What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?

Programmers needed to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it.

 

Why were the first programs «complex» and «time- consuming»?

Every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program

What are the basic functions of operating system?

Operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

 

What does the abbreviation DOS mean?

DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system

 

What company developed the first version of DOS operating system?

DOS was first developed by a company named Microsoft

 

What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS- DOS

When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

 

What does the abbreviation NT stand for?

The abbreviation NT stands for new technology.

 

What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows - multiple users to access the system. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible.

 

Вариант 5

 

I.

International trade has always been important to Britain but its importance has increased markedly in recent years. Exports of goods and services now account for nearly a third of gross domestic product, compared with almost a fifth some 30 years ago; imports have shown a broadly similar trend as proportions of home demand.

The fifth largest trading nation in the world, Britain provides just over 9 per cent of the main manufacturing countries' exports of manufactured goods. The country is a major supplier of motor vehicles, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and most types of machinery, and is a growing oil exporter. It relies upon imports for about two-fifths of total consumption of foodstuffs and for most of the raw materials required by industry.

Международная торговля всегда была важна для Великобритании, но её значение заметно возросло в последние годы. На Экспорт товаров и услуг в настоящее время приходится почти треть валового внутреннего продукта, по сравнению с почти 1/5 около 30 лет назад, импорт показал примерно ту же тенденцию, как размеры внутреннего спроса.
Пятая по величине торговая страна в мире, Великобритания обеспечивает чуть более 9 процентов экспорта "промышленных товаров». Страна является крупнейшим поставщиком автомобилей, электротехнического оборудования, химикатов, текстиля и большинства видов техники, а также является растущим нефтяным экспортером. Она полагается на импорт около двух пятых от общего объема потребления продуктов питания и для большинства из сырья, необходимого для промышленности.

 

Manufactured goods account for about three- quarters of exports of goods (accounting to trade statistics); a feature is the shift towards finished, rather than semi-finished, goods. The most important group is machinery and transport equipment (34 per cent of exports in 1980). The share of fuels rose from 4 per cent of exports in 1975 to 14 per cent in 1980 when, for the first time, exports of North Sea oil exceeded imports of crude oil.

Промышленные товары составляют около трех четвертей от экспорта товаров (согласно статистике торговли), функционирует переход к законченным, а не полузаконченным товарам. Наиболее важная группа - машины и транспортное оборудование (34 процента экспорта в 1980 году). Доля топлива увеличилась с 4 процентов экспорта в 1975 году до 14процентов в 1980 году, когда в первый раз, экспорт нефти в Северном море превысил импорт сырой нефти.

 

An increasing proportion on trade has been with other European Community member countries. They account for six of the top ten export markets, taking 43 per cent of British exports in 1980, and for six of the ten leading suppliers of goods to Britain. Britain's largest single export market was the Federal Republic of Germany and the largest single supplier of imports was the United States.

Увеличилась доля торговли с другими европейскими странами-членами Сообщества. На них приходится шесть из десяти ведущих экспортных рынков, с 43 процентов британского экспорта в 1980 году, и шесть из десяти ведущих поставщиков товаров в Великобританию. Крупнейшим рынком экспорта Великобритании была Федеративная Республика Германии и крупнейший поставщик импорта были США.

 

 

II.