Social security and labour law

In Ihe 1870s Britain passed to govern housing and public
health. In 1902 the Education Act ended the work of building a
national system of primary and secondary education.

When the new Liberal party came to power in 1905, it made
even stronger reforms. It granted legal holidays with pay and

passed the National Insurance Act of 1911. Certain kinds of

workers got unemployment insurance.

Britain had copied from Germany, which, in the 1880s, was
the leader in social legislation.

In France law passed in the 1890s limited women to a 10-
hour workday and provided in part for pensions and accident
insurance.

In 1906, a six-day work week was made legal.

Many other countries followed the leads of Britain, Germany,
and France. By 1914, nearly every European country except
Russia and the Balkan states had rather good factory codes and
labor laws.

Tasks and exercises

1. Put the articles if necessary:

... Education Act;

... National Insurance Act;

... France;

... Balkan states;

... Germany.

2. What happened

1) in the 1880s?

2) in the 1890s?

3) by 1914?

4) in 1911?

5) in 1902?

6) in 1905?

7) in 1906?

3. Show the progressive movement in the history of laboui
law and social security.

4. Correct the wrong statements:

1) By 1914 all European countries had rather good factory
codes and labour laws.

2) In 1906 a five-day work week was made legal.

3) In the 1890s law limited men to a 10-hour workday.

4) The Conservative Party came to power in GB in 1905.

5) Germany copied from Britain in the 1880s in social legislation.

5. Find the materials and speak on the system of insurance In GB.

6. Read and answer the questions:

Safety at work

Every employer has a common-law to take reasonable care for his employees' health, safety, and welfare at work.

He may be sued in the courts for damages if an employee is Injured through the employer's negligence or failure to observe the safety regulations.

The Employment Act 1989 contains legislation of the protection of female workers. It is prohibited to employ women in a factory within four weeks of childbirth; to employ women in a rang of processes involving lead or lead compounds; and to employ women in a range of processes in the pottery industry.

Questions to the text:

1) In which cases may the employer be sued?

2) What legislation does the Employment Act 1989 contain?

3) In which processes is it prohibited to employ women?

7. Complete the sentences:

1) It is prohibited to...

2) The employer may be sued for...

3) Every employer has a duty to...

Unit 60
MARRIAGE

Marriage is a ceremony, civil or religious, that creates the legal status of husband and wife and the legal obligations arising from that status.

The minimum age for marriage is 16 with parental conseni and 18 without it.

Parties to a marriage in GB must be respectively male and female as determined at birth. It means that sex-change operations have no legal effect. Parties must not be already married to someone else. Otherwise it will be bigamy or polygamy, which are crimes, punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment.

Parties must enter into the marriage freely.

All marriages other than solemnized in the Church of England must be authorized by a certificate issued by the Superintendent Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages.

The marriage solemnized by Church is authorized by a religious license.

In a civil marriage, the ceremony takes place in a registoi office or other registered venue, with open door, in the presence of the Superintendent Registrar who conducts the ceremony, a registrar who supervises registration formalities, and at least two witnesses.

In a Church of England marriage, the ceremony usually takes place in church and is celebrated by a clergyman in the presence

of at least two witnesses.

 

Tasks and questions

 

1. Combine elements from A and B to get some collocations:

A B

Legal consent

Parental operations

sex-change registrar

superintendent obligations

religious marriage

civil license

registered office

register venue

2. Complete the sentences:

1) In GB parties to a marriage must be...

2) The minimum age for marriage in GB is...

3) Bigamy in GB is a crime...

4) The marriage solemnized by Church is...

5) The civil marriage ceremony takes place...

6) The religious ceremony usually takes place...
3. Answer the questions:

1) When is a parental consent a must?

2) Can two men or two women marry in GB?

3) Is polygamy allowed/ permissible in GB?

4) Is the marriage solemnized by Church valid in GB?

5) How many witnesses must be present at
the Church ceremony of marriage?

4. Give the words of the same root from the text:
to punish; prison; authority; solemnity; conduction;
formal; supervision; celebration.
5. Combine elements from two rows and translate the
impounds:

a) other; clergy; super; sex;

b) intendent; wise; man.

6. Find in the text all the derivatives

ofthe word registered.

7. Find the synonymic pairs:

venue; license; offence; hold; solemnize;
certificate; place; conduct; crime;
celebrate.

