Text 1A. Industrial Water Pollution

Введение

 

Данное пособие предназначено для работы на семинарских занятиях по английскому языку со студентами старших курсов технических университетов с целью обогащения словарного запаса и развития коммуникативных навыков по теме “Экология”. Пособие содержит материалы для изучения английского языка для профессиональных целей.

Пособие состоит из четырех основных модулей и одного дополнительного. В основную часть вошли следующие модули: “Water Pollution”, “Air Pollution”, “Noise Pollution”, “Safety Engineering”. Дополнительный модуль “Around The World” содержит тексты для  самостоятельного чтения и обсуждения. Каждый модуль содержит аутентичные тексты, лексические и коммуникативные упражнения, задания для развития навыков устной и письменной речи. В предисловии даны методические указания по работе с данным пособием, разъясняются виды заданий и их конечная цель, которая должна быть достигнута учащимися в процессе обучения. Для расширения кругозора студентов используются задания, непосредственно связанные с современными проблемами экологической безопасности и защиты окружающей среды.

Актуальность данного пособия обусловлена современными требованиями к преподаванию иностранного языка в связи с коммуникативной направленностью в обучении, базовыми принципами которой являются: активное участие студентов в видах деятельности, имитирующих реальные ситуации, для принятия решения, выражения собственных мыслей по теме в совместной работе студентов в ходе проведения круглых столов, презентациях и дискуссиях.

Практическая значимость данного пособия заключается в формировании коммуникативной компетенции студентов по перечисленным темам. Формированию данной компетенции способствует преобладание проблемно-речевых и творческих упражнений, использование ролевых игр для создания ситуаций общения, для быстрого реагирования в процессе коммуникации, для создания психологической готовности к реальному иноязычному общению в различных профессиональных ситуациях. Задания и упражнения охватывают основные темы предмета “Экология” и позволяют студентам расширить их языковые знания и умения в данной области. Учебное пособие может быть использовано в качестве основного материала курса по иностранному языку по специальности “Экология и промышленная безопасность” или в качестве дополнительного материала при обучении английскому языку для других технических специальностей.

Материалы учебного пособия полностью соответствуют современным требованиям к изучению иностранного языка в технических вузах. Каждый модуль имеет тематический словарь и тексты по конкретным разделам промышленной экологии.

Unit 1. Water Pollution

 

Words to remember:

 

contamination - загрязнение waste - отходы to discharge - выбрасывать to render - становиться, делать to signify - означать lake - озеро stream - ручей sewage - сточные воды effluent - поток, сток acid - кислота alkali - щелочь grease - жир dye - краситель to dissolve - растворять

suspended - взвешенный (о частицах) mercury - ртуть lead - свинец sulfur - сера to assess - оценивать sodium - натрий arsenic - мышьяк liver - печень to facilitate - облегчать qualitative - качественный quantitative - количественный to enhance - повышать  to implement - внедрять

 

I. Match the words to their definitions:

 

a) wastes b) to dissolve c) lake d) contamination e) to assess f) to signify g) effluent h) to discharge i) dye j) criteria k) to classify

1) a substance used for changing a colour 2) to mean or to be a symbol of something 3) useless materials, substances or parts, that are left after using something 4) a large body of water surrounded by land 5) liquid waste or sewage from a factory 6) to let liquid or gas leave 7) to make a mixture of a substance into a liquid 8) standards that are used for judging smth 9) to consider a situation or a problem 10) carefully, to calculate 11) to put people or things into particular groups

 

II. Find the synonyms; match them

1) contamination 2) grease 3) stream 4) to dissolve 5) to assess 6) to facilitate 7) to enhance 8) to implement 9) to discharge 10) to signify 11) to render

a) to ease b) to mean c) a small river d) to mix into the liquid e) to estimate f) to improve g) fat h) to unload i) to carry out j) pollution k) to become

 

III. Make up all possible collocations:

 

to dissolve water to assess surrounding agricultural to enhance to facilitate industrial to discharge to implement

atmosphere wastes pollutants situation results contamination effect standards quality quantity

 

IV. Fill in the table. Write verbs and nouns, add suffixes, if necessary

 

Verb	Noun
pollute
implement
	discharge
signify
	emission
	contamination
determine
assess
	design
develop

 

 

V. Read text 1A and put it in Russian

 

Unit 2. Air Pollution

 

