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The childhood of the steam-engineСтр 1 из 11Следующая ⇒
Cтаростина Н.А. От энергии пара К энергии солнца Учебно-методическое пособие По английскому языку
Москва 2017
УДК 811.111’33:620.9(076.5) ББК 81.2 Англ-923 О.89
Рецензенты кандидат филологических наук, доцент Пономарева М.Н., кандидат филологических наук, Пономарев В.В.
О.89 От энергии пара к энергии солнца. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса направления 13.03.02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» очной и заочной форм обучения/сост. Н.А. Старостина; ООО «Технологии рекламы», г.Москва, 2017. – 78с.
Данная работа является необходимым пособием для введения студентов направления 13.03.02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» в основную терминологию по изучаемой ими специальности и приобретения необходимых навыков перевода оригинального текста по специальности и предназначена для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы студентов. Основной целью издания является развитие навыков чтения, а также навыков устной речи, развитие навыков извлечения информации, ее обработки и получения дополнительных знаний из соответствующих областей технической науки. Пособие содержит тексты из области энергетики, электротехники, физики и астрономии, а также включает грамматический материал и упражнения. Тексты сопровождаются словарем, вопросами на проверку общего понимания текста и упражнениями на знание лексических единиц по теме.
УДК 811.111’33:620.9(076.5) ББК 81.2 Англ-923
© ООО «Технологии рекламы», 2017 © Старостина Н.А., 2017 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Основной целью данного пособия является необходимость снабдить студентов специализированной технической литературой для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы и более успешного формирования навыков чтения и говорения на иностранном языке. Данное учебное пособие ставит перед собой задачу формирования навыков чтения и перевода оригинальной литературы, а также развития у студентов навыков устной речи.
Предлагаемая тематика материала для чтения позволит расширить, углубить знания студентов в той или иной области жизни и в способе языкового выражения тех или иных понятий и реалий. Отбор текстов для пособия осуществлялся с учетом интересной фабулы, цельности, социальной значимости, которые вызывают желание выразить свою точку зрения на поставленную проблему. Упражнения концентрируют внимание студентов на расширении определенного объема вокабуляра, его употреблении в ситуациях, на проблемах предлагаемых текстов. Данная работа является необходимым пособием для введения студентов направления 13.03.02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» в основную терминологию по изучаемой ими специальности и приобретения необходимых навыков перевода оригинального текста по специальности и предназначена для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы студентов. Основополагающим принципом при подготовке пособия было взято соответствие его требованиям государственного образовательного стандарта Российской Федерации. TEXT 1 EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1.Why did not science and engineering develop very much during the Middle Ages? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Do technical achievements appear at once? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Were the technological developments of that time far behind the flight of ideas from Leonardo da Vinci's famous notebooks? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4.What had happened throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? _____ __________________________________________________________________ 5.Who was Denis Papin? What have you known about him? __________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6.What does Papin’s “bone-digester” look like? ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. How did Papin introduce his bone-digester to the scientists of the Royal Society? ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. How did his invention become known throthout the world? ________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. How did a really efficient prime mover appear? __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Were Newcomen machines the only practical steam-engines from the early to the late eighteenth century? ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Translate the passage from “ Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries … ” to “ … technical progress was so slow and inventive ideas so rare.” in the written form.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TASK 3. Match the equivalents: Сondensation, bone-digester, investigations, steam-engine, superstitious, Century of Inventions, succession, craftmanship, electricity, available ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ электричество костеварка паровая машина суеверный исследования последовательность ремесло век изобретений доступный конденсация TASK 4. