industries, but since the Second World War its service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. Heavy industries, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries, such as aeroplane engine manufacture and pharmaceuticals.

In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but very many successful small companies. Many of them appeared in the 1980s.It was at that time that small businesses began to increase rapidly. At the end of 1990 officially there was a total of more than 1.5 million small businesses, though the real figure, including the «black economy», was probably nearer two million. However proportionately there were 50 per cent more in West Germany and the United States, and about twice as many in France and Japan.

Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor management, but also because, compared with almost every other European Community member, Britain offers the least encouraging conditions. But such small businesses are important not only because large businesses grow from small ones, but also because over half the new jobs in Britain are created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff.

The large companies invest a lot of money in research and development (R & D) to find new and better, usually high-technology, products. Glaxo is Britain's leading pharmaceutical company and is one of the largest in the world. It tries to find and make new medicines that can cure or reduce the effects of disease.BP (British Petroleum) is at present the second-largest company in Europe. It is involved in oil and gas exploration, oil refining and the manufacture of petrochemical products. It is investing money in making cleaner petrol.

Successful small manufacturing companies in the UK often make expensive products. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent quality control and the workers are proud of what they make. Such companies include J.Barber & Sons, the Morgan Motor Company, Quad Electroacoustics, Wilkin & Sons. J.Barber & Sons makes waterproof jackets. Originally designed for fishermen and farmers, these waterproof jackets are now fashionable in cities throughout Europe and the US. The Morgan Motor Company produces elite cars. Quad Electroacoustics is well-known for its expensive but high-quality loudspeakers and hi-fi equipment. Wilkin & Sons makes jams which British people cannot do without.

Vocabulary

retail (n)	розничная продажа
retail (a)	розничный
retail (v)	продавать в розницу
small business	малый бизнес
black economy	теневая экономика
management (n)	управление; менеджмент
large business	крупная компания
employ (v)	нанимать на работу
employee (n)	работник
employer (n)	работодатель
high technology	высокие технологии
quality control	контроль качества
produce (v)	производить

Vocabulary exercises

29. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. Since the Second World War Britain has had many manufacturing industries.
2. There are very many successful large companies in Britain.
3. Many small businesses appeared in the 1980s.
4. The end of the 1990s saw the decline of private entersprise in the UK.
5. Some European countries and the US had a better developed sector of small business than the UK at the end of the 20^th century.
6. Poor management resulted in bancruptcy for many small businesses.
7. Britain is not a member of the European Community.
8. Large companies prefer to avoid investing money in R&D.
9. Glaxo is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
10.  Quad Electroacoustic is at present the second-largest company in Europe.

 

30. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. Over half the new jobs in Britain are aerated by firms … fewer than 100 staff.

2. … … grow from small ones.

3. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent … … and the workers are proud of what they make.

4. The Morgan Motor Company … elite cars.

5. Since the Second World War Britain’s service industries, especially banking and …, have expanded.

6. At the end of 1990 officially there was a total of more than 1.5 million small businesses, though the real figure, including the «…», was probably nearer two million.

7. Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor ….

8. The large companies invest a lot of money in research and development (R & D) to find new and better, usually …, products.

9. It was at that time that … … began to increase rapidly.

10.  … …, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries.

 

31. Fill in the table with the data from the text:

The small companies	The large companies
1.
2.
3.

 

32. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

1. Банковское дело
2. Расширяться
3. Сталелитейная промышленность
4. Успешный
5. Резко увеличиться, возрасти
6. Выживать
7. Европейское сообщество
8. Рабочее место
9. Вкладывать деньги
10.  Разведка месторождений нефти и газа

 

33. Translate into Russian:

1. Over half the new jobs
2. Manufacturing companies
3. R&D
4. First-class materials
5. Waterproof jackets
6. To be well-known for smth.
7. To be proud of smth.
8. Petrochemical products
9. Effects of disease
10.  Pharmaceuticals

 

34. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

TEST

UNIT IV

Vocabulary

power (n)	государство, держава; власть
Gross National Product (GNP)	валовой национальный продукт (ВНП)
per capita	на душу населения
exports (n, pl.)	экспорт
trade (n)	торговля
industrial (a)	промышленный
manufacture (v)	производить (товары в промышленном масштабе)
manufacturing (n)	производство
manufacturer (n)	производитель, компания-производитель; фабрикант
low labour costs	дешевая рабочая сила
farmland (n)	земля, используемая для сельскохозяйственных нужд
cropland (n)	земля под зерновые культуры
pastureland (n)	земля под пастбище
productive (a)	производственный; продуктивный, приносящий прибыль
supply (v)	поставлять
Income (n)	прибыль, доход
consumer (n)	потребитель
food-processing industry	пищевая промышленность
capital (n)	капитал
incorporated (corporation)  farms	корпоративные фермерские хозяйства
board of directors	совет директоров
professional manager	менеджер-профессионал
pollution - free	чистый, незагрязненный (об окружающей среде)