Words to remember:

to release – выделять waste – отходы to alert – предупреждать об опасности to exhaust - выделять, испускать to exaggerate - преувеличивать inflammation – воспламенение volatile – летучий incinerator - мусоросжигательная печь to account for - составлять to contribute - вносить вклад to emit - излучать, испускать cardiovascular - сердечнососудистый

to inhale – вдыхать breathing - дыхание susceptible - восприимчивый occurrence – явление precautions- меры предосторожности respiratory - дыхательный suffocation – удушение to stack on – накапливаться landfill - мусорная яма to oversee – предвидеть to ensure - гарантировать to enforce - вводить severe - суровый, резкий trap - ловушка

 

I. Match the words to their definitions:

a) to release b) breathing c) precaution d) suffocate e) landfill f) incinerator g) to inhale  h) to exaggerate i) legal j) patient

1) to breathe smth through your nose into your lungs 2) to describe smth in a way that makes it seem better, worse, larger or more important 3) smth done to protect people or things against possible harm or trouble 4) to stop holding smth, to let smth spread out 5) a large hole in the ground where waste from people’s homes or from industry is buried 6) smth allowed by the law or legislation 7) the process of taking air into the body and letting it out again 8) to die because you can not breathe 9) a person receiving medical treatment 10) a machine that destroys waste or other material by burning

 

II. Find the synonyms, match them

1) to account for 2) occurrence 3) to release 4) severe 5) to alert 6) require 7) to emit 8) to ensure 9) to foresee 10) to enforce

a) to predict b) to radiate c) to introduce d) guarantee f) constitute g) to set free h) event i) strict j) to warn k) to demand

 

III. Make up all possible collocations:

 

1) to exhaust 2) to implement 3) to oversee 4) volatile 5) to account for 6) to emit 7) severe 8) respiratory 9) to exaggerate 10) to produce

a) substance b) data c) climate d) radiation e) disease f) results g) future h) gas i) measures j) smog

 

IV. Fill in the table. Write adjectives and nouns, add suffixes, if necessary

 

Noun	Adjective
ecology
	dangerous
nature
	safe
globe
environment
variety
industry
	numerous
poison

 

V. Read text 2A and put it in Russian.

Unit 3. Noise Pollution

Words to remember:

disruptive - разрушительный harm - вред residual - осадочный to deteriorate - ухудшать exposure - воздействие hazardous - вредный, опасный loudness - громкость duration - длительность frequency - частота pitch - высота звука ambient - окружающий background - фон abrupt - резкий eardrum - барабанная перепонка

to sustain - выдерживать blood pressure - кровяное давление livestock - домашний скот to disturb - беспокоить disruption - нарушение in addition - кроме, в дополнение breeding - выведение enclosure - ограниченное пространство enforcement - введение jurisdiction - юрисдикция to erase - уничтожать

 

I. Match the words to their definitions:

1) harm 2) exposure 3) frequency 4) background 5) ambient

6) disruption 7) eardrum 8) livestock 9) breeding 10) enclosure

 

a) a piece of tightly stretched skin in your ear that vibrates when sound reaches it

b) the state of being put into the situation in which smth harmful or dangerous might affect you

c) an area surrounded by a fence or wall

d) injury, damage, or problems caused by smth you do

f) a number of times that smth happens during a period of time

g) the process of producing young animals

h) the general situation in which smth happens

i) animals such as cows, pigs, ship that are kept on farms

j) existing or present around you

k) a situation in which smth can not be continued because of a problem

 

II. Find the synonyms:

1) in addition 2) enforcement 3) livestock 4) to sustain 5) to disturb 6) to erase 7) exposure 8) hazardous 9) loudness 10) ambient 11) unexpected

a) cattle b) volume c) to withstand d) surrounding f) to destroy g) to bother h) implementation i) affect j) besides k) sudden l) dangerous

 

III. Make all possible collocations:

noise residual to control to cover harmful to disrupt commercial to include to suffer from environmental to erase

sound protection spectrum frequency accumulation effects communication level disease problem exposure

 

IV. Fill in the table:

 

Verb	adjective
act
rely
	usable
disrupt
attract
	accumulative
compete
	countable
sustain
	comparative

 

V. Read out the text and put it into Russian.

A. Noise Pollution

 

Noise pollution is undesired sound that is disruptive or dangerous and can cause harm to life, nature and property. It is often said that noise differs from other forms of pollution in that, unlike atmospheric pollutants for example noise, leaves no residual accumulation in the environment or the human body. Noise does leave behind its effects, however, and these can deteriorate after continued exposure to harmful sounds.

The hazardous effects of noise depend on its intensity (loudness in decibels), duration, and frequency (high or low). High and low pitch is more damaging than middle frequencies, and white noise covering the entire frequency spectrum is less harmful than noise of a specific pitch. Noise may be ambient (constantly present in the background) or peak (shorter, louder sounds).