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text: Papin's ___________________________, as he called his machine, worked on the ______________________ that when water or juice is boiled in a hermetically closed _____________________ so that the steam cannot escape, the ___________________ increases so much that the steam is heated far beyond the ___________________ of water. The superheated steam helps to cook the ______________________ much faster and more thoroughly than is possible in ordinary _________________________. TASK 5. Continue the sentenses according to the text: 1. We must try to visualize these circumstances if__________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Apart from the incentive to the_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. From these five thousand pages______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. It was an odd succession of__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The superheated steam helps to_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. A political event of great importance__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. It was a complicated and rather_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. A few miles down the river__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. In the same year an ironmonger______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Newcomen machines were__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 6. Translate into English: Он построил экспериментальную модель в Марбурге. Это была сложная и довольно неуклюжая машина, чья энергия происходила больше из атмосферного давления, чем из мощности расширения пара; работник должен был приводить в действие печь через определенные интервалы времени, чтобы производить пар и выключать ее снова, чтобы вызывать конденсацию. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT 2 THE STEAM TURBINE The steam-turbine must be a much more efficient and powerful prime mover than the reciprocating engine because it must shortcut the complicated process of converting steam energy into rotary motion via reciprocating motion. But the problems involved in building such a machine seemed formidable, especially that of high-precision engineering. Two men undertook it almost simultaneously. The Swedish engineer, Gustaf Patrik de Laval, built his first model in 1883. He made the steam from the boiler emerge from four stationary nozzles arranged around the rim of a wheel with a great number of small inch, de Laval turbine wheel rotated at up to 40,000 revolutions per minute. He supported the wheel on a flexible shaft so that it would adjust itself to fluctuations of pressure — which, at such speeds, would have broken a rigid shaft in no time. De Laval geared an electric generator to his turbine after he had succeeded in reducing the speed of rotation to 3,000 r. p. m. His turbo-generator worked, but its capacity was limited, and it was found unsuitable for large-scale power stations. In 1876 Charles Parsons began to work on the idea of a steam-turbine, for which he forsaw a wide range of applications. The reciprocating steam-engine, which was unable to convert more than 12 per cent of the latent energy of coal into mechanical power, was not nearly effi cient enough for the economical generation of electricity energy leaked out right and left from the cylinder, and the condenser.
As he studied the problem he understood that the point where most would be turbine inventors Parsons had the idea of reducing the steam pressure and speed, without reducing efficiency and economy, by causing the whole expansion of the steam to take place in stages so that only moderate velocities would have to be reached by the turbine wheels. This principle still forms the basis of all efficient steam-tirbines today. Parsons put it into practice for the first time in his model of 1884, a little turbine combined with an electric generator, both coupled without reducing gear and revolving at 18,000 r. p. m. The turbine consisted of a cylindrical rotor enclosed in a casing, with many rings of small blades fixed alternately to the casing and to the rotor. It was a more complicated solution of the problem than de Laval, but it proved to be the right one. The speed of 18,000 r. p. m. used the energy of the steam very well, anci the generator developed 75 amperes output at 100 volts. The little machine, built in 1884, is now at the Science Museum. Parsons expected, and experienced, a good deal of opposition — after all, there were enormous vested interests in the manufacture of reciprocating steam-engines. He began to build some portable turbo-generators, but there were no buyers. Strangely enough, a charity event created the necessary publicity for the turbine. In the winter of 1885-1886, a pond froze over, and a local hospital decided to raise funds The event was a great success, and the newspapers wrote about it. The next step was that the organizers of the Newcastle Exhibition of 1887 asked Parsons to supply the current for its display of electric lighting. Parsons, who died in 1931 at the age of 76, lived long enough to see one of his turbines producing more than 200,000 kW. He also suceeded in introducing his steam-turbine as a new prime mover in ship propulsion. The steam which drives them in the power stations may be raised by coal, oil, natural gas, or atomic energy — but it is invariably the steam-turbine which drives the generators; Diesel-engines are the exceptions, and are only used where smaller or mobile stations are required and no fuel but heavy oil is available. Steam-turbines, large or small, run at much lower speeds than Parson's first model, usually at 1,000 — 3,000 r. p. m. When, a quarter of a century after Charles Algernon Parsons's death, the first nuclear power station in the world started up, his steam-turbines were there to convert the heat from the reactor into mechanical energy for the generators. PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT 1. especially that of high-precision engineering – особенно проблемы, связанные с созданием устройств высокой точности 2. most would-be turbine inventors – большинство мечтавших изобрести турбину 3. a local hospital decided to raise funds – местная больница решила извлечь выгоду EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is the steam turbine? ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Were engineering methods developed highly enough for that time? __________ __________________________________________________________________ 3.Who undertook it simultaneously? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Who made the steam from the boiler emerge from four stationary nozzles arranged around the rim of a wheel with a great number of small inch? __________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Did De Laval gear an electric generator to his turbine? Was it succesful? ______ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Who forsaw a wide range of applications on the idea of a steam-turbine? ______ __________________________________________________________________ 7.Whose steam turbines were there to convert the heat from the reactor into mechanical energy for the generators? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Were there any interests in the manufacture of reciprocating steam-engines? ___ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Did the organizers of the Newcastle Exhibition of 1887 ask Parsons to supply the current for its display of electric lighting? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10.When the first nuclear power station in the world started up? ______________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Translate the passage from “ Two men undertook …” to “… a rigid shaft in no time ” in the written form. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TASK 3. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text: As he studied the ______________ he understood that the point where most would be _________________ had been stumped was the __________________ of steam. Even steam at a _________________ escaping into the atmosphere may easily travel at speeds of more than twice the ________________________ — and high-pressure ___________________ may travel twice as fast again, at about 5,000 feet per second. Parsons had the ___________________ the steam pressure and speed, without ____________________, by causing the whole expansion of the steam ____________________ in stages so that only moderate _________________ would have to be reached by the _________________. This principle still forms the basis of all ____________ today. TASK 4. Translate into English: У Парсона возникла идея, уменьшить давление и скорости, не уменьшая эффективности и экономичности, путем полного расширение пара, чтобы колесами турбины были достигнуты умеренные скорости. Эти формы составляли основу эффективности паровых турбин и были выпущены Парсоном на практику впервые в 1884. Небольшая турбина объединялась с электрическим генератором, не уменьшая вращения. Турбина состояла из цилиндрического ротора, приложенного к корпусу с кольцами небольших лопастей, установленных в корпусе. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT 3 EARLY DAYS OF ELECTRICITY Small winder, then, that man lived for ages on this earth without knowing anything about electricity. He tried to explain the phenomenon of the thunderstorm to himself by imagining that some gods or other supernatural creatures were giving vent to their heavenly anger, Perhaps the Israelites did know something More than two thousand years passed after Thales's discovery without any research work being done in this field. It was Dr. William Gilbert, Queen Elizabeth the First's physician-in-ordinary, who set the ball rolling.
Here was at last a plausible theory of the nature of electricity, namely, that it was some kind of 'fluid'. It dawned on him Aloisio Galvani, professor of medicine at Bologna, was lecturing to his students at his home while his wife was skinning frogs, the professor's favourite dish, for dinner with his scalpel in the adjoining kitchen. Galvani made numerous and unsystematic experiments with frogs' thighs, most of which failed to prove anything at all; in fact, the professor did not know what to look for except his 'animal electricity'. These experiments became all the rage A greater scientist than he, Alessandro Volta of Pavia, solved the mystery and found the right explanation for the jerking frogs. Professor Volta went one step further — a most important step, because he invented the first electrical battery, the 'Voltaic pile'. PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT 1.were giving vent to their heavenly anger – давали выход своему божественному гневу 2.if we had an organ for electricity – если бы мы обладали органом, способным распознавать электричество 3.did know something – действительно что-то знал 4.It was Dr. William Gilbert… physician-in-ordinary, who set the ball rolling. – И вот доктор Джильберт…врач-ординатор, начал новую страницу. 5.although some sources credit him with the invention – хотя в некоторых источниках его называют изобретателем… 6.it dawned on him – его осенило 7.his famous kite-and-key experiment –свой знаменитый опыт с воздушным змеем и ключом 8.Franklin had won the day. – Франклин одержал победу. 9.on the spur of the moment – экспромтом 10.these experiments became all the rage – эти опыты стали очень модными 11.the 'Voltaic pile' – гальваническая батарея EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1.Does the electricity play an important role in our life? _____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Did people know anything about electricity? ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3.How did the electric theory develop? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Who set the ball rolling? ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. What did he find during his electric research? ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. What was Aloisio Galvani’s experiment? _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Did Galvani prove anything at all? ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Did the professor know what to look for except his 'animal electricity'? _______ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Who was Alessandro Voita of Pavia? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10.What is “Voltaic pile”? ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Match the equivalents: Electricity, electro-magnetic, phenomenon, thunderstorm, magnetic, discharging spark, magnetic force, unsystematic experiments, 'galvanic electricity', and ‘Voltaic pile'. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ гальваническая батарея электро-магнитный феномен магнитный электричество магнитная сила гроза разряженная вспышка гальваническое электричество несистематичные эксперименты TASK 3. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text: To ______________ and _____________ alike, however, this _________________ of 'action at a distance' caused by electric and ________________ was still rather mysterious. What was it really? In 1780, one of the ______________ of all times seemed to provide the answer. Aloisio Galvani, professor ___________ at Bologna, was lecturing to his students at his home while his wife was skinning frogs, the _______________, for dinner with his scalpel in the adjoining kitchen. As she listened to the _______________ the scalpel fell from her hand on to the frog's thigh, touching the _____________ at the same time. The dead frog jerked _________as though trying to jump off the plate. TASK 4. Continue the sentenses according to the text: 1. There is electricity everywhere_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Thunderstorms frightened our________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. More than two thousand years passed__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Here was at last a plausible theory____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. To scientists and laymen alike________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Aloisio Galvani, professor of medicine at Bologna_______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Galvani made numerous and unsystematic experiments____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. A greater scientist than he, Alessandro Volta of Pavia_____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Volta showed that an electric current__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. A 'pile' of these elements produced____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 5. Translate into English: Более великий ученый, чем он, открывший тайну и обнаруживший правильное объяснение дергающихся лягушек. До того, как стать 'первоисточником жизни', они сыграли самую скромную роль в проводимости электричества, тогда как сталь скальпеля и цинк пластины были, фактически, важными вещами. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT 4 Magnetic field Fig. 2. Faraday's experiment with the electro-magnet In America, Joseph Henry, professor of mathematics and natural science, also starting from Oersted's and Sturgeon's observations, used the action of the electric current upon a magnet to build the first primitive electric motor in 1829. At about the same time, Georg Simon Ohm, a German school-teacher found the important law of electric resistance: that the amount of current in a wire circuit decreases with the length of the wire, which acts as resistance. Ohm's excellent research work remained almost unnoticed during his life time, and he died before his name was accepted as tha of the unit of electrical resistance. PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT 1. now and then – время от времени EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1. What was happened in 1819? _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What was it that Oersted discovered? _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Did his discovery make any impression on physicists all over Europe and America? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. How did an electrically charged conductor work? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Did he find that any piece of soft iron could be turned into a temporary magnet by putting it in the centre of a coil of insulated wire and making an electric current flow through the coil? _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Who built the first large electro-magnet? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. What did Faraday discover? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8.Was Faraday’s experiment with the electro-magnet succesful? ______________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the important law of electric resistance? _________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10.Who used the action of the electric current upon a magnet to build the first primitive electric motor in 1829? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Translate the passage from “ What Faraday had discovered …” to ” … of the unit of electrical resistance ” in the written form. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TASK 3. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text: Prompted by the ___________ of Andre-Marie Ampere, the __________ whose name has become a household word as the unit of the ___________, the Englishman Sturgeon experimented with ordinary, non-magnetized iron. He found that any _______ iron could be turned into a __________by putting it in the centre of a coil of _________ and making an ___________ flow through the coil. As soon and as long as the current was turned on the __________, but it ceased to be a magnet when there was no more current. TASK 4. Continue the sentenses according to the text: 1. One day in 1819 a Danish physicist___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Demonstrating a galvanic battery_____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Nothing more than that_____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Prompted by the research work of Andre-Marie Ampere__________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Every time he went for a walk_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. A stationary magnet does not________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. This phenomenon, confirms the basic fact______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Thus Faraday demonstrated quite_____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Meanwhile, fundamental research_____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Georg Simon Ohm, a German school-teacher found the important law of electric resistance:_________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 5. Translate into English: Христиан Эрстед, читал лекции в Университете. Демонстрируя гальваническую батарею, он держал провод, идущий из нее, когда тот вдруг выскользнул из его руки и упал на стол прямо на морской компас, который случайно оказался там. Когда он поднялся провод, то он обратил внимание, к свому удивлению, что игла компаса больше не указывала север, а качнулась совершенно в другую сторону. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT 5 THE NATURE OF THE ATOM There is one source of energy, however, which owes nothing to Today we know that atoms are neither unchangeable nor indivisable. It may be sufficient to recall that Marie and Pierre Curie, by their discovery of radium, in 1898, made the whole theory of the indivisible atom crumble, Another discovery, made three years earlier, seemed to point in the same direction: that of the X-rays by Professor Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen at the University of Bavaria. These and other phenomena and discoveries around the turn of the century Hydrogen, for instance, being the lightest; and simplest element, has only one of each; uranium, the heaviest element occurring in Nature, has 92. Theoretically, we could change lead into gold, as the alchemists dreamed of doing, by removing three protons and electrons from a few billion lead atoms, which have 82 of each, then we would get gold atoms with 79 protons and electron each. However, the knocking-off process would be much more expensive than the gold we would get. The neutrons, which are present in the atoms of many elements, are of particular importance in the utilization of atomic energy. Most elements are mixtures of ordinary atoms and so-called isotopes: the isotope atoms have more, or fewer, neutrons than the ordinary atoms. An isotope differs from the ordinary form of the element only in weight, but chemically it behaves in exactly the same way. Water, for instance, is a mixture of ordinary molecules of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and of 'heavy' ones. The heavy hydrogen atom has an extra neutron in its nucleus. Uranium, on the other hand, Curies discovered in radium an unstable nucleus is one that is likely to break up into the nucleus of another element. Professor Otto Hahn found in Berlin in 1938 that when uranium atoms are bombarded with neutrons they split up in a process which he called 'fission' (a term used in biology for the way in which some cells divide to form new ones). The 92 protons of the uranium nucleus split up into barium, which has 56, and krypton, a gas with 26 protons. Frederic Joliot-Curie, the son-in-law of Marie Curie, proved some months later that in this fission process some neutrons from the uranium nucleus were liberated; they flew off, and some struck other nuclei, which in turn broke up, liberating still more neutrons. Enrico Fermi, an Italian who liad gone to America to escape life under fascism, developed the theory of what would happen if a sufficiently large piece of unstable uranium broke up in this way — there would be a 'chain reaction': the free neutrons would be bombarding the nuclei with such intensity that in no time at all This was the theory that led, within the short space of four years, to the first atom bombs. On Monday, 6 August 1945, while cheerful crowds in England enjoyed their first holiday after the end of the war in Europe, one such bomb was dropped on the town of Hiroshima in Japan. It killed or injured nearly 200,000 people. Three days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, with 65,000 victims. The centres of both cities were completely destroyed. PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT 1. which owes nothing to – который не зависит от… 2. …made the whole theory of the indivisible atom crumble – разрушили теорию неделимости атома 3. around the turn of the century – на грани двух веков 4. which have next to no mass and weight – которые почти не имеют ни массы, ни веса 5. on the other hand – с другой стороны 6. in no time at all – мгновенно EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is one of the numerous sources of energy that owes nothing to the heat and light of the sun? _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the story of research into the nature of atom? _____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Who found that the radiation was able to penetrate thin matter like wood and human flesh? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4.What have you known about Special Theory of Relativity? _________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5.What is the atom? Is it a miniature solar system? _________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6.What does the atom consist of? _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. What is an ion? ___________________________________________________ 8. Do the atoms of all the elements contain the same kind of particles? __________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. What is of particular importance in the utilization of atomic energy? _________ __________________________________________________________________ 10.What did Curies discover in radium? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Match the equivalents: Protons, electrons, solar system, Theory of Relativity, phenomena, particles, discovery, unchangeable, atomic nucleus, source of energy. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ электроны неизменный теория относительности атомное ядро феномен источник энергии солнечная система протоны открытие частицы TASK 3. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text: The atoms of all the _______ contain the _______ of particles; what distinguishes them from each other is merely the ________ — of protons in the _______ and of _______ revolving around it. Hydrogen, for instance, being the lightest; and _________, has only one of each; uranium, the _______- occurring in Nature, has ________. So all you have to do to change one ________ into another is either to knock some _______ and a corresponding number of ________ off each atom, or add them; in fact, this _______ is going on in Nature all the time. TASK 4. Continue the sentenses according to the text: 1. Today we know that atoms are_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Marie and Pierre Curie, by their discovery of radium, in 1898, made the whole theory___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Using a cathode-ray tube, he found____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. These and other phenomena and discoveries around______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Danish assistant, Niels Bohr, developed________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The atoms of all the elements contain__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Most elements are_________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Curies discovered in radium_________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Frederic Joliot-Curie_______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. This was the theory that led_________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ TASK 5. Translate into English: Атомы всех элементов содержат одни и те же частицы; что отличает их друг от друга - количество частиц - протонов в ядре и электронов, вращающихся вокруг него. Теоретически, мы могли бы превратить свинец в золото, как мечтали алхимики с помощью удаления трех протонов и электронов из нескольких миллиардов атомов свинца, мы получим атомы золота с 79 протонами и электронами в каждом. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEXT 6 PEACEFUL ATOM Many problems had to be solved; the main one was that of 'braking' the released neutrons efficiently But the scientists and technicians have since developed a great many different types of reactors — some already in everyday use, others running experimentally in atomic research establishments or being built for special jobs and purposes of all kinds, from producing nuclear explosives for weapons to 'cooking' stable elements Some experts predicted that in Britain, for instance, an acute shortage of cheaply mined coal would set in after 1980. Oil is still to be found in plenty, but consumption has been increasing in leaps and bounds It is not generated by the chemical process of combustion. It is released when nuclei undergo fission, and although here, too, matter is used up, the amounts are small compared with the energy produced. And there is good reason to hope that before long Britain's first two nuclear power stations were Calder Hall (opened in 1956) and Chapelcross (1959),
 
  
The coolant gas, after leaving the 'core' The theory of nuclear fusion was discovered in the early 1930's — years before that of fission — by John Cockeroft at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, where he worked under Lord Rutherford. Here they built a simple machine, which looked more like a couple of stove-pipes than an atom-smashing tool, for shooting electrically speed-up protons at the nuclei of light elements, such as lithium. The result was that the lithium nuclei turned into nuclei of helium. It was only later that it dawned on the physicists10 that some such process is responsible for the way in which the stars, including our own sun, produce their tremendous energy. As these lines are being written many scientists in at least half a dozen countries are busy trying to find a system to tame the energy of the H-bomb for peaceful use, but no decisive 'break-through' has been achieved. One, called the 'thermionic converter', Atomic as well as conventional power stations may be made much more efficient by the gas-blast system One of the major problems connected with nuclear power