8. Translate the following word combinations

with the key-word marriage:

civil marriage; valid marriage;
registered marriage; morganatic marriage;
void marriage; solemnized marriage;
repeated marriage; hedge marriage;
fictitious marriage; marriage of convenience;
marriage of minors.

Unit 61

DIVORCE

Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage and the obligations created by marriage.

Before proceedings are initiated, either or both parties will be required to attend a compulsory information meeting.

After a period of three months, during which the information given at the meeting is absorbed, either or both parties may file a statement of marital breakdown. A statement cannot be filed during the first year of a marriage.

A period of reflection and consideration begins 14 days after filing the statement and lasts for nine months. During this period both parties actively reflect on whether or not the marriage can be saved and consider what financial and other arrangements need to be made for the future. It also provides an opportunity to effect a reconciliation.

 

No divorce order can be made until matters relating to finance and the welfare of children have been finalized.

Tasks and questions

1. Give the synonyms from the text:

– dissolution of marriage (2 variants)

— to regulate;

— duties;

— obligatory;

— to send to the court;

— meditation;

— chance.

2. Insert the words missing in the form required by the

context:

effect; file; absorb;
finalize; initiate; marital.

1) The matters relating to the welfare of children...

2) This law provides an opportunity... a reconciliation.

3) Both parties may... a statement of... breakdown.

4) The information given at a compulsory meeting is considered to... after a period of three months.

5) Proceedings of divorce may be... by either party.

3. Insert the modal verbs required:

1) Either or both parties... file a statement of marital breakdown.

2) A statement... be filed during the first year of a marriage.

3) The parties reflect on whether or not the marriage...

be saved.

4) They consider what financial and other arrangements... to be made for the future.

5) No divorce order... be made until matters of the children's welfare have been finalized.

4. Transform into the Passive Voice:

1) Alice initiated the divorce proceedings.

2) They absorbed the information given at the meeting.

3) M Sam filed a statement of marital breakdown.

4) They did not save their marriage.

5) They made some arrangements for the future.

6) The judge made a divorce order.

7) They have finalized the matters of child's welfare.

5. Insert prepositions if necessary:

1) Nick reflects... the perspectives of his marriage.

2) Some arrangements must be made... the future.

3) These obligations are created... marriage.

4) This information was given... the meeting. 6) It was a statement... marital breakdown.

6. Choose the correct variants:

1) Either Pete or Alice (is; are) going to initiate the proceedings of divorce.

2) Both Ted and Ann (is; are) going to file a statement ol marital breakdown.

3) Either side (is; are) ready to initiate the proceedings of divorce.

4) Either of them (is; are) reflecting on the consequences of this marital breakdown.

5) Neither Pete nor Mary (agree; agrees) to reconciliale,

6) Both parties actively (reflect; reflects) on the welfare of the children.

7) Neither of them (want; wants) to file a statement of marital breakdown.

7. Now read this funny story and retell it.

The lawyer was sitting at his desk, so absorbed in his work that he did not hear the door as it was pushed gently open, nor see the curly head that was thrust into his office. A little sob attracted his notice, and turning, he saw a face that was streaked with tears and told plainly that feelings had been hurt. «Well, my little man, did you want to see me?» «Are you a lawyer?» «Yes. What do you want?»

«I want» — and there was a resolute ring in his voice - «I want a divorce from my papa and mammas.

8. Read another funny story. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form:

In a Charlotte, North Carolina, domestic-relations court, the Jndge (to listen) intently to both sides in a case against an elderly man who (to charge) by his wife with non-support.

After all the evidence was in, the judge (to tell) the defendant: «You haven't (take) proper care of this good woman and I (to tin) Id give $ 25 a month».

The defendant (to beam) with pleasure. «That's mighty nice of your honour,» he said, «and I (to give) her a dollar or two from time to time myself».

 

Unit 62

ADOPTION

Adoption differs from fostering in that it affects all the parents' rights and duties and it is a permanent change. After adoption the natural parents are no longer considered in law to be the parents ofthe child, who is henceforth regarded as the legal child of the adoptive parents.

The first consideration in deciding whether or not a child should be adopted is whether the adoption would safeguard mill promote the welfare ofthe child.

Normally a child cannot be adopted without the consent of each its parents or guardians, but in some cases the court may make an adoption order without the parent's consent.

But the court makes an adoption order against the parents' i wishes it is in the child's best interests.