Loud, abrupt sounds can harm the eardrum, while sustained sounds at lower volume can damage the middle ear; both types of sounds can cause psychological damage. Noise disrupts sleep and communication, and numerous studies have documented the heart-related, respiratory, neurological, and other physiological effects of noise. Stress, high blood pressure, anger and frustration, lower resistance to disease and infection, circulatory problems, ulcers, asthma, colitis, headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and many other physiological and psychological problems have been linked directly to noise. In addition, children have been shown to suffer from slower language development and disruption of learning as a result of noise. In addition, noise can harm animals and the environment, as well as physical property. Livestock and pets are harmed by noise, as are animals in the wild. Noise can also disturb wildlife feeding and breeding. Noise-related property damage includes structural damage from vibrations inducted by sound waves and economic harm in the form of lower property values. The true social costs of noise pollution also must include monetary losses from sickness, absenteeism, loss of productivity and earning capacity, and much more.

Noise pollution is not new, but it has become more problematic with the developments associated with industrialization and urbanization. Commercial and industrial activities, construction, aircraft, vehicular traffic (highway and off-road), and the rapid increase in the use of machines and other technologies are all associated with noise pollution. Modern household appliances, lawn and gardening equipment are increasingly common sources of noise. Like many other forms of pollution, noise appears to disproportionately affect poor and disadvantaged minority communities, and so is also an environmental justice issue.

Noise pollution can be controlled through reduction at the source, interruption of transmission paths, or protection of the receiver. Reengineering machines and simply turning down volume when possible are the methods of reduction at the source. Barriers, enclosures, and other forms of soundproofing can interrupt transmission paths. The use of hearing protection is the main form of receiver protection. Experts recommend a complex approach, including appropriate training on the use of equipment and enforcement of hearing-protection regulations, and the use of new technologies that reduce noise at the source. Like many other environmental problems, addressing noise pollution is complicated by issues of shared responsibility and jurisdiction, making some conventional economic approaches less effective and inviting new interdisciplinary solutions. New active noise control (ANC) technologies may assist in dealing with noise pollution in the years ahead through the use of digital processors that convert analogue sounds into digital signals, allowing computer-generated “antinoise” to erase sound with sound.

 

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What is noise pollution? 2. What is the difference between noise pollution and other forms of environmental pollution? 3. Does noise pollution affect property and buildings? 4. Can you describe the hazardous effects of noise pollution on people? 5. What do those effects depend upon? 6. What makes noise pollution more problematic nowadays? 7. How can noise pollution be controlled? 8. What measures are taken to reduce the industrial noise pollution?

 

VII. Render the text.

 

VIII. Make up the dialogues for the following situations, using the words given below.

a) Two students are discussing a presentation on sources of noise pollution they are working at.

 

household gadget - домашний прибор vacuum cleaner - пылесос washing machine - стиральная машина air conditioner - кондиционер воздуха to produce - производить to cause - вызывать physical - физический

discomfort - неудобство to enhance - повышать level - уровень deleterious - разрушительный to disturb - беспокоить vehicle - движущееся средство

 

b) An engineer and an ecologist are trying to solve the problem of noise pollution at the building site.

 

to ban - запрещать noise - шум to produce - производить to shift away from - сместить to inhabit - населять area - область  to check - проверять

to enforce - вводить silent - беззвучный, тихий zone - зона to grow trees and plants - выращивать деревья и растения to absorb - поглощать protection - защита

 

 

c) A doctor and a patient living in the industrial district of the city are talking about his health problems.

 

physiological - физиологический  manifestation - проявление anxiety - беспокойство to increase the rate of heart-beat - повышать скорость сердцебиения constriction of blood vessels - сжатие кровеносных сосудов stomach disorder - расстройство желудка

to interfere with - вмешиваться, влиять на behavior - поведение headache - головная боль irritability - раздражительность feeling of fatigue - чувство усталости to decrease - понижать work efficiency - производительность труда

 

IX. Write a talk on noise pollution in Moscow and discuss it in class.

Try to make use of the following expressions:

 

the problem arises in connection with the problem became more acute, it took a new form the study of… is of primary importance it is also important to show that it should never be forgotten that

this example illustrates we have no reliable figures, but it is clear that there is no (little) doubt that it must be admitted that there is another proof that

 

X. Read text 3B and answer the questions below.

3B.Wind turbines "are ruining our health and quality of life"

(By Martin Beckford)

The majority of people leaving near wind turbines believe that the noise they make is ruining their health and quality of life. They also claim that the constant hum and the loud "whooshing" sound made by the blades in high winds is destroying the value of their homes.

A survey of people whose homes are situated within 1,2 miles of turbines has shown that three-quarters of them feel that the noise has damaged their quality of life while four out of five say it has affected their health.

