VIII. Translate into English

1. Коклюш вызывается бактерией. Причина коклюша – бактерия.
2. Коклюш может поражать в любое время года. Ребёнок может быть поражён в любое время года.
3. Пароксизмальная стадия характеризуется специфическим кашлем, за которым следует рвота. Кашель и следующая за ним рвота характеризуют пароксизмальную стадию.
4. Чтобы подтвердить диагноз, врач назначил анализ крови. Анализ крови назначили больному, чтобы подтвердить диагноз.
5. Коклюш у этого больного сопровождался пневмонией. Пневмония последовала за коклюшем.
6. Маленьким детям нужно делать прививку от коклюша. Медсестра должна сделать прививки этим детям.

CHICKEN-POX

Chicken-pox is a very contagious disease of children. The disease occurs in epidemics, especially in children under the age

of ten years. Children of-the first four years of life are the most susceptible. There is an incubation period of 14—21 days, most frequently 17 days.

The first symptoms are the following: a slight fever and sometimes pains in the back and legs. Almost at the same time (within twenty four hours) a characteristic eruption appears on different parts of the body. It is found very frequently on the scalp (the hairy part of the head).

The eruption consists of red macules quickly progressing to papules and vesicles. Soon they become crusted. The brownish crusts dry up and fall off in two – three weeks. The child remains infectious until the scabs scale.

The number of vesicles is very variable. In a slight case there may only be eight or ten of the vesicles, but sometimes in severe cases their number may amount to six or seven hundred.

In the vast majority of cases there is no difficulty in making a diagnosis, but a doctor must learn how to differentiate it from other skin disorders especially from smallpox.

Chicken-pox is one of the mildest of acute infectious diseases of children. Children remain feverish for 2 – 3 days, while new vesicles still appear and after that feel well.The recovery is usually complete. Complications are rare. Encephalitis may occur in uncommonly severe cases..

In the majority of cases no other treatment beyond isolation is required. The child should be kept in bed during the eruptive stage and as long as there is any fever. The lesions should be treated with a disinfective solution.

Words to be memorized

Nouns: vomiting, eruption, crust, scab, disorder, complication,lesion

Verbs: to appear, to burst to amount, to dry up, to fall off, to scale, to include, to require.

Adjectives: contagious, susceptible, slight, brownish, variable, severe, complete, rare, eruptive, common..

Other words and expressions: frequently, beyond, almost.

Read correctly

macule ['maekjul] — пятно, vesicle ['vesikl] — пузырек, smallpox ['smo:lpoks] — ocna chicken-pox f'tjikin'poks] — ветряная оспа

nephritis [ne'fraitis] — нефрит (заболевание почек), encephalitis [en,sefo'laitis]— воспаление головного мозга (эн­цефалит)

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of disease is chicken-pox?

2. What is the most characteristic symptom?

3. What age is affected by the disease?

4. Is the incubation period long?

5. What are the first symptoms?

 

6. When does the eruption appear?

7. What does the eruption consist of?

8. On -what part of the body does the eruption appear?

9. How many vesicles may be on the skin?

 

10. What is the duration of this disease?

11. What treatment is required?

12. Is it difficult to make a diagnosis?

13. What must the doctor keep in mind making a diagnosis?

14. Is chicken-pox usually mild or severe? What shows this?
II. Ask him (her) if chicken-pox is an infectious disease

the disease affects children under ten

the incubation period of chicken-pox is long chicken-pox is accompanied by an eruption isolation is necessary in case of chicken-pox Ask him (her) what the disease is characterized by whom the disease affects how long the incubation period is what the symptoms of the disease are when the eruption appears what the eruption consists of where the eruption appears

how many vesicles appear in a slight case (in a

severe case) when the recovery begins.

 

III. Translate the following sentenses:

a) 1.No special treatment is required in case of chicken-pox.

2.Chicken-pox does not occur in adults.

3.Chicken-pox is not a dangerous disease.

4.The doctor found no eruption on the back of the patient.

5.The sick boy did not attend school during 5 days.

6.As a rule chicken-pox has no complications.

7.The patient was not taken to the hospital because he had

no symptoms of any infectious disease.

8. The patient had no symptoms of scarlet fever. There was

no rash on his neck, chest or extremities.