An adopted child over the age of 18 has a right to see a copy of his original birth certificate in order to find out who his natural parents are.

The Registrar General must keep a register containing details of all adoption orders.

Tasks and exercises

4.What is the difference between adoption and fostering?

5.Translate the following words and expressions:

alimony — settlement of alimony;

alimony in gross; reduction of alimony;
exact of alimony; to sue for alimony;
to recover alimony;

paternity — to recognize paternity; recognition of
paternity; establishment of paternity;
to establish paternity; to disprove

paternity; the contestation of paternity;

child — abandoned child; still-born child;

illegitimate child; adopted child;
vagrant-child; child born in
wedlock; orphan child; natural child;
guardian — guardian by law; guardian by will;

joint guardian; legal (testamentary)
guardian; to appoint a guardian;
to remove a guardian;

guardianship — to be under the guardianship;

termination of guardianship;
restoration of guardianship.

3.Find the pairs of synonyms:
renouncement; minor; guardianship; tutor; issue;
alimony; fatherhood; guardian; infant; wardship;
descendants; agnatic; allowance; parentship;
consanguineous; abdication;

4.Give all the derivatives of the word 'adopt'
used in the text.

5.Combine the elements from A-and B
to get the collocations used in the text:

A B

parents' parents

natural right and duties

Permanent child

Legal change

Birth certificate

6. Paraphrase:

1) A child cannot be adopted without the agreement of
each ofthe parents.

2) The register contains facts of all adoption orders.

3) An adopted child over 18 has a right to get to know
who his or her natural parents are.

4) After adoption the child becomes a legitimate son or
daughter of the adoptive parents.

5) The adoption is permitted if the welfare of the child is
guaranteed.

7.Answer the questions:

1) Can court make an adoption order without the parents'
consent?

2) Have adopted children any chances to find their natural
parents?

Unit 63
WILL IN GB

A will is a document by which a person called the testator
ipjiomts executors to administer his estate after his death, and
illinrts the manner in which it is to be distributed to the
beneficiaries he specifies.

To be valid, the will must comply with the formal
Hrtjnm-inents ofthe Wills Act of 1837 and the testator must
have testamentary capacity when the will is made.
A will can be amended by the execution of a codicil or a
duly executed alteration. It can be revoked by the testator and
replaced by another will.

The state in which a person dies without having made a will
disposing of all his property is called intestacy. A total intestacy

occurs when the deceased leaves no will at all or a will that only appoints executors but does not dispose of any property A partial intestacy arises when a will deals with only part of the testator's estate.

Tasks and exercises

1.Explain the difference between the terms «testate» and «testator».

2. Translate the following words and word combinations. In case of necessity use the law dictionaries: testacy; testament; inofficious testament; testamentary guardian; testamentary intent; testamentary instrument; to die intestate.

3. Complete the sentences:

1) A person who makes a will is called...

2) The will must comply with...

3) A will can be amended by...

4) An addition to a will is called...

5) The will can be revoked by...

6) A person appointed by a will to administer the testator's estate is known as...

4. Read and insert the words from the table:

A probate is a certificate issued by the Family Division of the High Court, on the application of... appointed by a will, lo the effect that the will is... and that the executors are authorized to... the deceased's estate.

When there is no apparent... about the will's validity, probate is granted in... form.

When the will is disputed, probate in solemn... is granted

Probate action helps to determine the validity of thtf disputed....

Valid; executor; doubt;

Administer; common; form; will

5. Give the synonymic expressions for A from B:

A B

parol will to contest a will

to draw up a will to executive a will

to challenge a will holographic will
to administer a will to make a will
autograph will nuncupative will

double will testing

testamentation reciprocal will

6. Match the words and expressions from A with those
from B:

 

A B

1) офіційне затвердження заповіту a) codicil

2) Розпорядження, що додається

До заповіту b) testamentation

3) Складання заповіту c) testacy

4) Виконавець заповіту d) probate

5) Наявність заповіту n) nullification of

a will

6) Скасування заповіту f) will executor

7. Translate into Ukrainian:

devise— deviser (devisor); right of longlife
enjoyment by devise; devisee;
right of statutory share irrespective of
devise points; to make a devise;
to propound a devise.

8. Define what kind of devise is meant:

a) «... and the rest of my real
property to C»;

b) «my house to A»;

c) «all my real property to B».

(specific devise; residuary' devise; general devise).