Those who said they were made ill by the sound of the wind farms, which are designed to benefit the environment, described conditions ranging from migraines and palpitations to depression. Three quarters said their sleep was disturbed by the noise and some claimed that they had been forced to stay in bed and breakfasts to get a proper night's rest or to sell their homes at reduced prices to get away from the area.

One of the residents to the survey, carried out by a family doctor, claimed that the noise was "like Chinese water torture", while others said they could "see no future" and "dare not sleep at home".

Dr Amanda Harry, a Plymouth GP who compiled the report after studying the effects of wind turbine noise for several years, wrote: "What this shows is that there are a number of people suffering from the consequences of noise from wind turbines.

"I'm sure that the cases mentioned here are the tip of the iceberg and further independent investigation is required. There is much concern within communities that if one is seen to complain about the noise and if they decide to move away, their properties will be difficult to sell and possibly devalued as a result.

Some wind farms are situated just a few hundred yards from homes but Dr Harry believes that until independent research is carried out, no turbines should be built closer than 1,5 miles from nearest dwelling.

Dr Harry wrote: "There are many people living near wind turbines who are suffering from problems with their health. The noise produced from the wind turbines is an extremely complex one and I feel that it is the complexity of the noise and vibration which causes the disturbance.

"From my discussions with people suffering from ill-health who live near wind farms, it seems that the symptoms suffered can occur up to a mile from the wind farm."

But a spokesman for the British Wind Energy Association said it was just a myth that turbines were noisy. She said that they were aware that people have concerns but they were not aware of any evidence that supports their claims. She added that the unfortunate thing about noise was that it could be a subjective perception. Some people can be more sensitive than others.

The Government commissioned a report into claims that the low-frequency noise emitted by wind turbine generators were affecting people’s health but it found last year that there was no evidence of ill-effects. The report did admit that some wind turbines were responsible for a loud whooshing noise created by a phenomenon known as aerodynamic modulation, but the Department for Trade and Industry insisted that this was present in only five of the 126 wind farms in the UK.

A Government working group on wind turbine noise has also been set up.

ruin, damage – разрушать, причинять ущерб hum – гул migraine - мигрень palpitation – учащенное сердцебиение bed and breakfast – недорогая гостиница, предоставляющая клиентам только номер и завтрак torture - пытка compile - составлять consequence - последствия

concern – интерес, беспокойство subjective perception – субъективное восприятие devalue - обесценивать dwelling - местожительства evidence – доказательство, свидетельство sensitivе - чувствительный

 

1. What are the consequences of wind turbine noise for the people living nearby?

2. What symptoms do the people claim they have?

3. Why does a spokesman for the British Wind Energy Association say it is a "myth"?

4. Why do people have to sell their houses near a wind farm at a reduced price?

 

XI. Summarize the text according to the model:

1. Introduction

Wind farms are designed to benefit the environment as they...

2. However people living nearby claim that...

Dr Amanda Harry reported that not only do the people suffer from... but their property will be possibly... as a result.

 She is sure that the air disturbance is caused by...

3. But according to the British Wind Energy Association...

4. So...

 

XII. Give your opinion on the problem. Use the following word combinations:

As for me, it seems, from my point of view, In my opinion, In conclusion I'd like to say that...

 

XIII. Read the story about people living near a wind farm.

 

The Davis’s Story

A family who live in the shadow of a wind farm in Lincolnshire say they have “lost everything” just because of the noise it makes.

Farmer Julian Davis, his wife Jane and their teenage daughter have already had to rent a separate house to sleep in because they are kept awake by the sound of the eight turbines. They claim their home formerly worth £170000 cannot be solved because it is so blighted by noise pollution but they may abandon it anyway.

Mrs Davis, a former nurse, said they had initially been in favour of the Fenland wind farm, situated 900 yards from their home. But as soon as it began operating, the noise of the huge turbines has left her unable to sleep at home ever since. “You wake with a jump, like your alarm clock’s gone off. It’s normally 4 am and you can’t get back to sleep. She says that when all the turbines work in tandem they can reach a deafening66 decibels (db) – far louder than the acceptable threshold of 35 db. Mrs Davis added that the hum generated by the turbines is so bad that it has even driven the moles away. After unsuccessfully trying earplugs, sleeping tablets and bottles of wine to help her sleep, she and her family began “sofa-surfing” at friends’ homes to gain some respite. Since December they have been spending £650 a month on a house five miles away just for them to sleep in.

Mrs Davis had hoped to retrain as a reflexologist and to build an extension to her home which is in the middle of their arable farmland and which has been in her husband’s family for decades. But she said they have had to scrap their plans. “We are thinking we’re just going to walk away from our home, literally abandoning it.”