stations is the safe disposal of radio-active waste; burying it, or dumping it into the sea, is not everywhere the best means of getting rid of it14. But there is a vital tool in our nuclear age, the Geiger counter The Geiger counter consists of a metal cylinder filled with gas at low pressure; two electrodes — one being the cylinder itself, the other a fine wire stretched along its centre — are maintained at a large potential difference, usually about 1,000 — 1,500 volts, but no spark is allowed to pass between them. Geiger counters are being made and adapted for all kinds of purposes — light ones for uranium prospecting; built-in types for atomic power stations and research establishments; counters with warning signals for factory workers who have to handle radio-active matter and whose hands and clothes have to be checked. PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT 1. the main one was that of 'braking' the released neutrons efficiently – основная проблема состояла в том, чтобы по-настоящему “обуздать” освобожденные нейтроны 2. to 'cooking' stable elements – до “изготовления” устойчивых элементов 3. but consumption has been increasing in leaps and bounds – но потребление стремительно растет 4. before long – очень скоро 5. In Russia such a kind of nuclear power station was build in 1954. 6. vessel – котел реактора 7. the 'core' – активная зона 8. to the heat exchangers - теплообменники 9. into the national grid – в национальную энергетическую систему 10. it was only later that it dawned on the physicists – и лишь позже физики поняли 11. but no decisive 'break-through' has been achieved – но решающий момент еще не наступил 12. 'thermionic converter – термоионный преобразователь 13. the gas-blast system – система, основанная на взрыве газа 14. getting rid of it – освободиться от них 15. the Geiger counter – счетчик Гейгера, является одним из основных приборов в ядерной физике EXERCISES TASK 1. Answer the questions: 1.What is happened in 1942? ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Have the scientists and technicians developed many different types of reactors? __________________________________________________________________ 3.How was the energy produced after 1980? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. How is atomic energy produced? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5.What have you known about first two nuclear stations in Britain? ____________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. When the theory of nuclear fusion was discovered? _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7.What is the theory of nuclear fusion? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. What is a vital tool in our nuclear age? _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. What does the Geiger counter consist of? _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10.What sphere are Geiger
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It was only towards the end of the nineteenth century that engineering methods were developed highly enough for a successful attempt.
had been stumped was the excessive velocity of steam. Even steam at a comparatively low pressure escaping into the atmosphere may easily travel at speeds of more than twice the velocity of sound — and high-pressure steam may travel twice as fast again, at about 5,000 feet per second.
by getting young people to skate on the ice and charging for admission.
He experimented with amber and lodestone and found the essential difference between electric and magnetic attraction. In his famous work De magnete, published in 1600, he gave an account of his studies. Although some sources credit him with the invention 
of the first electric machine, this was a later achievement by Otto von Guericke, inventor of the air pump.
that thunderstorms were merely a discharge of electricity between two objects with different electrical potentials, such as the clouds and the earth. He saw that the discharging spark, the lightning, tended to strike high buildings and trees, which gave him the idea of trying to attract the electrical 'fluid' deliberately to the earth in a way that the discharge would do no harm.
in Italian society, and everybody talked about 'galvanic electricity' and 'galvanic currents' — terms which are still in use although Professor Galvani certainly did not deserve the honour.
A 'pile' of these elements produced usable electric current, and for many decades this remained the only practical source of electricity. From 1800, when Volta announced his invention, electrical research became widespread among the world's scientists in innumerable laboratories.
Fig. 3. An Atomic Pile 
of the reactor, is conducted to the heat exchangers. 
They are basically ordinary boilers in which water is turned into steam. The water is contained in steel pipes around which the hot coolant gas is blown. The resulting steam is directed into the turbines which rotate the electric generators. Calder Hall and Chapelcross have eight of them each, generating 180,000 and 140,000 kW respectively of electricity, which is fed into the national grid. 
uses the principle of the cathode-ray tube in which electrons, particles of negative electricity, are given off by a hot strip of metal, the cathode, in a vacuum.
of generating electricity. It is based on the fact that a blast of very hot gas (at least 2,000° Centigrade), which could be produced by a fission or fusion reactor, becomes an electrical conductor and generates current when moving through the poles of a powerful magnet.
in its manifold forms, which measures radio-activity accurately.
