Stimulated, idealized, based, accentuated, subdued.

Stimulated, idealized, based, accentuated, subdued.

2. От каких слов образованы следующие существительные:

Depth, breadth, dampness

Приведите другие примеры образования существительных в английском языке.

3. Выделите корень в слове unmistakable. Приведите свои примеры образования прилагательных с отрицательным значением.

П. Выпишите из текста предложения со словами, характеризующими английский пейзаж: moors, streams, marshy ponds, thickets, dampness. Переведите эти предложения письменно.

Ш. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. When and where did an independent school of painting begin to develop?

2. What stimulated that process?

3. Did the new school influence continental European painting?

4. Who made genre painting very popular?

5. What elements were characteristic of the classical landscape?

6. Did they remain in the new European landscape?

Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

 

1. before long – вскоре, (сравн. long before – задолго до)

2. at least – по крайней мере

3. pioneering influence – первостепенное (очень важное) значение

4. to articulate – (здесь - ясно показывать

5. increasingly – все более

6. veristic – от verity – «истина, правда»

7. to accentuate – подчеркивать

8. vegetal – растительный (сравн. floral)

 

William Turner

In the works of William Turner (b. London, 1775; d. Chelsea, 1851), English Romantic landscape painting attained a pictorial language that may be seen to anticipate Impressionism. Especially in his later pictures, which are reductive whirls of colour, Turner seems less intent on depicting actual landscapes than on expressing emotional moods materialized in nature. Turner’s depiction of conflicting elemental forces reflect a peculiar alteration between concentration and dissolution in his use of color and light. His painting Ostend, exhibited in 1844 at the Royal Academy, London, at first sight appears to be a composition of pure color. Only on closer inspection does a dramatic scene reveal itself. Beneath an endless sky, overcast with scudding clouds, two tiny sailboats struggle on a storm-tossed sea to reach the safety of the harbor mole. With gestures of fear, a number of figures on the mole follow this battle between man and the elements. In this work, man is portrayed as a creature at the mercy of nature, whether vehemently resisting it or accepting it with equanimity as his fate.

 

I. Грамматические задания.

1. В этом тексте дважды встречается сложная инфинитивная конструкция – субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее). Выпишите предложения, в которых он употреблен и письменно переведите их на русский язык.

Пример такого оборота: She was said to be a highly educated woman.

Возможны два перевода данного предложения: а) Говорят, что она была весьма образованной женщиной. в) Она, как говорят, была…

Подробно эта конструкция рассматривается в разделе «Инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты». Обязательно ознакомьтесь с этим разделом в рекомендованных пособиях по грамматике английского языка.

2. Какова функция глагола «does» в предложении «Only on closer inspection does a dramatic scene…)? Переведите это предложение письменно.

Грамматическая справка. Глагол «do (does, did») имеет несколько значений:

а. Смысловой глагол со значением «делать, совершать»:

Who did it?

в. Вспомогательный глагол для образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы во временах группы Indefinitе:

- Does he often visit art galleries?

-I don`t think so.

c. Перед смысловым глаголом в утвердительных предложениях употребляется для усиления его значения (на русский язык переводится с помощью дополнительных слов «ведь, все-таки» и т.п. или путем перестройки всего предложения.

- He doesn`t know about it, I`m afraid.

- Oh, he does. He does know about it.

3. Как образовано прилагательное «endless»? Приведите другие примеры подобного словообразования.

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

Was Turner a romantic landscape painter?

What can be felt in his pictorial language?

Did Turner depict actual landscapes in his later pictures?

How did the painter treat colour and light in his works?

Can you see at once a dramatic scene in the painting «Ostend»?

Describe the scene.

III. Знаете ли вы следующие слова?

to attain

to anticipate

to exhibit

to be intent on smth.

to reveal

to reflect

to resist

to accept

to follow – (зд. следить, наблюдать за чем-либо)

to struggle

to portray

creature

equanimity

dissolution

fate

vehemently

Обратите внимание на следующие словосочетания:

whirls of colour

at first sight

on closer inspection

a (great) number of

the elements = elemental forces – силы природы

at the mercy of nature – на милость природы

 

Переведите предпоследнее предложение письменно, обращая особое внимание на прилагательные, используемые для описания природы: endless sky, scudding clouds, astorm - tossed sea.