9. Compare the pairs of words.

What is the difference between them:

testator — testatrix;

devisor — devisee;

executor — executrix.

 

Unit 64

TYPES OF OFFENCES

Offences suggest different breaches of law.

Offences against international law and order affect the proper functioning of international society. They include, for example, piracy, hijacking, and war crimes.

Offences against property affect another person's rights of ownership. The main offences against property are theli, offences of deception and making off without payment, criminal damage, arson, forgery, and forcible entry.

Some offences against property, such as burglary, robbery, and blackmail, may also contain elements of offences against the person.

Offences against public order affect the smooth running ol orderly society. The main offences against public order are riot, violent disorder, affray, threatening behaviour, stirring up racial hatred, public nuisance, and obstruction of highways.

Crimes that involve the use or threat of physical force against another person are called offences against the person. The main of them are homicide, infanticide, illegal abortion, causing death by dangerous driving, torture, rape, wounding, causing and inflicting grievous bodily harm, assault, battery, kidnapping, and offences involving indecency.

Offences against the state affect the security of the state as.1 whole. The main offences against the state are treason anil misprision of the treason, sedition, incitement to muting, offences involving official secrets and acts of terrorism.

Tasks and exercises

1. Find the words of the same root in the text:

to offend; to break; to own; thief; to deceive; burglar; to rob; order; threat; legal; decent; to incite; pirate.

2. Combine elements from A with elements from B:

A B

dangerous abortion

main driving

official offences

illegal harm

bodily secrets

forcible entry

3. Arrange all the offences in four groups:

A. Offences against the person.

B. Offences against the state.

C. Offences against property.

D. Offences against public order.

riot; treason; theft; violent disorder; affray; torture; public nuisance; forgery; threatening behaviour; illegal abortion; mulilion; wounding; terrorism; assault homicide; forcible entry; infanticide; arson; battery; stirring up racial hatred; incitement to muting; kidnapping; blackmail; burglary; deception; robbery.

4.Give the negative forms:

decency; legal; order.

5.Give the synonyms from the text:

injuring; beating; crime; conduct; heavy; corporal; rebellion; brawl.

6. Give the words on the basis of their definitions:

1) a fight in a public place, causing or likely to cause a disturbance of the peace;

2) a betrayal ofthe country or ruler;

3) words or actions intended to make people rebel against authority; disobey the government;

4) an open rebellion especially of soldiers or sailors
against lawful authority;

5) a violent outburst of lawlessness by the people in a
district.

7. Translate the following sentences:

1) The tyrant rioted in cruelty.

2) The riot was put down by the police.

3) To read the Riot Act means to read part of this act
officially to disorderly persons after which, if they do
not disperse, they can be arrested for felony.

4) The enemy's positions were taken by assault.

5) 20p for a cup of coffee is daylight robbery!

8. Insert the words missing:

1) Assault and... mean beating and hitting.

2) The charging of excessive prices is called day light..,

3) Nick died of grievous... harm.

4) The cashier made... with the firm's money.

5) Sam's actions were qualified as a... entry into a
building.

9. Speak on the types of offences accepted in GB.

 

Unit 65
CRIME

Crime is an act or a failure to act that is deemed by statuw
or by the common law to be a public wrong and is there fori
punishable by the state in criminal proceedings.

Every crime consists of an actus reus accompanied by a
specified mens rea, and the prosecution must prove these
elements of the crime beyond reasonable doubt.

Some crimes are serious wrongs of a moral nature (e.g.
murder or rape); others interfere with the smooth running of
society (parting offences).

Crimes are customarily divided into indictable offences (for trial by judge and jury) and summary offences (for trial by magistrates). Some are hybrid crimes, that is they are triable either way (as indictable or summary).

Crimes are also divided into arrestable offences and nonarrestable offences.

The punishments for a crime include death (for treason), life imprisonment (e.g. for murder); imprisonment for a specified period, suspended sentences of imprisonment, probation; binding over, and fines.

Tasks and exercises

1. Give the definition of the term «crime».

2. Explain the Latin terms «actus reus» and «mens rea».

3. What does the expression «to prove beyond reasonable doubt» signify?

4. Comment on the synonymic chain:

crime —- wrong — misdeed — offence

5 Give the definitons of the «indictable offences» and the «summary offences». Why are some crimes called hybrid ones?

6. Answer the questions:

1) What punishments are called arrestable and nonar­restable?