 

XIV. Role-play

Student A: You are Dr Amanda Harry. Make a short speech on a meeting in the Ministry of Ecology and Nature Resources showing your position on the subject.

Student B: You are Mr/Mrs Davis living near the Fenland wind farm in Lincolnshire, England. Say why you don't like wind turbines. Describe your symptoms and feelings.

Student C: You are Mrs Brown, the owner of a bed&breakfast 5miles away from the wind farm. Are you for or against such a neighbour. Give your reasons.

Student D: You are a spokesman for the British Wind Energy Association. Make a short speech declaring the position of the Association.

Students E, F, G, H: You are journalists, doctors and Ministry workers. Ask the reporters questions to clarify their position.

Student I: You are an official of the Ministry and the chairman at the meeting. Lead the discussion and give its summary and recommendations at the end of it.

 

XV. Write an essay: How seriously does noise affect your life?

 

XVI. Read text 3C and answer the questions:

D. Diverting Sound

German scientists produce a silence never known before – with an “acoustic cloak.”

 

However much we may wish it, nothing can make noisy neighbours or barking dogs simply disappear. Nevertheless, a new invention does make it possible to deflect disturbing sound waves such that the noise seems not to exist at all.

The principle of this “sound diverter” is similar to the recently developed “invisibility cloak” that uses so-called meta-materials to redirect light beams around and behind an object. When such deflected light waves hit the eye, observers do not see the object between themselves and the background as they usually can, but only the background. Thus, the object seemingly disappears.

In the same way, it now seems that it might be possible in the future to make the noise from the people living next door simply flow around their peace-loving neighbour. Or the redirect the clatter of a freight train away from a village. Of course, in both these hypothetical cases, the noise does not actually go away: it is merely rerouted.

Scientists from Karlruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, have so far succeeded in redirecting sound waves only a level surface – literally around a coin. It will take a while before this ‘acoustic cloak’ can function in large spaces, as ‘real’ noise spreads out in three dimensions. Moreover, test have only been carried out only on a small part of the entire frequency spectrum – from about 20 to 20,000 hertz – that is audible to the human ear.

 

Unit 4. Safety Engineering

 

Words to remember:

 

safety - безопасность responsible - ответственный injury - повреждение variety - разнообразие insurance - страхование  to employ - нанимать to assist - помогать duty - долг, обязанность plant - завод to develop - разрабатывать broad - широкий procedure - методика to record - записывать, регистрировать to point out - указывать  hazardous - рискованный to suggest - предлагать layout - оборудование, расположение инструментов to draw up - разрабатывать maintenance - ремонт habit - привычка be in charge of - быть ответственным entire - весь, целый eventually - в конце концов executive - исполнительный

advancement - продвижение to depend on - зависеть от experience - опыт to investigate - расследовать accident - происшествие, несчастный случай emergency - критическое положение, крайняя необходимость precaution - мера предосторожности to convince - убеждать measure - мера in addition to - помимо, кроме area - область, площадь management - управление law - закон psychology - психология to solve - решать loss - потеря property - имущество damage - ущерб to eliminate - исключать to store - хранить, накапливать construction - строительство

 

I. Match the words to their definitions:

 

1) safety 2) injury 3) procedure 4) duty 5) plant 6) measure 7) management 8) executive 9) emergency 10) responsible

a) a senior manager in a business or other organization b) an unexpected situation involving danger c) the fact that smth is harmless to do or use d) physical damage done to a person or to a part of their body f) to be in charge of smth at work or some other situations g) a way of doing smth, especially the correct or usual way h) the control and operation of a business or organization i) a legal or moral obligation j) an action that is intended to achieve or deal with smth k) a factory that produces power or processes smth

II. Find the synonyms:

 

1) to employ 2) to assist 3) plant 4) broad 5) hazardous 6) entire 7) eventually 8) measure 9) to be in charge of 10) to suggest

a) risky b) finally c) to offer d) step f) to help g) to be responsible for h) to hire i) factory j) wide k) whole

 

III. Find the antonyms:

 

safety to employ broad entire advancement to convince variety responsible loss to store

to spend gain careless danger regress narrow to talk out scarcity partial to dismiss

 

IV. Make all possible collocations:

 

1) to be responsible for 2) safety 3) insurance 4) to assist 5) to suggest 6) entire 7) to eliminate 8) manufacturing 9) to point out 10) to investigate

a) company b) data c) engineer d) accident f) equipment g) programme h) risk i) collegue j) procedure k) change

 

V. Fill in the table:

 

Verb	Personal noun
employ
	indicator
assist
	creator
investigate
develop
manage
	executive
advice
regulate

 

VI. Read out the text and put it into Russian.

Safety Engineer At Work

 

Safety engineers are responsible for keeping people free from danger, risk or injury in the workplace. Safety engineers work for a wide variety of industrial, insurance and commercial companies. Others are employed by government agencies or safety organizations. Still others teach in colleges and universities or work as independent consultants.