9. The child felt no pain in the throat.

b) 1.There should be an immunity after a spontaneous attack of chicken-pox.

2.There may or may not be a preceding upper respiratory infection with cough.

3.In a mild case of chicken-pox there may be eight or ten vesicles, but in a severe case there may be six or seven hundred of them.

4.There may occur such complications as nephritis, pneumonia and encephalitis.

5.If there is chicken-pox, there must be skin eruption.

c) 1.Chicken-pox is known to be transmitted by droplets.

2. Treatment of chicken-pox must be aimed at controlling the fever and relieving the itching.

3. Where is Dr.Brown? He may be examining a child with some rash admitted to the hospital.

4. She must have been treated in hospital because of the severe complication after chicken-pox

5. Chicken=pox may be a serious disease for adults who may have been infected with AIDS; it may be treated with ciclovir..

 

IV. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Сегодня у больной не болит голова.

2. Мой друг сейчас не в больнице, он в санатории.

3. Я не пойду в палату, так как у меня нет халата.

4. У нас вчера не было практики в клинике.

5. Больной не чувствовал никакой боли в пояснице.

6. Я не болел пневмонией в раннем возрасте.

7. У меня не было осложнений после гриппа.

8. Я не буду принимать это лекарство. 9. Врач вчера не оперировал.

 

10. У нас не будет лекции по анатомии в понедельник.

11. В кабинете врача никого не было.

 

V. Read the text and say what new information it contains as compared with the previous text:

In the vast majority of cases of chicken-pox the eruption is the first sign of the disease and the rash is not preceded by a prodromal illness.

Mothers usually state that the first symptom to attract attention was the rash. There may be some mild constitutional symptoms, such as malaise and a slight temperature. These may vary in duration from a few hours to two or three days. The child may appear restless and slightly feverish the night before the rash appears. Adults, on the other hand, are very apt to -have a well-defined series of prodromal symptoms, such as chill, fever, nausea, loss of appetite, backache, etc.

 

VI. a) Speak about the symptoms of chicken-pox.

b) Describe the period of eruption.

c) Read what a crust, or a scab, is and explain it in English:

Crust is a formed outer layer< especially an outer layer of solid matter formed by the drying of a bodily exudate or secretion; it is also called scab.

SCARLET FEVER

Scarlet fever is an acute contagious disease characterized by high temperature, rapid pulse, a punctate eruption 'followed by desquamation, inflammation of the throat. It is caused by Hemolitic Streptococcus.

The disease may be transmitted either by various objects — clothing, toys, books and food-stuffs, infected by the patient or by means of droplet infection (during coughing, sneezing or talking).

All children are susceptible, particularly frequently between 18 months and 10 years of age. Adults also contract this illness, but they have only sore throat without the eruption characteristic of scarlet fever.

The incubation period of the disease lasts on an average 4—7 days; sometimes it only jtakes a few hours.

The onset of the disease is sudden. There is generally a very sore throat, a sharp rise of temperature to 39 — 40°C, nausea, vomiting, headache and often chills. The lymphatic nodes of the neck are enlarged. The child' is restless and sleeps badly.

Within a few hours, but more often at the end of the first or in the beginning of the second day a diffuse red rash appears on the neck, chest and back, spreading to the arms and legs. The area around the mouth remains free from rash. The rash lasts one or three days and then fades away. After the disappearance of the rash the period of desquamation begins. Desquamation continues 10—14 days.

If no complications develop and patients feel good they are allowed out of the bed after the 7^th day of the disease. They may be discharged from the hospital on the 12—14^th days.

The principal complications are acute nephritis, adenitis, otitis media, pericarditis, endocarditis, etc.

Scarlet fever patients should be isolated and stay in bed. Careful disinfection of the patient's things is important. Antibiotics are prescribed.

Words to be memorized

Nouns: scarlet fever, rash, neck, desquamation, adult, nausea, illness, inflammation, course, disappearance.

Verbs: to transmit, to contract, to simulate, to enlarge, to fade away, to discharge, to spread.

Adjectives: rapid, direct, sudden, sharp, restless, careful.

Other words and expressions: either... or, by means of, particularly, a few.