2) What kind of punishment is binding over?

3) Is probation widely practiced in this country?

4) Is death penalty provided for treason in GB?

5) What does the word «suspended» mean in the

expression «suspended sentence of imprisonment»?

7.Give the words ofthe same root from the text:

to arrest; trial; prison; punish; custom; sum; interference;

to run; to proceed.

8. Find the corresponding names ofthe following offences:

1) Breach of the peace. a) Forgery and

counterfeiting.

2) Vagabondage, begging, b) Embezzlement,
loitering.

3) Willful or malicious destruction, c) Robbery,
injury, disfigurement, or defacement
of any public or private property,

real or personal, without consent
of the owner or persons having
custody or control.

4) The taking or attempting d) Vagrancy

to take anything from the care,
custody, or control of person
or by force or threat of force or
violence and / or by the victim
in fear.

5)Misappropriation or e) Vagrancy
misapplication of money or
property entrusted to one's care,
custody, or control.

6) Making, altering, uttering, f) disorderly conduct

or possessing, with intent
to defraud, anything false
in the semblance of that
which is true.

9. Read and qualify the crimes described using the phrase:

They committed + the name of the appropriate crime

The list of the possible variants is given below:

1) they broke the window of his car and stole the
radio;

2) they sold painting that they knew weren't
genuine masterpieces;

3) they illegally carried drugs into another country,

4) they held a pistol at the pilot's head and ha had

to do what they said;

5)they set fire to the hotel;

6)they took some things off the shelves and left the supermarket without paying for them;

7)they took away the rich man's son and asked him for a lot of money;

8)they hit the man on the head as he was walking along the street, and stole all his money and credit cards;

9)hey took her purse out of her handbag as she

was standing on the crowded platform waiting for the train.

shop-lifting; kidnapping; drug smuggling; mugging; hijacking; fraud; pickpocketing; theft; arson.

10. Read the text:

Crime Statistics

Regular crime surveys are undertaken in GB. M.my crimes go unrecorded by the police, mainly because mmI nil victims report what has happened to them. The surveys win I ii m that the majority of crimes are against property, in the form of theft or vandalism.

Analyse and comment on the following table, presenting the offences recorded in England and Wales in 1994.

 

 

Offence group Recorded Crimes (Per cent)

crimes cleared up

 

1 2 3 4

Violence against the

pnson 219,744 168,534 (77)

Продовження таблиці

1 2 3 4

Sexual offences 31,987 24,399 (76)

Burglary 1,261,387 268,893 (21)

Robbery 60,016 13,053 (22)

Theft and handing

stolen goods 2,560,705 606,714 (24)

Fraud and forgery 146,144 75,623 (52)

Criminal damage 708,262 123,631 (17)

Other 47,709 45,668 (96)

Total 5,035,954 1,326,505 (26)

Answer the questions:

1) What can you say about the crime clearance rate in England and Wales in 1994?

2) Which crimes remain undisclosed especially often?

3) Does the Home Office try to conceal any figures? Do they set the figures too high or do they put them too low?

4) Which crimes have the highest clearance rate?
11. Read the text and insert the words missing from the
frame.

Money laundering is the process by which illegally obtained
property — from drugs or arms..., terrorist activities or other
serious... is given the... of having originated from a legitimate

source.

New powers to clamp down on money... came into force

in 1994, with heavy... for those who launder money gained
from any sort of serious crime.

appearance; penalties; trafficking; launderers; crime

11. Read the text and put 10 questions:

Manuals on bomb making still sold

United States Army manuals describing how to make bombs from household materials are on sale in London six months after being reported to the Home Office.

Frustrated by the Home Office's explanation that it is powerless to ban the books, Mr. P. Scheibner, a historian, has decided to show how to make home-made napalm, plastic explosives, nail bombs and booby traps at a hall in Lewisham, south London, on April 13.

The instructions are so simple that they can be followed by «any child of limited intelligence», he says.

The manuals, published by the US Defense Department for members of the armed forces, are available at modest prices from at least three outlets in London.

11. React to the statements. Agree or disagree:

1) In London one can buy manuals which describe how to make bombs from the old guns.

2) The Home Office at once banned the manuals on bomb-making.

3) Mr. Scheibner was a general.

4) Even children can make a bomb using the instructions.

5) The manuals on bomb-making are very expensive.