Safety engineers often have other titles, such as director of safety, safety manager, or safety coordinator. Sometimes technicians assist them. The duties of safety engineers vary depending on where they work. Engineers employed in large manufacturing plants often develop broad safety programmes. They study the buildings, equipment, procedures and records of accidents in their plant and point out safety hazards. They may suggest ways to fix unsafe structures or recommend changes in the layout of the plant. Sometimes they draw up plans for the regular maintenance of machinery or teach safe work habits to managers and workers.

In large manufacturing companies, for example, safety engineers can become managers in charge of safety for a large department, an entire plant, or a group of plants. In an insurance company, safety engineers can be advanced to department head, branch manager, and eventually executive. Their advancement depends on education, experience and the industry. Some start their own consulting firms.

Safety engineers spend much of their time reviewing and inspecting on-site safety conditions and investigating accidents. They also have an office in which they analyze data and write reports. They may have to do some traveling to worksites, conferences, and seminars.

Safety engineers generally work nine-to-five. In many cases, longer hours are necessary. Manufacturing plants may require some shift work. Sometimes safety engineers have to answer unexpected emergency calls. There may be some danger involved in their work, but safety precautions minimize danger.

Safety engineers often meet with clients, workers, and managers. They must be able to convince these people of the need for safety measures. In addition to knowledge of the engineering problems involved in keeping work areas and other public places free from hazards, safety engineers need to have a good knowledge of management methods, safety laws, and industrial psychology. They should be good at solving professional problems.

Safety engineers develop safety regulations to minimize losses due to injuries and property damage. They try to eliminate unsafe practices and conditions in industrial plants, mines, and stores, as well as on construction sites and throughout transportation systems.

 

VII. Answer the questions:

1. What are safety engineers responsible for? 2. Where do they usually work? 3. Could you describe the duties of safety engineers at work? 4. Is it easy to be advanced in their careers for safety engineers? What does it depend on? 5. How can workers be kept from danger, risk or injury in the workplace? 6. What are the working conditions for safety engineers? 7. If you are going to become a safety engineer, why did you choose this profession?

 

VIII. Retell the text.

 

IX. Make up the dialogues for the following situations, using the words given below.

a) A safety engineer is discussing his duties with his boss at a new job.

safety - безопасность equipment - оборудование to identify - определять to monitor - наблюдать to review - просматривать to obtain - получать to determine - определять

requirement - требование to interpret - объяснять  testing - испытание to conduct - проводить to provide - обеспечивать guidance - управление to install - устанавливать

 

b) Two safety engineers are speaking about the causes of an accident at the plant.

to investigate - расследовать to cause - вызывать to determine - определять report - отчет findings - данные to check - проверять machinery - оборудование

to apply - применять responsibility - ответственность to ensure - гарантировать hospital - больница sick leave - больничный лист treatment - лечение

 

X. You work at The Human Resources Department at a plant. You try to summarize the problems of education and looking for a job for safety engineers for the annual report.

Try to make use of the following expressions:

 

the problem is raised in connection with to turn attention to a new problem to be confronted with the difficulties the problem of… is very complex it is worth pointing out that it would be interesting to mention that

one may point to numerous examples, where the figures afford a typical picture of it may be suggested that it is evident that

 

Дополнительные тексты

Around the Globe

A Dam Too Far

Heavenly Help

Заключение

 

Учебное пособие разработано преподавателями кафедры “Английский язык для машиностроительных специальностей” в соответствии с требованиями государственного стандарта по курсу “Иностранный язык для технических вузов’’.

В учебном пособии рассмотрены актуальные темы для изучения студентами в техническом вузе в рамках тематики «Экология и промышленная безопасность», введена основная лексика, предложены задания по темам “Water Pollution”, “Air Pollution”, “Noise Pollution”, “Safety Engineering”. Представленные материалы модулей готовят студентов к восприятию расширенного курса английского языка соответствующей специализации в МГТУ.

Лексика модулей способствует более глубокому обучению использования языковых навыков, формированию межпредметных связей, развитию интереса и творческого подхода студентов к изучению английского языка и предметов их профессиональной ориентации.

 

Список литературы:

 

1. Мюллер В.К. Полный англо-русский русско-английский словарь. Complete English-Russian Russian-English Dictionary. М.: Эксмо. Библиотека словарей Мюллера, 2015.

2. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2015

3. MAIL Online [Электронный ресурс]: ежедневная газета Великобритании. – Режим доступа - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/article-4031114/Clarifications-corrections.html.

4.  THEGUARDIAN [Электронный ресурс]: ежедневная газета Великобритании. - Режим доступа: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/30/2016-concentration-camp-ice-dance-russian-tv-life-is-beautiful.

5. THE TIMES [Электронный ресурс]: ежедневная газета Великобритании. – режим доступа: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thousands-of-lotto-accounts-are-hacked-rgs6kwrtb.

 

 

Введение

 

Данное пособие предназначено для работы на семинарских занятиях по английскому языку со студентами старших курсов технических университетов с целью обогащения словарного запаса и развития коммуникативных навыков по теме “Экология”. Пособие содержит материалы для изучения английского языка для профессиональных целей.

Пособие состоит из четырех основных модулей и одного дополнительного. В основную часть вошли следующие модули: “Water Pollution”, “Air Pollution”, “Noise Pollution”, “Safety Engineering”. Дополнительный модуль “Around The World” содержит тексты для  самостоятельного чтения и обсуждения. Каждый модуль содержит аутентичные тексты, лексические и коммуникативные упражнения, задания для развития навыков устной и письменной речи. В предисловии даны методические указания по работе с данным пособием, разъясняются виды заданий и их конечная цель, которая должна быть достигнута учащимися в процессе обучения. Для расширения кругозора студентов используются задания, непосредственно связанные с современными проблемами экологической безопасности и защиты окружающей среды.

Актуальность данного пособия обусловлена современными требованиями к преподаванию иностранного языка в связи с коммуникативной направленностью в обучении, базовыми принципами которой являются: активное участие студентов в видах деятельности, имитирующих реальные ситуации, для принятия решения, выражения собственных мыслей по теме в совместной работе студентов в ходе проведения круглых столов, презентациях и дискуссиях.

Практическая значимость данного пособия заключается в формировании коммуникативной компетенции студентов по перечисленным темам. Формированию данной компетенции способствует преобладание проблемно-речевых и творческих упражнений, использование ролевых игр для создания ситуаций общения, для быстрого реагирования в процессе коммуникации, для создания психологической готовности к реальному иноязычному общению в различных профессиональных ситуациях. Задания и упражнения охватывают основные темы предмета “Экология” и позволяют студентам расширить их языковые знания и умения в данной области. Учебное пособие может быть использовано в качестве основного материала курса по иностранному языку по специальности “Экология и промышленная безопасность” или в качестве дополнительного материала при обучении английскому языку для других технических специальностей.

Материалы учебного пособия полностью соответствуют современным требованиям к изучению иностранного языка в технических вузах. Каждый модуль имеет тематический словарь и тексты по конкретным разделам промышленной экологии.

Unit 1. Water Pollution

 

Words to remember:

 

contamination - загрязнение waste - отходы to discharge - выбрасывать to render - становиться, делать to signify - означать lake - озеро stream - ручей sewage - сточные воды effluent - поток, сток acid - кислота alkali - щелочь grease - жир dye - краситель to dissolve - растворять

suspended - взвешенный (о частицах) mercury - ртуть lead - свинец sulfur - сера to assess - оценивать sodium - натрий arsenic - мышьяк liver - печень to facilitate - облегчать qualitative - качественный quantitative - количественный to enhance - повышать  to implement - внедрять

 

I. Match the words to their definitions:

 

a) wastes b) to dissolve c) lake d) contamination e) to assess f) to signify g) effluent h) to discharge i) dye j) criteria k) to classify

1) a substance used for changing a colour 2) to mean or to be a symbol of something 3) useless materials, substances or parts, that are left after using something 4) a large body of water surrounded by land 5) liquid waste or sewage from a factory 6) to let liquid or gas leave 7) to make a mixture of a substance into a liquid 8) standards that are used for judging smth 9) to consider a situation or a problem 10) carefully, to calculate 11) to put people or things into particular groups

 

II. Find the synonyms; match them

1) contamination 2) grease 3) stream 4) to dissolve 5) to assess 6) to facilitate 7) to enhance 8) to implement 9) to discharge 10) to signify 11) to render

a) to ease b) to mean c) a small river d) to mix into the liquid e) to estimate f) to improve g) fat h) to unload i) to carry out j) pollution k) to become

 

III. Make up all possible collocations:

 

to dissolve water to assess surrounding agricultural to enhance to facilitate industrial to discharge to implement

atmosphere wastes pollutants situation results contamination effect standards quality quantity

 

IV. Fill in the table. Write verbs and nouns, add suffixes, if necessary

 

Verb	Noun
pollute
implement
	discharge
signify
	emission
	contamination
determine
assess
	design
develop

 

 

V. Read text 1A and put it in Russian

 

Text 1A. Industrial Water Pollution

 

Pollution refers to contamination of the environment by harmful and waste materials, which brings about a significant change in the quality of the surrounding atmosphere. Environmental pollution can be classified as air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.