Read correctly

adenitis f,edi'naitis] — аденит, воспаление лимфатического узла pericarditis [,perika:'daitis] — воспаление сердечной сумки, пе­рикардит.

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of disease is scarlet fever?

2. What symptoms is it characterized by?

3. How is this disease transmitted?

4. What children are susceptible to scarlet fever?

5. Do adults contract scarlet fever?

6. How long does the incubation period last?

7. How does scarlet fever begin?

8. When and where does the rash appear?

9. How long does the rash last?

10. What is the eruption followed by?

II. What is the most communicable period?

12. What measures must be taken with the appearance of the
first symptoms? -

13. What are the principal complications?

14. How is this disease treated?

 

II. Ask her (him) whether there are any characteristic symptoms
of scarlet fever; there is always eruption in case of scarlet fever;

there is any incubation period in case of scarlet fever; there is always' a rise in temperature in case of scarlet fever; there are serious complications after scarlet fever.

 

III. Translate the following sentences:

1. The rash lasts 1—3 days and is then followed by desquamation.

2. Serious complications such as nephritis, otitis and affections
of the joints may follow any stage of scarlet fever.

 

3. Even mild cases of scarlet fever may be followed by late
complications.

4. In very young children the onset of pneumotia is frequently
not associated with any preceding infection (influenza). In other
cases case history shows influenza, followed by dyspnea.

5. Bronchopneumonia in infancy follows a very diverse course,
ranging from cases with a mild form to severe toxic or, septic
forms that are frequently followed by grave complications.

IV. Read the text

. Say what information is new as compared with the first text about scarlet fever.

Scarlet Fever

In this infection, certain Streptococcus bacteria enter the body through the pharynx, or throat, and cause an attack of tonsillitis. Without antibiotic treatment, the bacteria multiply and produce a toxin, or poison, that circulates in the blood. After an incubation period of one to seven days, the amounts of toxin are sufficient to cause the symptoms of scarlet fever.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms do vary slightly from person to person. Here is a typical case of scarlet fever.

On day one the child develops a high fever (as high as 104 degrees F, or 40 degrees C), a red, sore throat and tonsils, and a furred tongue. Sometimes a whitish coating covers the tonsils and the child may vomit.

On day two a bright red (scarlet) rash appears on the child’s face, except for just around the mouth. By day three this rash, which may itch, has spread to cover the rest of the body and the arms and legs. Meanwhile the child’s temperature starts to fall and the tongue becomes bright, strawberry-red.

By day six the rash has faded. Both skin and tongue may begin to peel, leaving a red, raw surface underneath. Peeling can last another 10 to 14 days.

Scarlet fever now has become rare. The two main risks, both very rare and occurring about two to three weeks after the rash, are rheumatic fever and a form of glomerulonephritis.

Parents of the child should contact the physician if you suspect your child has scarlet fever. Follow the advice of the doctor and you can expect a full recovery with no after-effects.

 

V. a) Speak about 1) the symptoms of scarlet fever
2) the course of the disease.

b) Describe 1) how scarlet fever is transmitted 2) how eruptionappears and spreads

 

MEASLES

Measles is one of the most communicable and widespread diseases of childhood. All the parents must know that measles is a very grave disease which is dangerous for children especially the young ones.

The disease is spread by infected droplets from the nose and throat sneezed or coughed into the air.

There is an incubation period of 9—10 days. The first symptoms are fever, cough and sneezing. With the appearance of these symptoms the parents must put the child into bed and call the doctor in.

The disease is characterized by a rash which appears on the 4^th day,at first on the mucous membrane of the mouth, it is known as Filatov-Koplik's spots. These are tiny white spots on a bright red background. Then red maculopapular rash appears on the skin, at first behind the ears, then on the face, body and limbs. After the disappearance of the rash desquamation begins.

The patient begins to feel much worse. The cough and cold in the head become aggravated, the eyes get purulent. If the disease is not complicated, the patient recovers quickly.

Proper treatment and good nursing may prevent complications. The patient's room must be aired as often as possible, because fresh air prevents further infection, and it must be cleaned with a wet duster. The patient's bed must be placed so that the day light should not fall on his face, but the room must never be darkened because the sun rays kill bacteria.