John Constable

John Constable (b. East Bergholt, 1776; d. London, 1837) never traveled outside England. Although he studied at the Royal Academy, he was largely self-taught. His lifelong efforts at capturing the full range of nature in his pictures reveal the influence of 17^th-century Dutch landscape painting on him.

Dedham Vale Seen from East Bergholt presents a broad, hilly, cultivated landscape interspersed with bushes and a number of trees. The mood of the scene is set by the sky with its heavy clouds. Constable depicts what is, in conventional terms, an unimportant detail of the landscape from his native Suffolk (on the flat east coast of England). The special attraction of this oil sketch is the spontaneity and candour of the view, which forgoes common compositional and scenic effects without abandoning its special vision of the world as a harmonious cosmos. In this context, the church tower of Dedham, which is a recurring feature in Constable’s landscapes, becomes a symbol of God. In view of the different treatments of the foreground, background, and sky, Constable’s authorship of this picture has been questioned. What is likely, however, is that he worked on the landscape at different periods of his creative life, or that he differentiated his treatment of the various areas, as he later did, or many occasions, in his mature work. With his large-scale, elaborately worked landscapes, Constable attracted great attention at the 1824 Salon in Paris and became an influential figure for the painters of the Barbizon School and, later Impressionists.

 

I. Грамматические задания

1. Выпишите из текста предложения, в которых есть слова с окончанием – ed, определите их функцию и значение и переведите предложения.

(traveled, studied, cultivated, interspersed, questioned, worked (1), differentiated, worked (2), attracted)

 

2. Следующие прилагательные являются сложными словами: self - taught, life - long, large - scale.

Как они образованы и как лучше перевести их на русский язык?

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

What countries did John Constable go to?

Who helped him to become a professional painter?

What influenced his picturesque style?

 What can you say about the sky in the landscape «Dedham Vale…»?

Why is this oil sketch especially attractive?

Was Constable a religious man? Why do you think so?

Where were Constable`s works exhibited in 1824?

Why did Constable become so influential for the Impressionists?

III. Переведите и запомните следующие слова:

To capture

To reveal

To depict

To intersperse

To abandon

To question

Effort

Candour

Treatment

Background

Foreground

Authorship

Conventional

Recurring

Обратите внимание на следующие словосочетания:

Lifelong efforts

In conventional terms

On many occasions

The British Empire

During the nineteenth century, Britain built up an empire of colonies which stretched into every continent. There were colonies or settlements in China, India, Africa, South America, the West Indies (the Carribian), Canada and Australasia. Maps of the world used the colour red to show the countries which were part of the British Empire and by 1914 a quarter of the countries in the world were coloured red on the maps. It was said that the sun never set on the British Empire, because at any time of day the sun was always shining on a British colony somewhere in the world.

Australia was discovered by Captain Cook, a British explorer, and was first used as a prison – criminals were sent to the new colony from Britain as a severe punishment. British explorers and missionaries opened up the route to Africa. Africa became very important for European and American merchants who bought and sold Africans as slaves. These slaves were shipped to the West Indies and North America to work on sugar, cotton and tobacco plantations. The cotton, sugar and tobacco were traded in London, and today London remains one of the most important centres for trading commodities. The profits of the slave trade were invested in banks and in industry, and were used to build railway and other transport systems in Britain. The trade from its colonies provided money for industrial development, and Britain became richer and more powerful.

India was a rich source of raw materials such as spices, diamond, rubber, tea and coffee. Britain could also sell manufactured products to India, and so profits from the trade with India were very important for Britain’s industrial development in the nineteenth century. Britain wanted India for itself, and called it the «Jewel in the Crown», in other words, the most precious possession in the Empire. British ships controlled the sea route to India, and countries on the route were carefully watched. This is why places such as South Africa and the Suez Canal (in Egypt) were important to the British. Britain needed to control these places to keep the route to India safe, and so protect trade.

 If you visit India today, you will constantly be reminded of its past British connection. If you drink a cup of tea in England, think of India, and you will now understand why many British schools serve Indian food in the canteen at lunchtime, because a big empire leads to an exchange of habits, customs and people.