Water pollution results from the discharge of harmful chemicals and compounds in water, which leaves the water unsuitable for drinking and other purposes. This renders the water useless for humans, and also endangers aquatic life.

Industrial water pollution is caused by emission of domestic or urban sewage, agricultural wastes, pollutants and industrial effluents into water bodies. Nowadays, its main source is the water material discharged by industrial units. Waste materials like acids, alkalis, toxic metals, oil, grease, dyes, pesticides and even radioactive materials are poured into the water bodies by many industrial units. Some other important pollutants include polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, lubricants and hot water discharged by water plants. The pollutants unloaded into the water bodies usually dissolve or remain suspended in water. Sometimes, they also accumulate on the bottom of the water bodies.

The industrial effluents contain pollutants like asbestos, phosphates, mercury, lead, nitrates, sulfur, sulfuric acid, oil and many other poisonous materials. In many countries, industrial water is not treated adequately before discharging it into rivers or lakes. This is particularly true in the case of small-scale industries that do not have sufficient capital to invest in pollution control equipment.

In many instances, the research and studies carried out to determine the toxicity of these pollutants are focused on the individual effect of the toxic elements. Therefore, sometimes these studies lead to an underestimation of the total toxicity of these harmful materials. Besides, their toxicity is assessed with the help of tests carried out on bacteria, which also fails into account the accurate toxic effects on the organism.

These harmful pollutants are a major contributor to many grave diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis, dysentery and salmonellosis. Besides, many of the pollutants are also carcinogenic i.e. they can cause cancer. Some pollutants like sodium can cause cardiovascular diseases, while mercury and lead cause nervous disorders. DDT is another toxic material which can cause chromosomal changes.

Excess fluoride in water may damage the spinal cord, while arsenic can cause significant damage to the liver and the nervous system. In addition to all these, organic compounds present in the polluted water facilitate the growth of algae and other weeds, which in turn use more oxygen dissolved in the water. This reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water and the consequent shortage of oxygen for other aquatic life.

Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled through effluent standards and discharge permits. Under this system, discharge permits are issued with limits on the quantity and quality of effluents. Water-quality standards are sets of qualitative and quantitative criteria designed to maintain or enhance the quality of receiving waters. Criteria can be developed and implemented to protect aquatic life against acute and chronic effects and to safeguard humans against deleterious health effects, including cancer.

 

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What is water pollution caused by? 2. What are the most common water pollutants? 3. Where do water contaminants usually accumulate? 4. What do the studies of water pollution aim at? What problems do they have? 5. Why is industrial water not treated adequately in many countries? 6. What diseases can water pollutants cause? 7. How do water contaminants influence nature? 8. How can industrial water pollution be controlled?

 

VII. Render the text.

 

VIII. Make up the dialogues for the following situations, using the words given below.

a) Two students are discussing the papers they found for а report on the global water pollution, which they are going to present in class.

 

to suffer - страдать to cause - вызывать developing country -развивающаяся страна developed country - развитая страна organic wastes - органические отходы toxic chemical - ядовитый химикат

to lack - нуждаться to influence - влиять approach - подход cooperation – сотрудничество nutrient - питательное вещество sediment - осадок mineral - минерал

 

b) An engineer and an ecologist are talking about the system of water treatment at the chemical plant.

 

to purify – очищать to supply - снабжать to meet the quality - отвечать качеству requirement - требование to reduce - уменьшать to improve - улучшать

consumption - потребление filtration - фильтрование sedimentation - осаждение to remove - удалять sand - песок particle - частица bacteria - бактерии

 

c) A doctor and a patient are speaking about health problems, which result from bathing in lakes and rivers near industrial plants.

 

dangerous - опасный threat - угроза to cause - вызывать to influence - влиять to destroy - разрушать to avoid - избегать to take care - заботиться

chemical - химикат carcinogenic - канцерогенный nervous disorder - нервное расстройство devastating - разрушительный unsuitable - неподходящий

 

IX. Compose a talk on industrial water pollution in Europe and discuss it in class.

Try to make use of the following expressions:

the current interest in the problem lies in

 to consider in detail the problem of

the actual range of the problem is much wider

 much more serious is the question of

to lay special emphasis on

 a characteristic example of this is

it is obvious (clear) that

 all the figures are based on

 it leaves no doubt that

it should always be born in mind

 

X. Read text 1B and answer the questions below it.