12. What factor is conducive to the increase of crime rates?

Unit 66

CRIMINAL

Of all crimes which become known to the police, most do not result in any arrest; and a very small percentage of all crimes known to the police finally result in a formal conviction in a court of law.

Moreover, to call someone a criminal merely because he is accused of having engaged in a crime or because he has been arrested or held for grand jury or even placed on trial is, in itself, to engage in criminal behavior (slander or libel) if tin­man so described is not convicted.

Crime is prohibited, punishable behavior, the criminal is the judicially proven, culpable perpetrator of the crime. Countries with an Anglo-Saxon heritage developed a rather precise set ol conditions governing what evidence is admissible in determining the guilt or innocence of an accused person by and large, the rules seem reasonable.

At an earlier time in England history, very different techniques were used to prove whether the accused was n punishable offender. The so-called ordeals were, in effect, legal trials and tests of truth. The ordeals included hot iron, boiling water, and fire.

If in any of these ordeals the suspect developed blisters on his hands or feet, this was tantamount to a finding of guilt and he was instantly punished. A near-miracle would be necessary for anyone not to be found guilty. However, in the cold-water ordeal (in this ordeal the accused, bound hand and foot, was lowered onto a pond; if he sank to the bottom, he was considered innocent) the basic laws of nature operated in favor of tin- defendant.

 

 

Tasks and exercises

1. Find in the basic text the synonyms for the following words and expressions: offence; defamation; in general methods; equal; at once.

2. Insert the prepositions, if necessary:

1)... large, these rules are reasonable.

2) The accused was bound... hand and foot.

3) The accused sank... the bottom.

4) Thos crime did not result... any arrests.

5) Sam was accused... two crimes.

3. Give the words ofthe same root from the text:
to behave; inherit; to admit; to punish;

to defend; per cent; to convict; to offend.

4. Insert the words from the frame below:

1) Crime is prohibited,... behaviour.

2) The criminal is the culpable... of the crime.

3) Different techniques were used to prove... of the
accused.

4) The... included the hot iron, boiling water, and fire.

5) The suspect was... on trial.

placed; ordeals; the guilt;
perpetrator; punishable.

5. Complete the sentences:

1) The ordeals included...

2) In the cold-water ordeal...

3) If the suspect developed blisters...

4) A near-miracle would be necessary...

5) The criminal is...

6.Match the names of law breakers (A) with the appropriate

definilion (B):

A	B
arsonist	1) attacks and robs people, often in the street;
shop-lifter	2) sets fire to property illegally;
mugger	3) is anyone who breaks the law;
offender	4) breaks into houses or other buildings to
	steal;
vandal	5) steals from shops while acting as an
	ordinary customer;
burglar	6) kills someone;
murderer	7) deliberately causes damage to property;
kidnapper	8) steals things from people's pockets in
	crowded places;

pickpocket 9) gets secret information from another country;

accomplice 10) bugs and sell drugs illegally;

drug dealer 11) takes away people by force and demands

money for their returns;

spy 12) helps a criminal act;

terrorist 13) uses violence for political reasons;

assassin 14) causes damage or disturbance in public

places;

hooligan 15) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey;

stowaway 16) takes control of a plane by force and

makes the pilot change course;

thief 17) murders for political reasons or a rewand;

hijacker 18) is someone who steals;

forger 19) makes counterfeit or false money or

signatures;

robber 20) is a member of a criminal group;

smuggler 21) steals money by force from people or places;

traitor 22) marries illegally, being married already,

gangster 23) is a soldier who runs away from the army;

deserter 24) brings goods into a country illegally

without paying tax;

bigamist 25) betrays his or her country to another state.

 

Unit 67

TORT

Tort is a wrongful act or omission for which damager can be obtained in a civil court by the person wronged. The law of

tort is mainly concerned with providing compensation for personal injury and property damage caused by negligence.

It also protects other interests, such as reputation (in case of i le Tarnation), personal freedom (assault; false imprisonment); title to property (trespass), etc. It must usually be shown that tin- wrong was done intentionally or negligently, but there are.ume torts of strict liability.

Most torts are actionable only if they have caused damage, but torts whose main function is to protect rights are actionable without proof of damage.

The main remedy for a tort is an action for damages.

Some torts are also breaches of contract. Negligent driving hy a taxi-driver that causes injury to his passenger is both the tort of negligence and breach of the contract to carry the passenger safely to his destination. The passenger may sue either in tort or for breach of contract, or both.