Today, almost all of the original countries of the Empire have gained their independence from Britain. Many agreed to stay together as a «family», in a union of countries called the Commonwealth. They share a history, the English language, common traditions and sporting ties.

Vocabulary:

to stretch                          - простираться

settlement                         - поселение

to discover                        - открывать

to explore                         - исследовать 

prison                               - тюрьма

severe punishment            - суровое наказание

merchant                           - купец

to ship                               - перевозить

trade                                 - торговля

to remain                          - оставаться

commodities                      - товары

profit                                 - прибыль

to provide                          - обеспечивать, давать

raw materials        - сырье

spices                                 - пряности

rubber                              - каучук

jewel                                  - драгоценный камень, алмаз

precious                             - драгоценный

to watch                             - следить за, наблюдать

canteen                              - столовая (в школе, колледже и пр.)

exchange                           - обмен

habits                                - привычки

customs                              - обычаи

Text 2. Read and answer:

Do the people of Eire hold British passports?

Is Scotland part of the UK?

Is Northern Ireland part of Great Britain?

 

Physical features

The United Kingdom (or the UK) is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It lies on the British Isles which is the geographical name for all the islands off the north-west of Europe. These islands also include the Republic of Ireland (Eire), which is politically independent of the British government. Many people refer to the inhabitants of the British Isles as «the English», but England is only one of the countries. Britain is actually four countries in one – England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The UK is the political name for those countries which share a parliament in London. All of them were at one time independent kingdoms with their own monarch. Now they are all part of the same kingdom and share the same monarch. The peoples of these countries are British subjects, they hold British passports and therefore their nationality is British.

Each country offers something quite different in the way of traditions, history, its people and their languages. All the countries except England have a second language inherited from the invaders in the distant past, Welsh being the one that is perhaps still spoken and sung most.

Britain is divided into 53 areas called counties. The counties around the capital, London, are known as the Home Counties. Different parts of Britain are often described in terms of compass points. A person may say, «I`m from the Midlands». Or it is possible to refer to an area in terms of its geographical features, for example, «The Lake District» or «The Welsh Valleys».

Vocabulary:

to include                - включать

to depend                - зависеть

independent                - независимый

to refer to                - ссылаться на, называть

inhabitants              - жители, население

actually                   - фактически, в действительности

to share                       - пользоваться совместно, иметь что-либо общее

subjects                   - субъекты, подданные

to hold                     - держать, (зд. «иметь»)

therefore                      - следовательно, поэтому

to inherit                  - получить в наследство, наследовать

invader                    - захватчик

in terms of               - используя, через (понятия), с точки зрения

 

Text 3. The British climate

Round Britain Quiz

A. four b. three c. five

Text 4. Customs and habits

Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange behaviour of the inhabitants. One of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your turn in the queue. The other people in the queue will probably complain loudly! Drivers in cars can become quite aggressive if they think you are jumping the queue in a traffic jam. People respond to queue jumping in an emotional way. Newspapers headlines describe anger at people who pay to bypass a hospital waiting list to get an operation more quickly. Queuing is a national habit and it is considered polite or good manners to wait your turn.

In recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer British people now smoke. Many companies have banned smoking from their offices and canteens. It is becoming less and less acceptable to smoke in a public place. Smoking is now banned on the London Underground, in cinemas and most buses, and there are special smokers` carriages on trains. It is considered rude – or bad manners – to smoke in someone`s house without asking «Do you mind if I smoke?». Public minds are reflected in «Lonely Hearts`» columns, where people advertise for non-smoking partners, and in advertisements for flats or houses to rent.

On the other hand, in some countries it is considered bad manners to eat in the street, whereas in Britain it is common to see people having a snack whilst walking down the road, especially at lunchtime. Britons may be surprised to see young children in restaurants in the evenings because children are not usually taken out to restaurants late at night and, if they make a noise in public or in a restaurant, it is considered very rude. In Victorian times it used to be said that «Children should be seen and not heard», since children did not participate at all in public life. In recent years children are playing a more active role and they are now accepted in many pubs and restaurants.

Good and bad manners make up the social rules of a country and are not always easy to learn because they are often not written down in books. These rules may also change as the society develops; for example, women did not go into pubs at the beginning of the twentieth century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a woman. Now women are fully integrated into public life.

