Vehicle kite monoplane parachute propelle passenger

Glider      airship

1. A person traveling by bus, train, ship, plane etc.

2. Something with wheels and an engine.

3. An apparatus used for a jump from a plane or for dropping supplies etc.

4. A framework covered with paper or cloth, made to fly in the wind at the end of a long string or wire.

5. An aircraft having a large bag filled with gas to make it float and an engine to move it.

6. An aircraft without an engine.

7. Two or more blades which turn to move a ship, helicopter, plane etc.

8. A fixed-wing aircraft with one main set of wing surfaces.

Ex. 14. Give definitions to the words.

Aviation, aircraft, balloon, wing, biplane, heavier-than-air craft.

Ex. 15. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions where necessary.

… the beginning … time man dreamed … leaving the Earth, but when … last he was … the ground it became evident that his craft totally depended … the winds. The balloonist could fly only … the direction the wind was travelling. Aviation got its start … 10.35 … 17th … December, 1903 … Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, when Orville Wright left … the ground … a 12 second self-propelled flight. … a century aviation has become a significant industry which … many ways benefits the lives … individuals and society as a whole.

Ex. 16. Practise reading these international words and expressions.

Technology, airplane, aluminum, period, pilot, record, factor, international, radar, commercial aviation, military, transport, airliner, cabin, metal, result, regularly, comfort, mass, millions of passengers, revolutionary progress, materials, digital revolution, techniques, autonomous, computer-controlled model aircraft, industry, aspect, segment of transportation system, millions of dollars, business, service.

Ex. 17. A: Practise reading related words.

Related words can have different stress patterns. Mind that in nouns the stress falls mainly on the first syllable, in verbs – on the second.

Nouns	Verbs
'transport	trans'port
'conduct	con'duct
'increase	in'crease
'content	con'tent
'defect	de'fect
'contest	con'test
'decrease	de'crease
'record	re'cord

B: Add some other words you know.

Ex. 18. Study the Glossary.

adopt v adoption n	[q'dPpt] [q'dPpSn]	принимать; принятие
air race	['eq reIs]	воздушные гонки, демонстрационные полеты; аэрошоу
airline n airliner n	['eqlaIn] ['eqlaInq]	транспортная авиакомпания; транспортный самолет, авиалайнер
avionics n	["eIvI'PnIks]	авиационная радиоэлектроника
business n	['bIznIs]	коммерческое предприятие
establish v	[I'stxblIS]	создавать, устанавливать
eliminate v	[I'lImIneIt]	устранять, исключать
evolve v	[I'vPlv]	развиваться
facilities n (usually pl)	[fq'sIlqtI]	средства, оборудование
operator n	['PpqreItq]	эксплуатант
jet adj jet engine / plane / propulsion	[Get]	реактивный; реактивный двигатель / самолет / тяга
power plant	['pauq plRnt]	силовая установка
pressurized cabin	['preSqraIzd kxbIn]	герметическая кабина
propulsion n	[prq'pAlSn]	движение вперед; тяга
rapid adj	['rxpId]	быстрый, скорый
remote adj	[rI'mqut]	тех. дистанционный
represent v	["reprI'zent]	представлять
subsonic adj	['sAb'sPnIk]	дозвуковой
supersede v	['sHpq'sJd]	заменять; вытеснять
supersonic adj	['sHpq'sPnIk]	сверхзвуковой, ультразвуковой

Ex. 19. Read and translate the word combinations, taken from the text.

To be made from wood and fabric, to be made of aluminum, to be eager to show off their new skills, to take part in air races, to achieve records, to become a decisive factor, ex-military aircraft, to feature pressurized cabins, to result in high-speed turbojet airplanes, to be able to fly supersonically, to make transoceanic flights, to operate regular jet services, to establish new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations; to put into operation, to be superseded by the Airbus A380; to make revolutionary progress in flight speeds, distances and materials technology fly-by-wire systems and digital revolution both in flight avionics and in aircraft design and manufacturing techniques; to eliminate the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).  

Ex. 20. A: Read the text and match the headings with the parts of the text.

1. The digital age (1980 – present).

2. After World War II.

3. During World War II.

4. The role of aviation in modern life.

5. Between the World Wars (1918–1939).

B: Put the headings in the logical order and use as a plan to retell the text.

History of Aviation

Part 2

The years between World War I and World War II saw great advancements in aircraft technology. Airplanes evolved from low-powered biplanes made from wood and fabric to high-powered monoplanes made of aluminum, based primarily on the work of Hugo Junkers during the World War I period and its adoption by American designer William Bushnell Stout and Soviet designer Andrei Tupolev. After World War I experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their new skills, taking part in air races. Amelia Earhart was perhaps the most famous of those. She was also the first female pilot to achieve records such as crossing of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

During World War II, aircraft became a decisive factor in war. The largest operator of all international airlines in operation at this time was Pan American Airways. Aircraft production increased significantly.

After World War II and by 1947 all the basic technology needed for aviation had been developed: jet propulsion, aerodynamics, radar and commercial aviation had grown rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. With all the new technologies developed by this time, airliners became larger, faster, and featured pressurized cabins. New aerodynamic designs, metals, and power plants would result in high-speed turbojet airplanes. These planes would later be able to fly supersonically and make transoceanic flights regularly.

USSR's Aeroflot became the first airline in the world to operate regular jet services on September 15, 1956 with the Tupolev Tu-104. The Boeing 707 and DC-8 which established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, introduced the age of mass commercial air travel. In 1969 Boeing put into operation the Boeing 747 – the largest commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, which still carries millions of passengers each year, though it has been superseded by the Airbus A380.

The last quarter of the 20th century saw a change of emphasis. No longer was revolutionary progress made in flight speeds, distances and materials technology. This part of the century instead saw the spreading of the fly-by-wire systems and digital revolution both in flight avionics and in aircraft design and manufacturing techniques.

At the beginning of the 21st century, digital technology allowed subsonic military aviation to begin eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In October 2003 the first totally autonomous flight across the Atlantic by a computer-controlled model aircraft occurred.

Aviation has come a long way since its birth and now represents a very important industry. It is an industry touching every aspect of our lives, of our growth and our future. Civil aviation has developed to the point where it is now the largest and, in many ways, the most important segment of the whole transportation system, representing thousands of jobs, millions of dollars, the growth of thousands of cities, businesses, services and manufacturing facilities throughout the world.

Ex. 21. Fill in the chart. Use your dictionary where necessary.

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb
…	advancement	…	–
evolve	…	…	–
…	…	…	significantly
…	…	decisive	…
achieve	…	…	–
…	…	…	regularly
…	…	revolutionary	…
…	adoption	…	–

Ex. 22. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B.

A	B
1. advancement	a. air show
2. to evolve	b. in use
3. primarily	c. the progress of a plan, career
4. air race	d. Radio Detection and Ranging
5. rapidly	e. to get rid of
6. to transport	f. to develop
7. to allow	g. fast
8. to eliminate	h. mainly
9. in operation	i. to carry
10. radar	j. to permit

Ex. 23. The words are taken from the text. Match the words with their definitions given below. Use them in the sentences of your own.