Many torts are also crimes. Assault is both a crime and a tort. Dangerous driving is a crime and may give rise to an action in tort if it causes injury to another person.

Tasks and exercises

1. Answer the questions:

1) What is the difference between the terms «tort» and «crime», if any?

2) What is the main remedy for a tort?

3) Are breaches of contract qualified as torts?

4) Is assault a crime or a tort?

5) How do they qualify negligent driving?

2. Explain the meaning ofthe word «actionable» in the text.

3. Give the words of the same root from the text:

wrong; to omit; main; to compensate; negligent; to

imprison; intention; liable; to drive.

4. Write out all the adverbs with the ending 'ly' and translate llirin.

5. Read the article below and answer the questions:

— How should one qualify the case described?

— Is it a crime or a tort?

Give your comments.

6. Read and retell the article:

Assault charges dropped against aging televangelist

New York, AP — Television preacher Robert Schuller who was accused of shoving a male flight attendant, isn't too old to learn a lesson.

Prosecutors agreed Wednesday Aug, 13. to drop a misdemeanor assault charge against the televangelist if he completes six months of federal supervision.

A misdemeanor criminal complaint said Schuller argued with the flight attendant on a Los Angeles-to-New York United Airlines flight in June, then grabbed the man by the shoulders and vigorously shook him.

Schuller's «Hour of Power» syndicated TV program reaches 20 million viewers in more than 180 countries.

 

Unit 68

GAMING

There are various restrictions on gaming. If the premise! are uncontrolled, it is illegal to play a game, unless the ga!it|i takes place in a private house in the course of ordinary family life.

One cannot play roulette with a zero in uncontrollw premises, but one may play such games as bridge, whist, poker.

Gaming in any street or any place to which the public h access is illegal, except for dominoes, or any game spccittlM authorized in a pub.

Casino-type games may be played on controlled premises for commercial profit if permission has been obtained, but only by members of licensed or registered clubs and their guests.

No one under 18 may be present when gaming takes place. It is illegal to use, sell, or maintain gaming machines without a certificate or license.

Tasks and exercises

1. Translate the words and expressions:

gaming; gambling; roulette; bridge;

whist; poker; premises;

controlled promises; access; casino-type games; licensed club; registered club; gaming machines; certificate; license.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What restrictions are there on gaming?

2) When is gaming considered illegal?

3) What does «the uncontrolled premises» mean?

4) Is it banned to play dominoes in the street?

5) Are people under 18 permitted to watch the gaming?

6) Is gaming a crime?

3. React:

1) It is illegal to play bridge and whist in uncontrolled premises.

2) Roulette with a zero is permitted only in the street.

3) Children are allowed to play and watch any games.

4) One can play any game in a pub.

5) At home you may play with your relatives any games without a certificate or license.

4.Complete the sentences:

1) It is illegal to play a game, unless....

2) Gaming in any street...

3) Casino-type games may be played...

4) Only members of licensed clubs may...

5) It is illegal to sell, use or maintain...

 

Unit 69

POLICE ADMINISTRATION
IN GREAT BRITAIN

The primary duty of a police authority is to provide an adequate and efficient police force for police units under its control. In order to enable it to carry out this duty it is empowered to appoint the chief constable and deputy or assistant chief constable; to determine the establishment of the force and the number of officers in each rank; to provide anil maintain buildings and premises required for police purposes and so on.

A chief constable is not subject to higher authority in relation to the deployment of his men nor to the action that he takes in individual cases, but he is generally responsible to the police authority for the efficiency with which he uses his force anil the equipment provided, and is required to submit a written annual report.

He may also be requested by the police authority at any time, to report in writing on some matter connected with llie policing of the area.

The larger police areas may be split up into divisions anil sub-divisions, each with its own complement of officers. Smaller forces may operate as a single unit.

The direction and control of county is vested in the chief constable, whose primary duty is to see that order is effectively maintained and the law impartially enforced in the area i hi which the police authority is responsible.

(The Police Service

in Britain. — L., 1969.)

Tasks and exercises

1. Answer the questions:

1) What is the primary duty of a police authority?

2) What are the functions of a chief constable?

 

3) For what is a chief constable responsible to the police
authority?

4) Who controls the deployment of the policemen?

5) What documents must a chief constable submit to the
police administration?

6) What is the structure of the large police areas?