We may think that someone from a different country is being rude when their behaviour would perfectly innocent in their own country. Social rules are an important part of our culture as they are passed down through history. The British have an expression for following these «unwritten rules»: «When in Rome, do as the Romans do». Do we have a similar expression in this country?

 

Грамматическое задание: обратите внимание на выделенные слова. Какой частью речи они являются? Чем отличаются их формы? Воспользуйтесь грамматическим справочником по английскому языку.

 

Vocabulary:

behaviour                                - поведение

inhabitant                                - житель

turn                                         - черед

queue                                      - очередь

to jump the queue                   - не соблюдать очередь

to complain                             - жаловаться

to bypass a waiting list           - пройти вне очереди

to receive bad publicity          - получить отрицательную огласку

public minds                           - (зд.) настроение общества

on the other hand                    - с другой стороны

it is considered bad manners  - считается дурным тоном

whilst walking down the road - идя, прогуливаясь по улице

it used to be said                     - когда-то говорили

to participate                           - принимать участие

to accept                                    - допускать, впускать, принимать

respectable                              - приличный, уважаемый

perfectly innocent                   - совершенно нормально, прилично

Some more facts about the UK:

 

The name Great Britain has been used since 1707 to denote the political union of England, Scotland, and Wales. Great Britain includes the Isle of Man and Channel Islands, as well as the province of Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is a monarchy but the powers of the king (now queen Elizabeth II) are limited by the British Parliament. In Britain they look at the Queen not only as their head of state, but also as the «symbol of their nation`s unity». The royal title in the UK is: «Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realm and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith».

The British Parliament consists of two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Everything in the country officially is done in the name of the Queen but the Prime Minister is responsible for the policy conducted by Parliament. The Prime Minister lives and works in the official residence №. 10 Downing Street, London.

 

Area: 244,046 square km

Population:56 mln people

Capital: London

London, Birmingham and Glasgow are the major cities.

 

stimulated, idealized, based, accentuated, subdued.

2. От каких слов образованы следующие существительные:

Depth, breadth, dampness

Приведите другие примеры образования существительных в английском языке.

3. Выделите корень в слове unmistakable. Приведите свои примеры образования прилагательных с отрицательным значением.

П. Выпишите из текста предложения со словами, характеризующими английский пейзаж: moors, streams, marshy ponds, thickets, dampness. Переведите эти предложения письменно.

Ш. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. When and where did an independent school of painting begin to develop?

2. What stimulated that process?

3. Did the new school influence continental European painting?

4. Who made genre painting very popular?

5. What elements were characteristic of the classical landscape?

6. Did they remain in the new European landscape?

Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

 

1. before long – вскоре, (сравн. long before – задолго до)

2. at least – по крайней мере

3. pioneering influence – первостепенное (очень важное) значение

4. to articulate – (здесь - ясно показывать

5. increasingly – все более

6. veristic – от verity – «истина, правда»

7. to accentuate – подчеркивать

8. vegetal – растительный (сравн. floral)

 

William Turner

In the works of William Turner (b. London, 1775; d. Chelsea, 1851), English Romantic landscape painting attained a pictorial language that may be seen to anticipate Impressionism. Especially in his later pictures, which are reductive whirls of colour, Turner seems less intent on depicting actual landscapes than on expressing emotional moods materialized in nature. Turner’s depiction of conflicting elemental forces reflect a peculiar alteration between concentration and dissolution in his use of color and light. His painting Ostend, exhibited in 1844 at the Royal Academy, London, at first sight appears to be a composition of pure color. Only on closer inspection does a dramatic scene reveal itself. Beneath an endless sky, overcast with scudding clouds, two tiny sailboats struggle on a storm-tossed sea to reach the safety of the harbor mole. With gestures of fear, a number of figures on the mole follow this battle between man and the elements. In this work, man is portrayed as a creature at the mercy of nature, whether vehemently resisting it or accepting it with equanimity as his fate.

 

I. Грамматические задания.

1. В этом тексте дважды встречается сложная инфинитивная конструкция – субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее). Выпишите предложения, в которых он употреблен и письменно переведите их на русский язык.

Пример такого оборота: She was said to be a highly educated woman.