It is necessary to keep the patient's mouth clean. For this purpose the patient should rinse his mouth after meals. Little children must drink boiled water instead of rinsing. If the child has no complications he must be bathed as usual. The temperature of the water must be about 36—37 °C. As the sick child has poor appetite he should take soft diet in small amounts 5—6 times a day. The patient's hands must often be washed and he must not be allowed to rub his eyes. It is good to wash his eyes out with tea (green tea is better) or an appropriate disinfecting solution several times a day. It is necessary to isolate the sick child from healthy children. When it is impossible for the child to have proper nursing at home, he should be taken to the hospital where there are proper conditions to aid his recovery.

Words to be memorised

Nouns: measles, membrane, limb, nursing, diet, amount, solution, condition.

Verbs: to prevent, to protect, to clean, to place, to kill, to darken, to drink, to rinse, to bathe, to wash out, to isolate, to expose.

Adjectives: widespread, grave, mucous, sick, clean, boiled

Other words and expressions: to put into bed, to call -a doctor in, at first, instead of, for this purpose, to get purulent — гноиться, to be vaccinated — сделать прививку Filatov-Koplik's spots — пятна Филатова-Коплика

 

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of disease is measles?

2. In what way is it spread?

3. How long is the incubation period?

4. What are the prodromal symptoms?

5. What must be done with the appearance of these symptoms?

6. What is the disease characterized by?

7. Which is the most characteristic symptom of this disease?

8. Where does the rash appear first?

9. What preventive measures must be taken to exposed
children?

10. When does desquamation begin?

11. What is the prognosis of the disease if it is not
complicated?

12. What measures usually prevent complications?

13. How must the sick child be nursed?

14. In what case is the patient taken to the hospital?

 

II. Translate the following sentences:

a) 1. Taken in time, any general well-known measures for given
disease bring good results.

2. The physician observed marked improvement obtained due
to proper treatment.

3. If vaccinated in time, children do not develop dangerous
complications.

4. The child exposed contracted measles.

b) 1.Measles being an infectious disease, the sick child must be isolated as soon as possible.

2. Measles begins like a bad cold, catarrhal symptoms such as a runny or blocked nose, sneezing, coughing and others being present through the illness.

3. Measles appears to have been known from an early period in the history of medicine, it being mentioned in the writings of the Arabian physicians.

4. Measles is believed to be one of the most contagious diseases, its main symptom being a specific macular eruption which first appears on the mucous membranes of the mouth.

 

c) 1. One of the worst complications of measles, but fortunately
a rare one is gangrenous stomatitis.

2. Mild cases of measles are as contagious as severe ones.

3. If one finds characteristic spots on the mucous membrane
of the mouth, one should suspect measles.

4. One must keep in mind all measures that may prevent
complications.

5. Measles is more prevalent than any other eruptive fever and
one to which human beings are universally susceptible.

d)1.Считается, что корь – одно из самых опасных заболеваний детства.

2.Корь распространяется воздушно-капельным путём, причём дети легко заражаются, даже после короткого контакта.

3.Противокоревую вакцину рекомендуют вводить в возрасте 9-10 месяцев.

4.Если корь протекает тяжело, за ней могут последовать осложнения, такие как пневмония, бронхит и др.

5. Больного ребёнка можно лечить дома, но хороший уход крайне важен.

 

III. Read the text and say what new information it contains as compared with the previous text:

Measles is the commonest infectious disease of childhood. It is characterised by catarrhal symptoms of the eyes, nose and throat, fever and a typical eruption located on the mucous membranes and on the skin. Very young infants are relatively unsusceptible, especially if they are breast-fed. They become more susceptible after the sixth month and there is no infectious disease to which there is less natural immunity than to measles. The most frequent and most important complication of measles is the involvement of the respiratory tract (pneumonia, bronchitis). Middle ear inflammation sometimes occurs.

 

IV. Say what mother should do while looking after the baby
who has measles; speak about the period of rash

.

V. Using the Table of Infectious Diseases on p. 95 write down the facts about chickenpox, scarlet fever, measles.

Comparing the facts speak about a) the way of transmission; b) The duration of incubation period and complications of these three diseases, c) Eruptive stage of chicken-pox and scarlet fever, scarlet fever and measles.