2. Complete the sentences:

1) A chief constable is not subject to...

2) A chief constable is generally responsible for...

3) A chief constable is required to submit...

4) A chief constable may be requested at any time...

5) The primary duty of a chief constable is...

3. Give the words of the same root from the text «Police
Administration»:

impartial; efficiency; able; power; appointment;

to deploy; submission.

4. Match the elements from A with those given in B:

A B

annual unit

police constable

single areas

chief report

primary cases

individual duty

 

Unit 70

TRAINING OF THE POLICEMEN

In England and Wales entry to the police force is open to
men and women over the age of 18 and a half.

Candidates must be either British or Commonwealth citizens,
physically fit and have good eyesight. There are no longer any

minimum height requirements. There is an educational test taken
by all candidates regardless of educational achievement.

All police officers go through a basic training course lasting
several months and spend a total of two years as probationers.

Training for probationer constables is a combination of on-
the-job training and work at residential training centres.

After the initial two years as probationers, they can apply
for promotion to sergeant provided they have passed the
qualifying examination.

After two years' service as a sergeant an officer can apply
for promotion to the rank of the inspector if he has passed the
inspector's examination.

Senior officers are trained at a special Police Staff College
at Bramshill.

There is also the accelerated promotion course available for
officers with strong potential for rapid promotion to senior ranks.

Tasks and exercises

1. Put the tick against the names of those who can become

a policemen in GB:

1) Sam has good eyesight.

2) Ted is under 18.

3) Mike is short-sighted.

4) Nick is not very tall.

5) Charles is a good boxer.

6) Ann is over 20 years old.

7) Ned comes from Iran.

8) Den is a citizen of Australia.

9) Jeff is a Welsh.

2. Explain the meaning of the term «probationer».

3. Paraphrase the sentences:

1) Training for probationer constables is a combination

of on-the-job training and work at residential traimii
centres.

4. Whose rank is higher: that of a sergeant or of a
probationer?

5. Insert the prepositions if necessary:

1) There is an educational test for all candidates regardless

... educational achievements.

2) All police officers go... a basic training course.

3) The probationers can apply... promotion to sergeant.

4) There are special accelerated courses for rapid

promotion... senior ranks.

6. Combine elements from A with the elements from B.

A B

senior officers

qualifying eyesight

good course

accelerated training

educational examination

strong achievements

on-the-job potential

residential centers

7. Expand the sentences using the words from brackets:

1) After two years as probationers, they can apply for
promotion to sergeant (initial).

2) There are no longer any height requirements (mini-
mum).

3) All police officers go through a training course lasting
several months (basic).

4) There is a test taken by all candidates (educational).

5) Senior officers are trained at a Police Staff College at
Bramshill (special).

6) There is also the promotion course available for officers

with strong potential for promotion to senior ranks
(rapid; accelerated).
7) Candidates must be fit and have good eyesight
(physically).

8. Give the words of the same root from the text: probation; to exam; quality; acceleration; to promote; to require; entrance.

9. Give the synonyms from the text: access; mixture; fast; local; demands.

10. Paraphrase:

1) You should be in a good physical shape to become a policeman.

2) Both men and women have a chance to become policemen if they are over 18 and a half.

3) All police officers must attend a basic training course.

4) Probationer constables train at their departments and at local training centers.

5) After two years probationers may claim to the promotion.

11. Arrange the ranks according to the principle of seniority:

sergeant; probationer; inspector.

What kind of training is required of candidates for these positions/ranks?

Unit 71

POLICEMEN ON THE JOB

The heart of policing is the work done by police constables who are in constant contract with the public. They patrol the streets on foot, sometimes on bicycles or in cars, give advice and deal with disturbances.

They also work at the local police station, handling enquires and dealing with arrested people. Some specialize, for example, as dog handlers or mounted police.

Every force has its criminal investigation department stalled by specialist detectives.

There is also a traffic division which operates road patrol units.

At the heart of most police stations is the control room equipped with high-tech computer and radio equipment.

Tasks and exercises

1. Explain the notions:

mounted police; traffic division; dog handlers; detectives; the control-room.

2. Insert the first elements of the word combinations:

to... enquiries; to... with arrested people;

to... advice; to... the streets; to... with disturbances;

to... as dog handles; to... road patrol units.

3. Tell about the main functions of the policemen.

4. Insert the prepositions missing, if necessary.