Vocabulary exercises

I. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. The UK is the world’s greatest economic power in terms of GNP.
2. The manufacturing sector is momentarily decreasing in the US.
3. 20 mln Americans are working in the productive sector.
4. The Southeast is the industrial heart of the nation.
5. Slightly less than half of the land area of the US is occupied by cropland and pastureland.
6. About a quarter of the American population are farmers.
7. Construction enterprises supply raw materials to most industries.
8. The US government provided financial support to the farmers not so long ago.
9. The number of farms in the US has significantly decreased.
10.  Experts believe that in the near future the number of farms will be cut down but the output will increase.

 

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. The United States of America is the world's greatest economic ….

2. Spokesmen for the … have charged farmers and the … … with sacrificing nutrition and taste.

3. 47 per centof the land areaof the United States is ….

4. Crops will grow lush and green under a … sky.

5. Another important industrial region is the Northeast, which is the home of the major computer ….

6. It feeds the nation and … raw materials to most industries.

7. Many firms exploit the warm climate and … … ….

8. Nevertheless, about 95 per cent of US farms are still family owned, although nowadays they tend to be large and are often ….

9. Around 20 million Americans are still employed in ….

10.  Agriculture is one of the biggest and most basic … enterprises.

 

3. Fill in the table with the data from the text:

The Midwest	The Northeast	New York	The Southeast

 

4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

Значимость
Простираться
Крупнейший
Страхование
Текстильная промышленность
Чудо
Сельское хозяйство
Кормить
Оборудование
Производительность труда

 

5.Translate into Russian:

Industrial goods
In terms of
To make up 2 per cent
Banking and insurance capital
Productive enterprise
To exact its price
Grain products
To mass-produce
To be cut in half
To operate the machinery

6.Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

Welfare State

A welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization. The sociologist T.H. Marshall identified the welfare state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare, and capitalism. Scholars have paid special attention to the historic paths by which Germany, Britain and other countries developed their welfare state.

Modern welfare states include the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the Nordic model. The welfare state involves a transfer of funds from the state, to the services provided (i.e. healthcare, education) as well as directly to individuals ("benefits").

The welfare state is funded through redistributionist taxation and is often referred to as a type of "mixed economy". Such taxation usually includes a larger income tax for people with higher incomes, called a progressive tax. This helps to reduce the income gap between the rich and poor.

The activities of present-day welfare states extend to the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits) and in-kind welfare services (such as health or childcare services). Through these provisions, welfare states can affect the distribution of wellbeing and personal autonomy among their citizens, as well as influencing how their citizens consume and how they spend their time.

By 2013 the U.S. remains the only major industrial state without a uniform national sickness program. American spending on health care (as percent of GDP) is the highest in the world, but it is a complex mix of federal, state, philanthropic, employer and individual funding. The US spent 16% of its GDP on health care in 2008, compared to 11% in France in second place.

 

TEST

UNIT V

CHOOSING A CAREER

Job Hunting

When you are looking for a job, it is advisable not to put all your eggs in one basket: the more applications you make, the better your chances of findings the right job.

Contact as many prospective employers as possible, either by writing, telephoning, or calling them in person, depending on the type of vacancy. Whatever job you are looking for, it is important to market yourself correctly and appropriately, which depends on the type of job you are after.

When you are writing for a job, address your letter to the personnel director or manager and include your curriculum vitae (CV), and copies of all references and qualifications.

So, your method of job hunting will depend on your particular circumstances, qualifications, and experience and the sort of job you are looking for.

We advise you to do the following:

- Visit a local job centre. This is for non-professional skilled and unskilled jobs, particular in industry, retailing and catering.

- Check the Internet job service and other bulletin boards. The Internet has hundreds of sites for job seekers.

- Obtain copies of daily newspapers, most of which have “Positions Vacant” sections.

- Put an advertisement in the “Situations Wanted” section of a newspaper.

- Network, which means to get together with like-minded people to discuss business, and it is a popular way of making business and professional contacts. It can be particularly successful for executives, managers, and professionals when job hunting.

- Ask relatives, friends, or acquaintances if they know of an employer looking for someone with your experience and qualifications.

- Apply in person to different companies.