Возможны два перевода данного предложения: а) Говорят, что она была весьма образованной женщиной. в) Она, как говорят, была…

Подробно эта конструкция рассматривается в разделе «Инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты». Обязательно ознакомьтесь с этим разделом в рекомендованных пособиях по грамматике английского языка.

2. Какова функция глагола «does» в предложении «Only on closer inspection does a dramatic scene…)? Переведите это предложение письменно.

Грамматическая справка. Глагол «do (does, did») имеет несколько значений:

а. Смысловой глагол со значением «делать, совершать»:

Who did it?

в. Вспомогательный глагол для образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы во временах группы Indefinitе:

- Does he often visit art galleries?

-I don`t think so.

c. Перед смысловым глаголом в утвердительных предложениях употребляется для усиления его значения (на русский язык переводится с помощью дополнительных слов «ведь, все-таки» и т.п. или путем перестройки всего предложения.

- He doesn`t know about it, I`m afraid.

- Oh, he does. He does know about it.

3. Как образовано прилагательное «endless»? Приведите другие примеры подобного словообразования.

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

Was Turner a romantic landscape painter?

What can be felt in his pictorial language?

Did Turner depict actual landscapes in his later pictures?

How did the painter treat colour and light in his works?

Can you see at once a dramatic scene in the painting «Ostend»?

Describe the scene.

III. Знаете ли вы следующие слова?

to attain

to anticipate

to exhibit

to be intent on smth.

to reveal

to reflect

to resist

to accept

to follow – (зд. следить, наблюдать за чем-либо)

to struggle

to portray

creature

equanimity

dissolution

fate

vehemently

Обратите внимание на следующие словосочетания:

whirls of colour

at first sight

on closer inspection

a (great) number of

the elements = elemental forces – силы природы

at the mercy of nature – на милость природы

 

Переведите предпоследнее предложение письменно, обращая особое внимание на прилагательные, используемые для описания природы: endless sky, scudding clouds, astorm - tossed sea.

John Constable

John Constable (b. East Bergholt, 1776; d. London, 1837) never traveled outside England. Although he studied at the Royal Academy, he was largely self-taught. His lifelong efforts at capturing the full range of nature in his pictures reveal the influence of 17^th-century Dutch landscape painting on him.

Dedham Vale Seen from East Bergholt presents a broad, hilly, cultivated landscape interspersed with bushes and a number of trees. The mood of the scene is set by the sky with its heavy clouds. Constable depicts what is, in conventional terms, an unimportant detail of the landscape from his native Suffolk (on the flat east coast of England). The special attraction of this oil sketch is the spontaneity and candour of the view, which forgoes common compositional and scenic effects without abandoning its special vision of the world as a harmonious cosmos. In this context, the church tower of Dedham, which is a recurring feature in Constable’s landscapes, becomes a symbol of God. In view of the different treatments of the foreground, background, and sky, Constable’s authorship of this picture has been questioned. What is likely, however, is that he worked on the landscape at different periods of his creative life, or that he differentiated his treatment of the various areas, as he later did, or many occasions, in his mature work. With his large-scale, elaborately worked landscapes, Constable attracted great attention at the 1824 Salon in Paris and became an influential figure for the painters of the Barbizon School and, later Impressionists.

 

I. Грамматические задания

1. Выпишите из текста предложения, в которых есть слова с окончанием – ed, определите их функцию и значение и переведите предложения.

(traveled, studied, cultivated, interspersed, questioned, worked (1), differentiated, worked (2), attracted)

 

2. Следующие прилагательные являются сложными словами: self - taught, life - long, large - scale.

Как они образованы и как лучше перевести их на русский язык?

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

What countries did John Constable go to?

Who helped him to become a professional painter?

What influenced his picturesque style?

 What can you say about the sky in the landscape «Dedham Vale…»?

Why is this oil sketch especially attractive?

Was Constable a religious man? Why do you think so?

Where were Constable`s works exhibited in 1824?

Why did Constable become so influential for the Impressionists?

III. Переведите и запомните следующие слова:

To capture

To reveal

To depict

To intersperse

To abandon

To question

Effort

Candour

Treatment

Background

Foreground

Authorship

Conventional

Recurring

Обратите внимание на следующие словосочетания:

Lifelong efforts

In conventional terms