 

Vocabulary

job hunting	поиск работы
look for	искать
application	заявление
employer	работодатель
in person	лично
depend on	зависеть от
market yourself	продавать себя, рекламировать
appropriately	должным образом
personnel director	директор по персоналу
include	включать
curriculum vitae	резюме, краткая автобиография
reference	рекомендация
circumstances	обстоятельства
experience	опыт
advise	советовать
unskilled jobs	неквалифицированный труд
retailing	розничная торговля
catering	обслуживающий сектор
с heck	проверять
bulletin boards	информационная доска
job seekers	соискатель работы
obtain	получать
advertisement	реклама
network	завязывать связи, знакомства
like - minded	единомышленник
successful	успешный
executive	руководитель
relatives	родственники
acquaintances	знакомые
apply	подавать заявление
different	различный

 

Vocabulary exercises

1. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:

1. The more applications you make when you are looking for a job, the better your chances of findings the right job
2. Contact as many prospective employees as possible, either by writing, telephoning, or calling them in person, depending on the type of vacancy.
3. Address your letter to the personnel director or manager and include your resume, and copies of all references and qualifications.
4. Local job centre is for non-professional skilled and unskilled jobs, particular in industry, retailing and catering.
5. Check the Internet job service and other information boards.
6. Obtain copies of weekly and daily newspapers.
7. Network is a popular way of making business and professional contacts.
8. Apply in person to various companies.
9. “Positions Vacant” and “Situations Wanted” are the names of famous newspapers.
10. Relatives, friends, or acquaintances can find you the job you are looking for.

 

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:

1. Whatever job you are looking _____, it is important to market yourself correctly and _____, which depends on the type of job you are after.

2. Address your letter to the personnel director or manager and include your _____ (CV), and copies of all _____ and qualifications.

3. Your method of _____ hunting will depend on your particular _____, qualifications, and experience.

4. The Internet has hundreds of sites for job _____.

5. It can be particularly _____ for executives, managers, and professionals when job hunting.

6. Ask relatives, friends, or acquaintances if they know of an _____ looking for someone with your _____ and qualifications.

7. Put an _____ in the “Situations Wanted” _____ of a newspaper.

8. We _____ you to do the following.

9. When you are looking for a job, it is _____ not to put all your eggs in one basket.

10. Check the Internet _____ service and other bulletin boards.

 

3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:

реклама
рекомендация
краткая автобиография
обслуживающий сектор
непрофессиональный
квалифицированный
центр занятости
правильно
потенциальный
ежедневный

 

4. Translate into Russian:

looking for a job
prospective employers
job hunting
to check
to obtain
to apply
personnel director
to include
executive
advertisement

 

5. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases:

What are Internships?

“Internships provide short-term, practical experience for students, recent graduates, and people changing careers,” according to the Occupational Outlook Quarterly. They last from 10 weeks to 12 months and are designed primarily for college students (although some are open to high school students and career changers). Many internships are unpaid, while some provide a stipend or academic credit. Internships provide you with an excellent way to try out a career, learn valuable job and soft skills, and build a network of contacts in your industry.

Your experiences as an intern will vary greatly depending on your employer and whether the program is sanctioned by your college. Some interns fetch coffee and open mail, while others get hands-on experience working on a variety of critical projects. Obviously, the best type of internship is one where you receive hands-on experience—ideally in more than one department at the company. But even if you end up performing clerical duties, you should make the most of your internship by using it as an opportunity to expand your network and make future employment contacts.

Vocabulary

internships	практика, стажировка
graduate	выпускник учебного заведения
provide	предоставлять
academic credit	академический зачетный кредит
hands-on experience	практический опыт
obviously	очевидно
clerical duties	обязанности секретаря
opportunity	возможность
expand	расширять
apprenticeships	профессионал. обучение и практика
include	включать
job shadowing	наблюдение за работой специалиста
investigate	изучать
commitment	обязательство
work environment	условия труда
conclusions	выводы
pursue	иметь профессию
assessing	оценка
implementing	выполнение, осуществление
occupational therapy	профессиональная переподготовка
intervention programs	коррекционная программа
plumbing	слесарно–водопроводное дело
gain experience	приобретать опыт

 

In summary

• Internships provide practical experience to people who are seeking to enter a career. They are an excellent way to get your foot in the door at a company, gain experience, and build your network of contacts. Internships typically last from 10 weeks to 12 months and are designed primarily for college students. Some internships offer a salary and/or academic credit, others are unpaid.

• A quality internship provides you with the opportunity to receive hands-on experience at a company in a variety of departments rather than simply doing monotonous clerical tasks or getting coffee for staff members.

• You can find internships through programs at your college or by